Running head CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1CHILDHOOD OBESITY 7.docx

Running head: CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1
CHILDHOOD OBESITY 7
Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Summary of the Study
The study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of school-based
programs in treating and managing overweight and obesity
among children. Childhood obesity is increasingly becoming
both national and global public health concern that has resulted
in increased childhood morbidity and mortality. In particular,
childhood obesity has catapulted the increase in health problems
such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, as well as
osteoarthritis later in adulthood (Mahmood et al. 2014). Schools
can provide one of the most effective channels through which
childhood obesity interventions can be directed. In this respect,
policies, procedures, and guidelines have been passed in many
nations and states for the implementation of school-based
interventions. In the United States, many studies have
recommended the utilization of school-based obesity
management programs to address the unending crisis of
childhood obesity. In light of this concern, this study seeks to
investigate the efficacy of school-based interventions in treating
and managing childhood obesity. In particular, the study will

also assess school methodologies such as incorporation of
obesity education into the routine curriculum in minimizing the
constantly-increasing cases of obese children population.
Method of Study
The study is also going to use qualitative design in order
to examine the perception of children towards school-based
obesity management initiatives. Previous studies conducted by
Clarke et al. (2015) also sought to investigate the experiences
and views of kids who went through school-based obesity
management programs. This can help to improve knowledge and
understanding of better ways to address the problem of
childhood obesity within school settings. In order to provide a
comprehensive finding that guides future clinical decision-
making, the study will evaluate efficacy of school-based
interventions with respect to many key areas. They include cost
efficiency of school-based interventions, improvements in
physical activities and healthy eating habits following
interventions, as well as level of awareness among children on
the dangers of childhood obesity and the ways in which it can
be averted. Furthermore, effectiveness will be investigated
through evaluation of body weight and BMI before and after the
introductions of these interventions (Mahmood et al. 2014).
Most significantly, cardiovascular fitness and other outcome
measures will be investigated. The target population and
participants of the study will mainly be school-going children.
Both boys and girls with an average age of between 8 and 16
years will be incorporated into the study.
Schools vary in the ways in which they utilize such
interventions. For instance, some schools utilize planet health
programs that incorporate the teacher training workshops, class
lessons, physical education materials, and educational programs
that emphasize on enhancing physical activities. These
programs also seek to discourage sedentary lifestyles among
school-going populations (Mahmood et al. 2014). Other
initiatives often embrace strategies such as utilization of
banners and logos on water bottles with the purpose of

supporting healthy living, embracing healthy diets and
discouraging the use of sugar-sweetened drinks. In some cases,
schools ensure that children are enrolled in programs such as
aerobics dance sessions.
One of the primary reasons for exploring this area of research is
the fact that obesity among children is a risk indicator for future
obesity during adulthood. This problem has been associated
with adverse physical, socioeconomic and mental impacts such
as risks for getting non-communicable diseases (Amini et al.
2015). In addition, school-going children face the risk of being
socially stigmatized, leading to sadness and loneliness.
Moreover, obese kids are most likely to involve themselves in
high-risk behaviors as a result of negative stereotyping.
Although an urgent intervention is needed to curb the worrying
increase in overweight and obese populations, these steps must
be informed by widely acknowledged collection of evidences to
support positive health outcomes (Amini et al. 2015). The
current body of evidence incorporates researches conducted that
target their interventions in several contexts such as community
centers, home, and schools. In particular, schools have taken the
lead in being among the most suitable settings for obesity
management since they are distinct in some elements.
Result of Study
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How the Findings Might be Used in Nursing Practice
Nurses must utilize the best available evidences to support
decision-making on the best way to address childhood obesity.
Assessing the efficacy of school-based interventions have
various implications for nursing practice (Wareing, 2018). The
recommendations that seek to improve outcomes from school-
based physical activity initiatives may be utilized by nurses to
foster positive attitudes towards exercises among children and
young adolescents. Nurses may also address these problems by
raising the level of activities throughout the school day. In
practical sense, knowledge on the importance of school-base
interventions can shift the working environment of nurses,

educators, and school staffs. Nurses can employ school-based
programs by utilizing multidisciplinary approaches to obesity
management such as encouraging parents and community
members to participate in school-based initiatives (Wareing,
2018). There is also need for nurses to engage in advocacy and
health communication campaigns among public health bodies
collaborate with teachers, parents, and lobby groups in order to
combat childhood obesity. Nurses can educate the school
children and young adolescents about food choices.
In particular, school nurses have the skills to offer counseling
to support weight-associated behavior change (Pbert et al.
2013). They are also easily accessible to children with no
transport or costs. Thus, nurses can play an integral role in
supporting students who suffer from overweight and obesity
problems to gather a healthy lifestyle (Pbert et al 2013). The
leveraging of current infrastructures and resources through
capitalization on the placements of skilled healthcare providers
within highly accessible school contexts has major public health
importance in comparison with specialty clinics that face eh
challenge of limited reach. This is partly because specialty
clinics have constrained reach as a result of access and expenses
o intensive resources needed, such as costs to the families in
terms of transportation, copayments and time (Pbert et al.
2013). Thus, weight management and counseling interventions
are practicable for school nurses in the delivery of high fidelity
within the school health contexts.
Potential Ethical Implications
Childhood overweight and obesity studies are often carried
out among vulnerable groups. A significant number of obese
students also grapple with major mental challenges, such as
anxiety, depression, ADHD, and emotional and eating problems.
Combined with this challenge, obesity holds a social stigma that
negatively affects children and their respective family members
(Holm et al. 2014). In acknowledgment of this problem,
discourses have emerged among health care professionals
relating to the potential ethics for school-based interventions

for treating childhood obesity, as well as the mechanistic
clinical researches that seek to understand the pathophysiology
of this health problem among students without directly aiming
at minimizing overweight (Holm et al. 2014). Researchers must
seriously consider if their protocols and procedures offer
situations where they can empirically evaluate and prove their
hypothesis while at the same time developing environments
where children and their family members are free to make
choices to enter the study (autonomy). Further, justice should be
granted by granting all participants with benefits after taking
part in such studies.
Another ethical issue relates to the manner in which
obesity is communicated to members of the public. While the
causes of childhood obesity are often publicized in simple ways,
such as excessive energy comparison with energy use, this
disease is complex. There are various factors that are associated
with this health problem. These include socioeconomic
indicators, level of education and awareness, and lifestyle.
However, the causes of obesity go beyond these commonly
talked about factors to include issues such as culture, media
presence, as well as peer pressure. Therefore, in attempting to
engage in advocacy campaigns to reduce obesity, nurses must
not leave out important information that can generate positive
health outcomes among children.
References
Amini, M., Djazayery, A., Majdzadeh, R., Taghdisi, M. H., &
Jazayeri, S. (2015). Effect of
school-based interventions to control childhood obesity: a
review of
reviews. International journal of preventive medicine, 6.
Clarke, J. L., Griffin, T. L., Lancashire, E. R., Adab, P., Parry,
J. M., & Pallan, M. J. (2015).
Parent and child perceptions of school-based obesity prevention
in England: a qualitative

study. BMC public health, 15(1), 1224.
Holm, J. C., Nowicka, P., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., O'Malley, G.,
Hassapidou, M., Weiss, R., &
Baker, J. L. (2014). The ethics of childhood obesity treatment-
from the Childhood
Obesity Task Force (COTF) of European Association for the
Study of Obesity
(EASO). Obesity facts, 7(4), 274-281.
Mahmood, S., Perveen, T., Dino, A., Ibrahim, F., & Mehraj, J.
(2014). Effectiveness of
school-based intervention programs in reducing prevalence of
overweight. Indian
journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian
Association of
Preventive & Social Medicine, 39(2), 87.
Pbert, L., Druker, S., Gapinski, M. A., Gellar, L., Magner, R.,
Reed, G., ... & Osganian, S.
(2013). A school nurse‐delivered intervention for overweight
and obese
adolescents. Journal of School Health, 83(3), 182-193.
Wareing, A. (2018). School‐based physical activity programs
for promoting physical activity and
fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. International
journal of nursing
practice, 24(1).
1
Web Programming I
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Instructions

Due Dates: 5th April 2018 for Group 1 and 2 respectively.
Mode of Submission: Lab
Type of Assignment: To be done in groups of five (A group
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TASK
Based on CAT 1, style the output of your CAT 1 as much as
possible using external CSS only. You work will
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Assignment
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Mode of Submission: Hard Copy
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NB: Late submissions will not be accepted.
TASK
Discuss the use of JavaScript in the context of HTML

Rough Draft Qualitative
Research Critique and Ethical
Considerations (Childhood
Obesity)
by NIMOTA ADESHINA
Submission dat e : 10- Apr- 2018 01:17 PM (UT C- 07 00)
Submission ID: 94 4 4 97 283
File name : CONT ENT 15233914 50128.do cx (21.38K)
Word count : 14 7 5
Charact e r count : 8835
21%
SIMILARIT Y INDEX

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Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical
Considerations (Childhood Obesity)
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to University of South Alabama
St udent Paper
www.karger.com
Int ernet Source
Submitted to EDMC
St udent Paper
www.ijpvmjournal.net
Int ernet Source

61.7.221.149
Int ernet Source
Jens Christian Holm, Paulina Nowicka, Nathalie
J. Farpour-Lambert, Grace O'Malley et al. "The
Ethics of Childhood Obesity Treatment - f rom
the Childhood Obesity Task Force (COTF) of
European Association f or the Study of Obesity
(EASO)", Obesity Facts, 2014
Publicat ion
researchbank.rmit.edu.au
1%
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worldwidescience.org
Int ernet Source

Considerations (Childhood Obesity)by NIMOTA
ADESHINARough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and
Ethical Considerations (Childhood Obesity)ORIGINALITY
REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Rough Draft Qualitative
Research Critique and Ethical
Considerations (Childhood
Obesity)
by NIMOTA ADESHINA
Submission dat e : 10- Apr- 2018 01:17 PM (UT C- 07 00)
Submission ID: 94 4 4 97 283
File name : CONT ENT 15233914 50128.do cx (21.38K)
Word count : 14 7 5
Charact e r count : 8835

21%
SIMILARIT Y INDEX
14%
INT ERNET SOURCES
8%
PUBLICAT IONS
14%
ST UDENT PAPERS
1 6%
2 4%
3 2%
4 2%
5 2%
6 1%
7
Considerations (Childhood Obesity)
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to University of South Alabama
St udent Paper
www.karger.com
Int ernet Source
Submitted to EDMC

St udent Paper
www.ijpvmjournal.net
Int ernet Source
61.7.221.149
Int ernet Source
Jens Christian Holm, Paulina Nowicka, Nathalie
J. Farpour-Lambert, Grace O'Malley et al. "The
Ethics of Childhood Obesity Treatment - f rom
the Childhood Obesity Task Force (COTF) of
European Association f or the Study of Obesity
(EASO)", Obesity Facts, 2014
Publicat ion
researchbank.rmit.edu.au
1%
8 1%
9 1%
10 1%
Exclude quo tes On
Exclude biblio graphy On
Exclude matches < 1%
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Western Governors University
St udent Paper

www.econstor.eu
Int ernet Source
worldwidescience.org
Int ernet Source
Considerations (Childhood Obesity)by NIMOTA
ADESHINARough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and
Ethical Considerations (Childhood Obesity)ORIGINALITY
REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Running head: EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE 1
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE 3
Childhood Obesity- PICOT Statement and Literature Search
Name
University
Date
Childhood Obesity- PICOT Statement and Literature Search
Overweight and obesity among children can be prevented,
managed, and controlled using school-based interventions more
effectively than non-school-based interventions within one year.
P- Population- Children with overweight and obesity
I-Intervention- School-based interventions
C- Comparison- Non-school based interventions such as family-
based interventions
O- Outcome- Desired weight reduction and BMI

T- Time- One Year
overweight. Indian
Association of
School-based interventions are increasingly being
employed in Americans learning institutions to tackle the
unending problem of childhood obesity. In this journal article,
Mahmood et al. (2014) investigate the efficacy of utilizing
school-based interventions to minimize high obesity prevalence
among children. In order to achieve this objective, the
researchers evaluated all published clinical trials that qualified
for the study. The researchers excluded previous studies that
entailed cost-effective evaluation of school-based interventions.
Five trials comprised of 3900 school-going children were
incorporated into the study. The average age of the students
both boys and girls, was between 8 and 13 years. The meta-
analysis revealed a statistical significance beneficial impact of
school-based intervention initiatives on obesity status of school
children. Individual assessments suggested efficacy of these
school-based efforts to tackle childhood obesity. The
researchers infer that school-based interventions are effective in
deterring childhood obesity and overweight problem. According
to Mahmood et al. (2014), childhood overweight and obesity is
a global public health concern that is responsible for high
morbidity and increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease,
diabetes mellitus, and osteoarthritis. Considering the potential
risks that childhood overweight and obesity pose to the
American population, Mahmood et al. (2014) stress on the need
to examine school-based interventions as a way to address the
problem.

review of
In this article, Amini et al. (2015) hold that eh efficacy of
school-based interventions to prevent and manage overweight
and obesity among school-going children has been a subject of
debate among healthcare professionals. In view of that, Amini
et al. (2015) conduct a critical review, meta-analysis, and
examination of policy briefs and reports that target children and
adolescents. This review included interventional studies that
have a control group and sought to deter or reduce overweight
and obesity in a school setting. Four key systematic reviews,
alognside four meta-analyses were found to meet the eligibility
criteria. As a result, they were incorporated into the review. The
findings of the review suggested that the implementation of
multi-component interventions does not necessarily improve the
anthropometric outcomes. While intervention durations are
critical determinant of the efficacy, researches aimed at
evaluating the length of time needed were lacking. Furthermore,
the researchers assert the need for interventional efforts for
children in order to report any unwarranted mental or physical
adverse impacts that stem from the intervention. The
researchers also revealed that BMI is one of the most popular
indicators utilized for assessing the childhood obesity
prevention or treatment trials. Finally, Amini et al. (2015)
recommend that future studies on school-based interventions
should be done to prevent or control overweight or obesity.
Ickes, M. J., McMullen, J., Haider, T., & Sharma, M. (2014).
Global school-based
childhood obesity interventions: a review. International journal
of environmental
research and public health, 11(9), 8940-8961.
Childhood obesity is a problem that has sparked a major global
health crisis. According to Ickes et al. (2014), many school-
based interventions have been developed and implemented to
curb this growing crisis. In response to this phenomenon, Icke

et al. (2014) undertake a comprehensive review that is aimed at
comparing and contrasting the American and global school-
based overweight and obesity prevention and management
efforts. To complete this task, the researchers use five major
databases. The selection methodology for these databases
include primary research, overweight or obesity prevention
interventions, school, based, and studies that were published
between 2002 to 2013. In totality, approximately 20
interventions met the eligibility standards of inclusion. The
research showed that the interventions that were implemented in
the United States and globally led to the successful outcomes.
These included positive changes in student’s BMI. However, the
researchers observe that different approaches were utilized to
attain success. This reinforces the fact that a one-size-fits-all
approach is not necessary for impacting childhood obesity.
Nonetheless, establishing on successful interventions in future
school-based obesity management efforts should have the
capacity to integrate culturally-specific interventional
strategies. They should also seek to include an environmentally-
friendly component that includes parents whenever possible.
Maatoug, J., Msakni, Z., Zammit, N., Bhiri, S., Harrabi, I.,
Boughammoura, L., &
Ghannem, H. (2015). Peer Reviewed: School-Based Intervention
as a Component of
a Comprehensive Community Program for Overweight and
Obesity Prevention,
Sousse, Tunisia, 2009–2014. Preventing chronic disease, 12.
In this article, Maatoug et al. (2015) argue that the task of
combating childhood obesity at a tender age, through
improvements of physical activities, nutritional interventions,
and other behaviors, is instrumental to the prevention of more
crucial health concerns in adulthood. Consequently, the
researchers evaluate the efficacy of a school-based aspect of a
community behavioral intervention on overweight and obesity
rates among adolescents in Tunisia. Using a quasi-experimental
school-based intervention method, Maatoug et al. (2015)

include an intervention group and a control group located in
Sousse Msaken. The intervention took three years, with
information that pre-intervention gathered from 2009 to 2010
school year period. The researchers then undertook a descriptive
evaluation and multivariate assessment to determine the impact
of the intervention on risks of excess weight. The study findings
suggested the existence of a major increase in fruits and
vegetable intake by the intervention group. The intervention
group also improved in terms of acquiring the normal weight
category. There was also a decrease in students’ overweight
population. This study suggests that the school-based
interventions are protective measures to curb excessive weight
gain for participating school-going children. Furthermore, the
research indicates that school-based interventions are effective
in increasing the pattern of healthy dietary habits and
minimizing risks of excessive weight gains. It also sheds light
on the significance of multidisciplinary approach to offer an
environment that is conducive to healthy behaviors for children
and adolescents.
Kothandan, S. K. (2014). School based interventions versus
family-based interventions in
the treatment of childhood obesity-a systematic
review. Archives of Public
Health, 72(1), 3.
There has been a widespread debate among health professionals
over whether school-based interventions work better than
family-based approaches. In an effort to settle this impasse,
Kothandan (2014) conducted a comprehensive review aimed at
drawing comparison between school-based interventions and
family-based interventions in the treatment, management, and
control of childhood overweight and obesity. According to
Kothandan (2014), the prevalence rates of childhood obesity,
which has steadily increased in the last ten years, is currently
regarded as a major public health concern. Current treatment
options are often premised on two major models: school-and
family-based strategies. Nonetheless, most studies have not yet

drawn a major comparison between the two treatment options.
Therefore, Kothandan (2014) conducted a database search of
resources such as Medline, Pub med, and Science Direct with
the view of executing the search for primary research papers in
accordance with various inclusion criteria. The review also
included randomized control trial and quasi-randomized
controlled trials on the basis of family- and school-based
interventions. The study identified 1231 studies, 13 of which
met the researcher’s criteria. The research revealed that family-
based interventions were ideal for children aged below 12,
whereas school-based interventions worked for children aged
between 12 and seventeen years for both long-term and short-
term outcomes.
Gonzalez-Suarez, C., Worley, A., Grimmer-Somers, K., &
Dones, V. (2009). School-based
interventions on childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. American
journal of preventive
medicine, 37(5), 418-427.
Finally, Gonzalez-Suarez et al. (2009) argue that childhood
obesity is a major predictor of chronic lifestyle diseases in
adulthood. Therefore, the researchers explore the effectiveness
of school-based programs in the prevention and management of
childhood obesity. After conducting a comprehensive literature
search, coupled with a meta-analysis for RCTs and clinical
controlled trials on school-based interventions, the results
indicated that the odds of participants’ being overweight and
obese in the school-based programs compared with the control
arm were significantly protective in the short-term. However,
school-based interventions were effective in the long-run.
Therefore, longer running initiatives were more effective than
shorter programs.
References

review of
Gonzalez-Suarez, C., Worley, A., Grimmer-Somers, K., &
Dones, V. (2009). School-based
interventions on childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. American
journal of preventive
medicine, 37(5), 418-427.
Ickes, M. J., McMullen, J., Haider, T., & Sharma, M. (2014).
Global school-based
childhood obesity interventions: a review. International journal
of environmental
research and public health, 11(9), 8940-8961.
Kothandan, S. K. (2014). School based interventions versus
family based interventions in
the treatment of childhood obesity-a systematic
review. Archives of Public
Health, 72(1), 3.
Maatoug, J., Msakni, Z., Zammit, N., Bhiri, S., Harrabi, I.,
Boughammoura, L., &
Ghannem, H. (2015). Peer Reviewed: School-Based Intervention
as a Component of
a Comprehensive Community Program for Overweight and
Obesity Prevention,
Sousse, Tunisia, 2009–2014. Preventing chronic disease, 12.
overweight. Indian
Association of

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