2. Reference
• 1. Strom BL., Kimmel, S.E., and Hennessy, S (eds).
Pharmacoepidemiology, 5th edition, Newyork, John
Wiley & Sons, 2012.
• 2. Waning B. and Montaqne, M. (ed.)
Pharmacoepidemiology: Principles and practices, 2002.
• 3. Fletcher RH, Fcetcher SW and Wagner EH. Clinical
Epidemiology 3 nd Ed, Baltimore, William & Wilkins,
1988.
• 4. สีลม แจ่มอุลิตรัตน์. ระบาดวิทยาพื้นฐาน, พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 2,
กรุงเทพมหานคร, คณะแพทยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์, 2554.
3. Concept
• What is Pharmacoepidemiology?: Def of PE
• Historical background
• Potential contributions of PE
• Study designs available for PE studies
• Source of PE data
• Special application for PE
• Reasons to perform PE studies
• The future of PE
• Basic concepts of Epidemiology
4.
5. Definition
• Pharmacoepidemiology (PE) is the study
of the use of and the effects of drugs in
large numbers of people.
• New applied field bridging between
Pharmacology and epidemiology
• Two components = Pharmaco +
Epidemiology
6. Historical background
• increase the product liability suits against
pharmaceutical manufacturers
• the history of drug regulation parallels with the
history of major adverse drug reaction disasters
• The harm of drugs can cause the development of the
field of Pharmacoepidemiology
• The history of PE is the history of increasingly
frequent accusations about adverse drug reactions,
often arising out of spontaneous reporting systems,
followed by formal studies providing or disproving
those associations.
7. Potential contributions of PE
• (A) Information which supplements the information
available from premarketing studies better
quantitation of the incidence of known adverse and
beneficial effects
(a) Higher precision
• (b) In patients not studied prior to marketing, e.g.
the elderly, children, pregnant women
(c) As modified by other drugs and other illnesses
(d) Relative to other drugs used for the same
indication
8. • (B) New types of information not available
from premarketing studies
(1) Discovery of previously undetected
adverse and beneficial effects
(a) Uncommon effects
(b) Delayed effects
(2) Patterns of drug utilization
(3) The effects of drug overdoses
(4) The economic implications of drug use
9. General contributions of PE
• (1) Reassurances about drug safety
• (2) Fulfillment of ethical and legal
obligations
10. Study designs available for PE studies
Randomized clinical trials
Prospective cohort studies
Retrospective cohort studies
Case-control studies
Analysis of secular trends
Case series
Case reports
11. Source of PE data
• spontaneous AE reporting
• Global drug surveillance
• Case-control surveillance
• Prescription event monitoring
• Automated databases
• Others
– Drug utilization data
– Disease incidence data
– Ad hoc case-control studies
– Registry data
– Pharmacy based post-marketing surveillance studies
– Ad hoc cohort studies
12. Special applications of PE
– Studies of Drug Utilization
– Evaluating and improving physician prescribing
– Drug Utilization Review
– Special methodologic issues in PE studies of
Vaccine Study
– PE studies of Devices
– Studies of Drug-induced birth defects
– PE and Risk management
– Use of PE to study Medication Errors
– Hospital PE
13. Reasons to perform PE studies
Regulatory
• Required
• To obtain earlier approval for marketing
• As a response to question by regulatory
agency
• To assist application for approval for
marketing elsewhere
14. Marketing
• To assist market penetration by documenting
the safety of drug
• To increase name recognition
• To assist in re-positioning the drug
– Different outcomes; eg., quality of life and economic
– Different types of patients; eg., the elderly
– New indications
– Less restrictive labeling
• To protect the drug from accusation about
adverse effects
16. Clinical
• Hypothesis testing
– Problem hypothesized on the basis of drug
structure
– Problem suspected on the basis of preclinical or
premarketing human data
– Problem suspected on the basis of spontaneous
report
– Needs to better quantitate the frequency of
adverse reactions
17. • Hypothesis generating—need depends on
whether
– It is a new chemical entity
– The safety profile of the data
– The relative safety of the drug within its class
– The formulation
– The disease to be treated, including
• Its duration
• Its prevalence
• Its severity
• Whether alternative therapies are available
18. Future of PE
• สิ่งที่จะเกิดขึ้นในอนาคต สามารถสรุปดังนี้
– PE can contribute to information about drug
safety and effectiveness that is not available from
pre-marketing studies
– The discipline (ข้อบังคับ) of PE has been growing and
will continue to grow within academia, industry
and government
– Methodological advances in risk management and
molecular PE
– Content areas like drug utilization review, hospital
PE, pharmacoeconomics, medication adherence,
Quality of life study, patient safety and surrogate
markers will grow as interest and need for these
focus increase
19. – Both computerized databases and de novo studies
will serve as important complements to each
other
– Challenges faced by PE include :
• limited funding opportunities
• regulatory restrictions
• privacy concerns surrounding human research
• limited training opportunities
• inadequate personnel resources
– All sectors like academia, industry and
government must address the challenges facing PE
and support its continued development so as to
maximize benefit and minimize risks inherent in
all medications and medical devices.