intoduction to biodiversity, objectives action plan international organizations and types of biodivrsity with examples

1. BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
Presented By: Ms. Seema Rajapure. M.Sc B.Ed

2. Contents:
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Action plan
• International and national organizations for
conservation of natural resources
• Types of biodiversity conservation
o In-situ conservation
o Ex-situ conservation
2

3. Introduction
• Humans have been directly or indirectly dependent
on biodiversity for sustenance to a considerable
extent. However, increasing population pressure and
developmental activities have led to large scale
depletion of the natural resources.
• Conservation is the protection, preservation,
management, or restoration of wildlife and natural
resources such as forests and water.
3

4. Cont…
• Through the conservation of biodiversity and the
survival of many species and habitats which are
threatened due to human activities can be ensured.
• There is an urgent need, not only to manage and
conserve the biotic wealth, but also restore the
degraded ecosystems.
4

5. Objectives
• To maintain essential ecological processes and life
supporting systems.
• To preserve the diversity of species.
• To make sustainable utilization of species and
ecosystems.
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6. Action plan
• 33 STATE / U.T. ACTION PLANS
• 18 LOCAL (SUBSTATE) ACTION PLANS
• 10 ECOREGIONAL (INTER-STATE) ACTION PLANS
• 13 THEMATIC ACTION PLANS
• 33 SUB-THEMATIC REVIEW PAPERS
• NATIONAL ACTION PLAN built on above, and on
lessons from several hundred public hearings,
workshops, yatras, festivals, and other events.
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7. National level activities
• Policy analysis and advocacy
• Inter-sectoral coordination
• Community and other stakeholder exchanges
• Participatory monitoring and evaluation
• Process documentation
• Public outreach including information dissemination, media
• Participatory mapping
• Biodiversity festivals
• Capacity building
• International representation
• National biodiversity network
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8. 8

9. In-situ conservation
• The conservation of species in their natural habitats.
• Conserving the areas where populations of species
exist naturally is an underlying condition for the
conservation of biodiversity.
• A protected areas is a geographically defined area
that is designated or regulated and managed to
achieve specific conservation objectives.
9

10. Cont…
• It may be set aside for the protection of biological
diversity, and of natural and associated cultural
resources and is managed through legal or other
effective means.
• This includes: Biosphere reserves, National parks,
Sanctuaries and Sacred groves.
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11. Biosphere Reserves
• Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial,
marine and coastal ecosystems.
• Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the
conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
11

12. Cont…
• There are 669 biosphere reserves in countries,
including 16 transboundary sites. They are
distributed as follows:
• 70 in 28 countries in Africa
• 30 in 11 countries in the Arab States
• 142 in 24 countries in Asia and the Pacific
• 302 in 36 countries in Europe and North America
• 125 in 21 countries in Latin America and Caribbean.
• The Indian government has established 18 Biosphere
reserves, over 441 wild life sanctuaries and 103
National parks.
12

13. Cont…
• A biosphere reserves has 3 parts-
core, buffer and transition zone.
1. Core zone is the inner zone; this is
undisturbed and legally protected
area.
2. Buffer zone lies between the core and
transition zone. Some research and
educational activities are permitted
here.
3. Transition zone is the outermost part
of biosphere reserves. Here
cropping, forestry, recreation, fishery
and other activities are allowed.
Eg: Nandadevi,Uttarakhand; Manas,
Assam; Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu
etc.
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14. National Parks
• There are vast areas of protected natural habitat
covering thousands of acres.
• Here the wild life (both flora and fauna) are
protected and conserved in their natural
environment.
• No human activities like grazing, cultivation, forestry
is permitted.
• There are 103 National parks in India occupying
nearly 1.2% geographical area.
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15. Cont…
• National parks are established by the efforts of IUCN (
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources established in 1948) and WWF( World
Wide Life Fund established in 1961) .
• At the national level, they are established under central
legislation but are administered by the state under
central supervision.
Examples:
1. Gir National Park, Gujarat
2. Kaziranga National Park, Assam
3. Periyar National Park, Kerala
4. Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka, etc.
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16. Sancturies
• They are protected natural habitats smaller than
National Parks.
• Human activities like harvesting of timber, collecting
minor forest products and private ownership rights
are allowed as long as they do not interfere with
well-being of species.
• They are primarily meant for the preservation of the
particular species or protection of assemblage of
species.
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17. cont…
➢Preservation of particular species: Preserving a
species which is threatened.
Eg. Indian lion Panthera leo is protected in Gir
forests of Gujarat while, Indian Rhinoceros is
protected in Kazhiranga sanctury of Assam.
➢Protection of particular assemblage: A method of
protecting a collection of species.
Eg. Bird sancturies like Ranganthittu of Mysore and
Bharathpur of Rajasthan is set up to protect birds.
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18. Sacred groves
• Indian culture has wise conservation of all natural
resources mainly the trees. One of the method of
conservation of trees is creation of sacred groves.
• Sacred groves are defined as traditionally conserved
patches of forests dedicated to a local diety.
• Here all forms of living creatures are believed to be
given protection by the diety.
• The groves are considered to be God’s first temple.
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19. Cont…
• No one is permitted to cut any tree or plant, kill animals
and birds or harm any for of life in this area.
• Sacred groves vary in size from few trees to dense forests
covering vast tracts of land.
• Today, there are only about 1000 sq.km of undistributed
sacred groves scattered in patches all over the country.
Examples:
1. Deodar grove, Shipin, Shimla
2. Mawphlang and Mausmai, Khasi Hills of
Meghalaya.
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20. Advantages of in-situ conservation:
1. The flora and fauna live in natural habitats without
human interference.
2. The life cycles of the organisms and their evolution
progresses in a natural way.
3. In-situ conservation provides the required green
cover and its associated benefits to our environment.
4. It is less expensive and easy to manage.
5. The interests of the indigenous people are also
protected.
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21. Ex-situ conservation
• Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components
of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.
• This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as
wild and cultivated species, and draws on a diverse body
of techniques and facilities.
• These includes, botanical gardens, zoos, gene banks,
Medicinal conservation parks, and herbal gardens etc.
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22. Botanical gardens
• Botanical gardens are the parks, dedicated to the
collection, cultivation, preservation and display of a
wide range of plants labeled with their botanical
names.
• Botanical gardens have worked in a broad range of
concerns which including the reforestation, plant
exploration, the establishment of nature preserves,
agricultural research, publishing, and original
research in botany.
22

23. Cont…
• Botanical gardens are mostly run by a management
of universities and scientific research organizations to
investigate the varieties of different plants with their
unique characteristics to undergo their research
experiment or project that involve with the plant
taxonomy.
• Botanical gardens have the function to preserve the
endangered plant species and to sustain our
environment.
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24. Cont…
• The main purpose that setting up the botanical
gardens is to increase publics’ knowledge and
appreciation of plant based on the significance and
conservation of plants through locally and globally
and also for the ongoing benefit and enjoyment of
the community
• Botanic gardens – over 2,500, in 148 countries, with
about 6.13 million accessions.
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25. Gene Banks
• Gene Banks are a type of biorepository which
preserve genetic material.
• A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from
potentially useful species, especially species
containing genes of significance to the breeding of
crops.
• The database of the largest gene banks in the world
can be queried via a common website, Genesys.
25

26. Cont…
• Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of
wild and domesticated organisms that humans
depend on for food, fiber, medicine & energy.
• Over 7.2 million plant germplasm accessions are
housed in ~1,750 national and international gene
banks.
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27. Types of Gene Banks
1. Seed Bank
2. Tissue Bank
3. Cryo Bank
4. Pollen Bank
5. Field gene Bank
6. Sperm Bank
7. Ova Bank.
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28. 1. Seed Bank
• The seed bank preserves dried seeds by storing them
at a very low temperature.
• Spores and pteridophytes are conserved in seed
banks but other seedless plants such as tuber crops
cannot be preserved this way.
• The largest seed bank in the world is the Millennium
seed bank housed at the Welcome Trust Millennium
Building (WTMB) in London.
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29. 2. Tissue Bank
• In this technique buds, protocorms and meristematic
cells are conserved through particular light and
temperature arrangements in a nutrient media.
• This is used to preserve seedless plants and plants
which reproduce asexually.
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30. 3. Cryo Bank
• In this technique a seed or embryo is preserved at a
very low temperature.
• It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at - 196
degrees. This is helpful for the conservation of
species facing extinction.
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31. 4. Pollen Bank
• This is a method in which pollen grains are stored .
• We can make plants which are facing extinction in
the present world using this technique .
• By this technique we can make plants with one set
chromosomes.
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32. 5. Field Gene Bank
• This is a method of planting plants for the
conservation of genes.
• For this purpose we construct ecosystem artificially .
• Through this method one can compare the
difference among plants of different species in detail.
• It needs more land, adequate soil, weather etc.
Germplasm of important crops are conserved
through this method.
• 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central
Rice Research Institute in Orissa.
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33. 6. Sperm bank
• A sperm bank, semen bank is a facility or enterprise
that collects and store human sperm donors for use
by women who, for whatever reason, need donor
provided sperm to achieve pregnancy.
• Sperm donated by the sperm donor is known as
donor sperm.
• And the process for introducing sperm into women is
called Artificial insemination.
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34. 7. Ova Bank
• Ova bank or egg cell bank is a facility that collects
and store human ova primarily from the ova donors.
• The purpose of achieving pregnancy of donor (i.e. to
overcome issues of fertility ) or through third party
reproduction .
• Ova donated in this way from the donor is known as
donor ova
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35. Activities in Gene Bank
• Collecting and Acquisition – assembling the collection
• Processing – assessing the quantity, viability, health of
samples and preparation for storage
• Storage – in a cold store, laboratory or in the field
• Regeneration and Multiplication – periodically
rejuvenating and increasing the material
• Characterization and Evaluation
• Documentation, Inventory – maintaining and making
available detailed records on each sample
• Distribution – of clean, disease-free seeds, or other
planting material, to requestors
35

36. Medicinal plant conservation parks or
Ethnomedicinal forest (EMF) :
• These parks or forests serve as community conservation
education centers and repositories of the region’s
medicinal plant resources and local health knowledge.
• The advantage of this program is that it is easy to supply
planting material for propagation, re-introduction of
native species, agronomic improvement, research and
education from the network of medicinal parks.
• The parks are spatially dispersed so as to represent
distinct agro-climatic zones in Southern India.
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37. Cont…
• Each MPCP is in the process of becoming a regional
resource center of learning wherein there is authentic
and thorough documentation available of the natural and
cultural heritage of the region relating to medicinal
plants.
• It also serves as a training center for rural households,
schools, colleges and government departments on the
conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants,
particularly in the context of primary health care.
• All the centers have planted an average of 250 species of
medicinal plants, including Rare, Endangered and
Threatened species (RET) in their respective EMFs.
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38. Cont…
• Ethno-medicinal Forest (EMF) ranges from 5-20
hectares. This area is divided into several grids which
is usually 1m x 1m.
• This is essentially a live collection of the region’s
(district’s) entire medicinal plant diversity known to
the local people and used by them for medicinal
purposes.
• These plots mimic as far as possible the real forest
type for the area. Attempts are also made to include
possible genetic variations within the collection.
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39. Herb garden
• Herbs are defined as plants that are useful to humans.
• An herb can be useful to us for its flavor, its scent, its
medicinal properties or its use as an insecticide.
• Some herbs are used as coloring for dyes or for industrial
uses.
• Herbs have been used for thousands of years in teas and
balms to relieve physical ailments, such as upset
stomachs and stress-induced illness.
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40. Cont…
• An herb garden is basically a garden that is being used
solely to grow herbs.
• An herb garden can be any size or shape and can contain
many different types of herbs or just a few.
• An herb garden may take up an entire yard or may simply
be planted in a small window box container.
• Herb gardens can be kept indoors on a sunny windowsill
or outdoors in the open breeze.
• An herb garden design can also be incorporated into a
vegetable garden, with landscape shrubbery, or mixed in
with your flowers.
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41. Advantages of ex-situ preservation:
1. It is useful for declining population of species.
2. Endangered animals on the verge of extinction are
successfully breeded.
3. Threatened species are breeded in captivity and then
released in the natural habitats.
4. Ex-situ centres offer the possibilities of observing
wild animals, which is otherwise not possible.
5. It is extremely useful for conducting research and
scientific work on different species.
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42. International Organizations and
Conventions related to Biodiversity
1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• Aim to bring the conservation of biological
diversity.
• The sustainable use of its components.
• The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising from commercial and other utilization of
genetic resources.
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43. 2. Consultative group for International
Agriculture Research (CGIAR)
• It is a global partnership that unites
organizations engaged in research for a food-
secured future.
• Prime objective is to reducing rural poverty,
increasing food security, improving human
health and nutrition, and ensuring sustainable
management of natural resources.
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44. 3. Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
• Aims to ensure that international trade in
specimens of wild animals and plants does not
threaten their survival.
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45. 4. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
• Aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian
migratory species throughout their range.
45

46. 5. International Institute for Environment and
Development (MED)
• It acts as the links between biodiversity,
conservation and local people's livelihoods.
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47. 6. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
• The prime objective is the conservation and
sustainable use of plant genetic resources for
food and agriculture and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of
their use, in harmony with the Convention on
Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture
and food security.
47

48. 7. Convention on Wetlands (popularly known as the
Ramsar Convention)
• Provides the framework for national action and
international cooperation for the conservation
and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
• It covers all aspects of wetland conservation and
wise use, recognizing wetlands as ecosystems
that are extremely important for biodiversity
conservation in general and for the well-being of
human communities.
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49. 8. World Heritage Convention (WHC)
• To identify and conserve the world's cultural
and natural heritage, by drawing up a list of
sites whose outstanding values should be
preserved for all humanity.
• To ensure the protection world's cultural and
natural heritage of through a closer co-
operation among nations.
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50. 9. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
• Aim to protect world plant resources, including
cultivated and wild plants by preventing the
introduction and spread of plant pests and promoting
the appropriate measures for their control.
• Provides the mechanisms to develop the International
Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), and to
help countries to implement the ISPMs and the other
obligations under the IPPC, by facilitating the national
capacity development, national reporting and dispute
settlement.
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51. 10. International Union for Conservation of
nature (IUCN)
• To conserve our vital biodiversity, this is one of
the important wheels of life cycle.
• It helps the world to find pragmatic solutions
to our most pressing environment and
development challenges.
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52. Refernces
• Biodiversity conservation- Boscos publication
• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biodiversity/conservations-of-biodiversity-
in-situ-conservation-and-ex-situ-conservation/30144
• http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/courses/introconsbio/EEB208_16_ex-
situ.htm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_bank
• https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-international-
organizations-and-conventions-related-to-biodiversity-1515674424-1
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-a-model-biosphere-
reserve_fig1_311641120
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53. Thank you…