war of independence : 1857 the revolt was the first independence war but the British said This is the rebellion, mutiny.this war is between the Indian soldiers and British Indian army .

2. I am
Syeda Um E
Kalsoom
Doing MSc in
Pakistan Studies
from AUST
Havelian
Semester :1st
Batch :2nd

3.  Today my topic of presentation is
War Of Independence 1857 .
 This presentation is given to
Mam Saira Bano and students .
 Subject : Freedom Movement Of
Pakisan (1857-1947)

6. Tableof content
 Background
 Reason of the rebellion
 Introduction
 Cases of the rebellion
 region where war started
1. Meerut
2. Delhi 4
3. Kanpur
4. Lucknow
5. Jhansi And Gwalior
6. Bihar

7. Table of content
 War or mutiny ?
 Causes of the failure of war
1. Limited rebellion
2. Better equipped Britishers
3. Native rulers ‘misgivings
4. opposition from intelligentsia
5. Lacking of strategy
6. Lack of leader ship
7. Diplomacy of the English

8. Table of content
 Aftermath
 Conclusion
 References

9. Background of Rebellion
 In the first half of the 19th century ,when
the east India company still ruled India
on British behalf .
 Purchasing of Christianity all over sub-
content .
 Lord Macaulay education policy in
subcontinent .

10. Reason Of The Rebellion
 Enfield riffle :
In 1856 the Government if India introduce
the ‘Enfield Rifle’ in the army and
agreement for its training were made at
DUMDUM Ambala and Sialkot .
the top of the cartridge of this rifle was to
removed by the mouth before loading it
in the rifle .In 1857 ,a story spread in the
Bengal army that the cartage were
grassed by the fat of a pig and cow .

11.  Thus the primary and
the immediate cause
of the revolt was the
use of the grassed
cartage some
historian have even
expressed the
opinion that there
would have been no
revolt if the grassed
cartage were not
introduced .

12. Introduction Of The
Rebellion
 The ‘sepeoy mutiny's it was called by
British was ,in fact war of independence
against the British government in 1857.
 Dated
10 may 1857-20 June 1858
(1 year ,I month ,2 weeks and 5 days)
The solider of the Bengal army mutinied in
Meerut on May 10,1857 by the leadership
of Mangal panday who attacked British
officers at the military garrison in Barrack
pore.

13. Causes Of The Rebellion
 There are many causes for this war
which are:
1) Political .
2) Religious and social .
3) Economic .
4) Military

14. Political Causes:
 As British extended their control they
introduced many ways of grabbing land
like the use of Doctrine of Lapse was
introduced by Lord Dalhousie was very
unpopular. The mistreatment of Mughal
Emperor was also another cause and
when Lord Dalhousie moved the capital
from Delhi. It angered many people.
English was replaced by Persian as an
Official language.

15. Religious And Social:
 As the rule of British grew so did its
culture. The British thought that they
were Superior Culture and
Disrespected the Indian culture they
also did not get mixed with the
Indians as they thought that Indians
are uneducated and uncivilized
people.

16. Economic Causes :
 We have learnt that how British merchants
traded with India which was very profitable
for them. The British imposed high taxes
on Indians and the tax collectors were
corrupt and kept some money for
themselves the resentment grew when the
British filled Indian market with cheap
mass produced goods and many families
were unable to sell their goods thus this
made most of the Indians poor. British also
made the salary of their army (Infantry) low.

17. Military Causes :
 There were many Indian soldiers in
the British army but not even a single
one of Indian was made an officer.
 They were also rumors that The
Indians were forced to convert into
Christianity before they could be
made the Officers.

18. The
highlighted
states were
the war is
going to start
against British
ruled .

19. Regions were war started:
1. Meerut
2. Delhi
3. Kanpur
4. Luck now
5. Jhansi And Gwalior
6. Bihar

20. Meerut
 On 6th May, 1857 A.D. 85 out of 90 Indian soldiers at
Meerut refused to bite the greased cartridges with
their teeth.
 These 85 soldiers were court-martialled and
imprisoned for 10 years.
 They were stripped off their uniforms in the
presence of the entire Indian crowd.
 On 10th May 1857, the Indian soldiers at Meerut
broke into open revolt.
 They released their companions and murdered a few
European officers.
 On the night of 10th May the mutineers marched to
Delhi and reached there on 11th May.

21. Delhi
 The revolutionaries reached from Meerut to Delhi on 11th
May, 1857 and the small British garrison at Delhi was not
able to resist and consequently fell into their hands within
2 days.
 The Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was
proclaimed Emperor of India. In order to regain Delhi, Sir
John Lawrence sent a strong British force commanded by
John Nicholson.
 After a long siege of four months, the British recovered
Delhi in September 1857 A.D.
 The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was captured,
his two sons and a grandson were shot dead before his
eyes and he was sent to Rangoon where he died in the
year 1862 A. D.

22. Bahadur
Shah
Zafar

23. Kanpur
 At Kanpur the struggle for Independence was led by Nana
Sahib Dondu Pant (The adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao
II).
 A number of British fell into his hands and he showed
great kindness to them. But when he heard about in
human attitude of Gen.
 O’Neil towards Indians, he became very furious and killed
all the British.
 General Havelock captured Kanpur after defeating Nana
Sahib in a hotly contested battle on June 17, 1857.
 Later on Nana Sahib, with the help of Tantya Topi,
recaptured Kanpur in November, 1857 but not for a long
time and British defeated them once again in a fierce war
from December 1 to 6, 1857. Nana Sahib fled towards
Nepal, where he probably died, while Tantya Tope
migrated to Kalpi.

24. Nana Sahib Dondu Pant

25. Lucknow
 The struggle for independence at Lucknow
was led by Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah.
 The Chief Commissioner, Sir Henry
Lawrence, sought refuge with 1000 English
and 700 Indian soldiers inside the Residency.
The Indians did not make any concession and
killed most of the Englishmen, including Sir
Henry Lawrence and the notorious English
General O’Neil. At last, the Commander-in-
Chief General Collin Campbell, marched
towards Lucknow and captured it after a fierce
battle in March 1858.

26. Nawab, Wajid Ali
Shah

27. Jhansi and Gwalior
 The leader of the revolutionaries in Central India was Rani
Laxmi Bai of Jhansi.
 General Sir Huge Rose attacked Jhansi in March 1858
but the brave Rani Laxmi Bai kept the British General
unnerved for quite some time.
 She with the help of Tantya Tope created problems for
the British troops. Both fought many successful battles
against the British. A fierce battle was fought between the
British and the revolutionaries under Rani Laxmi Bai and
Tantya Tope from June 11 to June 1 8, 1 858 A. D. But the
personal velour of Rani and Tantya Tope could not match
the resources at the command of the British. Tantya Tope
was betrayed by the Gwalior Chief Man Singh and fell into
the hands of the British. He was subsequently hanged on
April 18, 1859.

29. Bihar
 In Bihar, the Revolt was led by Kunwar
Singh, a zamindar of Jagdishpur.
Though he was eighty years old, he
played a prominent part in the revolt. He
fought the British in Bihar and then
joined Nana Sahib’s forces and took part
in various encounters with the English in
Oudh and Central India. He died on April
27, 1858, leaving behind a glorious
record of valour and bravery.

30. Kunwar Singh

31. War or mutiny ?
 The Indians said that 1857 revolt was
the first independence war but the
British said this is the rebbellion, mutiny.

32. Lord Dalhousie
The governor –gernal of India
from 1848 to 1856 ,who
devised the
Doctrine of lapse
Charles canning
The governor –
general of india
during the rebilion

33. Causes of the failure of war of
independence
 When the independence movement
started ,the Indian soldiers is by seven
to one .they are also supported by the
citizens in large numbers.
 Various causes were responsible for the
failure of war some of these are here are
under :

34.  Causes Of The Failure Of War :
1. Limited rebellion
2. Better equipped Britishers
3. Native rulers ‘misgivings
4. opposition from intelligentsia
5. Lacking of strategy
6. Lack of leadership
7. Diplomacy of the English

35. 1:Limited Rebellion:
1. The area of revolt remained limited .
2. Even complete north India did not part
in it .
3. It was limited on the some neighborly
territories .

36. 2:Better Equipped
Britishers:
 The British had better resources then
the rebels .
 Gradually the English army having a lot
of soldiers .
 The telegraph proved very much useful
for the english.

37. 3:Native Rulers ‘Misgivings:
 Many native rulers with the britishers .
The rulers Of Patilia ,Jind,hyderabad ,etc
Supported the British all out.

38. 4:Opposition From
Intelligentsia :
 The Indian intelligentsia did not support
the rebels .
 The revolt could neither be organized
nor fed on intellectual and emotional
ground .

39. 5:Lacking Of Strategy:
 Primary source of the failure of the war
is planned efforts .
 absence of central organization and
inferiority in generalship ,military skills,
strategy , and discipline of rebel as
compared to the Britishers.

40. 6:Lack Of Leadership :
 Absence of capable leaders .
 Non of the leader are capable and good
commanders .
 There is no one in those leader who are
willing to guide their people in good
direction.

41. 7:Diplomacy Of English
 The Britishers succeeded through their
good leader ship and well trained army
And well trained military commanders like
Neill ,Nicoloson, Havelock and Hugh
Rose .
The diplomatic skill of the british were also
responsible for their success .

42. Aftermath Of The War Of
Independence
 The failure of the war of independence
was a seminal event in the history of
Indian subcontinent .it was the harbinger
of the close of an era and the bringing of
a new one in the history of colonial
India. the British government changes
many administrative sector along with
the changes in polices of government of
India and British attitudes .

43. Aftermath
 India comes under the British crown
 Policy of the territorial extension
 Changed structure of Indian army
 Indian civil services act 1861
 Escalation of bitterness
 Economic exploitation
 Policy of divide and rule
 Tyranny against Muslims

44. Conclusion
 Most of the European historians have pointed out that it was a revolt of
Indian soldiers who were offended at the use of greased cartridges. In their
opinion, the discontented sepoys were incited by the landlords and the
deposed native princes and the people of India were not directly involved in
this rebellion. They further assert that it was not a national war of
independence, in as much as the revolt was confined to a particular region
and not to the whole of India; large areas like the Punjab, Sind and
Rasputin remained unaffected. It was admittedly a great and courageous
effort by patriotic to get rid of the foreign domination. It was a glorious
landmark in our history inIndians as much as Hindus and Muslims fought
shoulder to shoulder to win back their lost independence. One cannot but
admire the patriotic spirit of boatmen of Lucknow who refused to carry
British soldiers across the river. The sepoys and the people fought gallantly
up to the very end. Though the revolt was unsuccessful, the spirit of the
people remained unshaken. The revolt left an impression on the minds of
the Indian people and thus paved the way for the rise of a strong national
movement.

45. References
 http://www.britannica.com/t.g.percivalsp
ear
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victoi
ans/indian-rebellion-01.shtmal#top
 Aftermath of the Revolt: India 1857-1870
by Thamos R.Matcalf(oricetorn.1964)
 The New Cambridge history of India
,11.1 Indian society and making of
British empire by
C.A.Bayly(cambriage,1988)