![AMOLED
AMOLED used in Samsung Galaxy Note
Magnified image of the AMOLED screen on the Nexus One
smartphone using the RGBG system of the PenTile matrix family
AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting
diode) is a display technology for use in mobile devices
and television. OLED describes a specific type of thin-
film-display technology in which organic compounds
form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix
refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels.
As of 2010, AMOLED technology is used in mobile
phones, media players and digital cameras,[1]
and con-
tinues to make progress toward low-power, low-cost and
large-size (for example, 40-inch) applications.[2][3][4]
1 Design
An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix of
OLED pixels that generate light (luminescence) upon
Substrate
TFT array
Organic Active
Layers
Cathode
Layer
Schematic of an active-matrix OLED display
electrical activation that have been deposited or inte-
grated onto a thin-film-transistor (TFT) array, which
functions as a series of switches to control the current
flowing to each individual pixel.[5]
Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at
least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence),
with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage
capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at
the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel,
thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents
required for passive-matrix OLED operation.[6]
TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication
of AMOLED displays. The two primary TFT backplane
technologies, namely polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and
amorphous silicon (a-Si), are used today in AMOLEDs.
These technologies offer the potential for fabricating the
active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150
°C) directly onto flexible plastic substrates for producing
flexible AMOLED displays.[7]
2 Future development
Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, in-
tegrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in
the AMOLED module fabrication process. In-cell sen-
sor AMOLED fabricators include AU Optronics and
Samsung. Samsung has marketed their version of
this technology as “Super AMOLED”. Researchers at
DuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) soft-
ware to optimize coating processes for a new solution-
coated AMOLED display technology that is cost and per-
formance competitive with existing chemical vapor depo-
sition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and
analytical approaches, they developed short- and long-
range film-thickness control and uniformity that is com-
mercially viable at large glass sizes.[8]
1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/amoled-190818040310/85/Amoled-1-320.jpg)
![2 4 MARKETING TERMS
3 Comparison to other technolo-
gies
AMOLED displays provide higher refresh rates than their
passive-matrix OLED counterparts, improving response
time often to under a millisecond, and they consume
significantly less power.[9]
This advantage makes active-
matrix OLEDs well suited for portable electronics, where
power consumption is critical to battery life.
The amount of power the display consumes varies sig-
nificantly depending on the colour and brightness shown.
As an example, one commercial QVGA OLED display
consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black
background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text
on a white background, while an LCD may consume only
a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown
on screen.[10]
Because the black pixels actually turn off,
AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantly
better than LCD.
AMOLED displays may be difficult to view in direct sun-
light compared with LCDs because of their reduced max-
imum brightness.[11]
Samsung’s Super AMOLED technol-
ogy addresses this issue by reducing the size of gaps be-
tween layers of the screen.[12][13]
Additionally, PenTile
technology is often used to allow for a higher resolution
display while requiring fewer subpixels than would other-
wise be needed, often resulting in a display less sharp and
more grainy compared with a non-pentile display with the
same resolution.
The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are
very prone to degradation over a relatively short period
of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster
than another, image persistence, or burn-in.[14][15]
Current demand for AMOLED screens is high, and, due
to supply shortages of the Samsung-produced displays,
certain models of HTC smartphones have been changed
to use next-generation LCD displays from the Samsung
and Sony joint-venture SLCD in the future.[16]
Flagship smartphones sold as of 2011–12 use either
Super AMOLED or IPS panel premium LCD. Super
AMOLED displays, such as the one on the Galaxy Nexus
and Samsung Galaxy S III have often been compared
to IPS panel premium LCDs, found in the iPhone 4S,
HTC One X, and Nexus 4.[17][18][19]
For example, ac-
cording to ABI Research the AMOLED display found
in the Motorola Moto X draws just 92mA during bright
conditions and 68mA while dim.[20]
On the other hand,
compare with the IPS, the yield rate of Amoled is low,
the cost is also higher.
4 Marketing terms
4.1 Super AMOLED
Super AMOLED is Samsung’s term for an AMOLED
display with an integrated digitizer, meaning that the layer
that detects touch is integrated into the screen, rather
than overlaid on top of it. According to Samsung, Super
AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight compared
to the first generation AMOLED.[21][22]
The display tech-
nology itself is not changed. Super AMOLED is part of
the Pentile matrix family. It is sometimes abbreviated
SAMOLED.
For the Samsung Galaxy S III, which reverted to Su-
per AMOLED instead of the pixelation-free conventional
RGB (non-PenTile) Super AMOLED Plus of its prede-
cessor Samsung Galaxy S II, the S III’s larger screen size
encourages users to hold the phone further from their face
to obscure the PenTile effect.[23]
4.2 Super AMOLED Advanced
Super AMOLED advanced is a term marketed by
Motorola to describe a brighter display than Super
AMOLED screens, but also a higher resolution – qHD or
960 × 540 for Super AMOLED Advanced compared to
WVGA or 800 × 480 for Super AMOLED. It also is 25%
more energy efficient. Super AMOLED Advanced fea-
tures PenTile, which sharpens subpixels in between pix-
els to make a higher resolution display, but by doing this,
some picture quality is lost.[24]
This display equips the
Motorola Droid RAZR & HTC One S.[25]
4.3 Super AMOLED Plus
The Samsung Galaxy S II, with a Super AMOLED Plus screen
Super AMOLED Plus, first introduced with the Samsung
Galaxy S II and Samsung Droid Charge smartphones, is a](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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- 1. AMOLED AMOLED used in Samsung Galaxy Note Magnified image of the AMOLED screen on the Nexus One smartphone using the RGBG system of the PenTile matrix family AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) is a display technology for use in mobile devices and television. OLED describes a specific type of thin- film-display technology in which organic compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels. As of 2010, AMOLED technology is used in mobile phones, media players and digital cameras,[1] and con- tinues to make progress toward low-power, low-cost and large-size (for example, 40-inch) applications.[2][3][4] 1 Design An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix of OLED pixels that generate light (luminescence) upon Substrate TFT array Organic Active Layers Cathode Layer Schematic of an active-matrix OLED display electrical activation that have been deposited or inte- grated onto a thin-film-transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual pixel.[5] Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel, thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required for passive-matrix OLED operation.[6] TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. The two primary TFT backplane technologies, namely polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si), are used today in AMOLEDs. These technologies offer the potential for fabricating the active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150 °C) directly onto flexible plastic substrates for producing flexible AMOLED displays.[7] 2 Future development Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, in- tegrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process. In-cell sen- sor AMOLED fabricators include AU Optronics and Samsung. Samsung has marketed their version of this technology as “Super AMOLED”. Researchers at DuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) soft- ware to optimize coating processes for a new solution- coated AMOLED display technology that is cost and per- formance competitive with existing chemical vapor depo- sition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and analytical approaches, they developed short- and long- range film-thickness control and uniformity that is com- mercially viable at large glass sizes.[8] 1
- 2. 2 4 MARKETING TERMS 3 Comparison to other technolo- gies AMOLED displays provide higher refresh rates than their passive-matrix OLED counterparts, improving response time often to under a millisecond, and they consume significantly less power.[9] This advantage makes active- matrix OLEDs well suited for portable electronics, where power consumption is critical to battery life. The amount of power the display consumes varies sig- nificantly depending on the colour and brightness shown. As an example, one commercial QVGA OLED display consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text on a white background, while an LCD may consume only a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown on screen.[10] Because the black pixels actually turn off, AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantly better than LCD. AMOLED displays may be difficult to view in direct sun- light compared with LCDs because of their reduced max- imum brightness.[11] Samsung’s Super AMOLED technol- ogy addresses this issue by reducing the size of gaps be- tween layers of the screen.[12][13] Additionally, PenTile technology is often used to allow for a higher resolution display while requiring fewer subpixels than would other- wise be needed, often resulting in a display less sharp and more grainy compared with a non-pentile display with the same resolution. The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are very prone to degradation over a relatively short period of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster than another, image persistence, or burn-in.[14][15] Current demand for AMOLED screens is high, and, due to supply shortages of the Samsung-produced displays, certain models of HTC smartphones have been changed to use next-generation LCD displays from the Samsung and Sony joint-venture SLCD in the future.[16] Flagship smartphones sold as of 2011–12 use either Super AMOLED or IPS panel premium LCD. Super AMOLED displays, such as the one on the Galaxy Nexus and Samsung Galaxy S III have often been compared to IPS panel premium LCDs, found in the iPhone 4S, HTC One X, and Nexus 4.[17][18][19] For example, ac- cording to ABI Research the AMOLED display found in the Motorola Moto X draws just 92mA during bright conditions and 68mA while dim.[20] On the other hand, compare with the IPS, the yield rate of Amoled is low, the cost is also higher. 4 Marketing terms 4.1 Super AMOLED Super AMOLED is Samsung’s term for an AMOLED display with an integrated digitizer, meaning that the layer that detects touch is integrated into the screen, rather than overlaid on top of it. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight compared to the first generation AMOLED.[21][22] The display tech- nology itself is not changed. Super AMOLED is part of the Pentile matrix family. It is sometimes abbreviated SAMOLED. For the Samsung Galaxy S III, which reverted to Su- per AMOLED instead of the pixelation-free conventional RGB (non-PenTile) Super AMOLED Plus of its prede- cessor Samsung Galaxy S II, the S III’s larger screen size encourages users to hold the phone further from their face to obscure the PenTile effect.[23] 4.2 Super AMOLED Advanced Super AMOLED advanced is a term marketed by Motorola to describe a brighter display than Super AMOLED screens, but also a higher resolution – qHD or 960 × 540 for Super AMOLED Advanced compared to WVGA or 800 × 480 for Super AMOLED. It also is 25% more energy efficient. Super AMOLED Advanced fea- tures PenTile, which sharpens subpixels in between pix- els to make a higher resolution display, but by doing this, some picture quality is lost.[24] This display equips the Motorola Droid RAZR & HTC One S.[25] 4.3 Super AMOLED Plus The Samsung Galaxy S II, with a Super AMOLED Plus screen Super AMOLED Plus, first introduced with the Samsung Galaxy S II and Samsung Droid Charge smartphones, is a
- 3. 4.6 Full HD Super AMOLED 3 branding from Samsung where the PenTile RGBG pixel matrix (2 subpixels) used in Super AMOLED displays has been replaced with a traditional RGB RGB (3 subpix- els) arrangement typically used in LC displays. This vari- ant of AMOLED is brighter and therefore more energy efficient than Super AMOLED displays[26] and produces a sharper, less grainy image because of the increased number of subpixels. In comparison to AMOLED and Super AMOLED displays, the Super AMOLED Plus dis- plays are even more energy efficient and brighter. How- ever, Samsung cited screen life and costs by not using Plus on the Galaxy S II’s successor, the Samsung Galaxy S III.[18] 4.4 HD Super AMOLED Galaxy Note II subpixels representation, based on 400X image of the Note II display[27] HD Super AMOLED is a branding from Samsung for an HD-resolution (>1280×720) Super AMOLED display. The first device to use it was the Samsung Galaxy Note. The Galaxy Nexus and the Galaxy S III both implement the HD Super AMOLED with a PenTile RGBG-matrix (2 subpixels/pixel), while the Galaxy Note II uses an RBG matrix (3 subpixels/pixel) but not in the standard 3 stripe arrangement.[27] 4.5 HD Super AMOLED Plus A variant of the Samsung Galaxy S3 using Tizen OS 1 was benchmarked using a non-pentile HD Super AMOLED Plus screen in 2012.[29] The Galaxy Nexus, with an HD Super AMOLED screen[28] 4.6 Full HD Super AMOLED As featured on the Samsung Galaxy S4[30] and Samsung Galaxy Note 3. It has the broadest color gamut of any mobile display of up to 97% of the Adobe RGB color space, hence making it a wide-gamut display.[31][32] 4.7 Quad HD Super AMOLED First using on the Samsung Galaxy S5 LTE Advanced. 4.8 Future Future displays exhibited from 2011 to 2013 by Sam- sung have shown flexible, 3D, unbreakable, transparent Super AMOLED Plus displays using very high resolu- tions and in varying sizes for phones. These unreleased prototypes use a polymer as a substrate removing the need for glass cover, a metal backing, and touch matrix, com- bining them into one integrated layer.[33] So far, Samsung plans on branding the newer displays as Youm.[34] Also planned for the future are 3D stereoscopic displays that use eye tracking (via stereoscopic front-facing cam-
- 4. 4 5 USES eras) to provide full resolution 3D visuals. 4.9 Comparison Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus res- olutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type. 5 Uses Commercial devices using AMOLED include: Phones • Alcatel One Touch Idol Ultra (HD Super AMOLED) • BlackBerry Q10 • BlackBerry Z30 (HD Super AMOLED) • Cherry Mobile Cosmos X (HD Super AMOLED) • Micromax a90s • Micromax a90 • Micromax a315 • Micromax Canvas Hue • BenQ-Siemens S88 • Dell Venue Pro • Dell Venue 8 7000 • Gionee GN858 (Super AMOLED PLUS) • Gionee GN868 (Super AMOLED plus) • GIONEE GN878 (HD Super AMOLED) • Gionee Elife E5 (HD Super AMOLED) • GIONEE ELIFE S5.1 (HD Super AMOLED) • GIONEE ELIFE S5.5 (Full HD Super AMOLED) • HTC Desire (early models) • HTC Droid Incredible • HTC Legend • HTC One S (Super AMOLED Advanced) • HTC J (Super AMOLED Advanced) • Lenovo S90 Sisley (HD Super AMOLED) • LG Franklin Phone • LG E-730 • LG G Flex (HD Plastic-OLED) • LG G Flex 2 (Full HD Plastic-OLED) • Micromax Superfone Pixel A90 • Motorola Moto X (HD Super AMOLED) • Motorola Droid Ultra (HD Super AMOLED) • Motorola Droid Maxx (HD Super AMOLED) • Motorola Droid RAZR HD and RAZR Maxx HD • Motorola Droid RAZR (Super AMOLED Ad- vanced) • Motorola Droid RAZR Maxx (Super AMOLED Advanced) • Motorola Droid Turbo (Quad HD Super AMOLED) • Moto X (2nd Generation) (1080p Super AMOLED) • Motorola Moto X Pro (QHD Super AMOLED) • Google Nexus One (Early models) • Google Nexus S (Super AMOLED) • Google Galaxy Nexus (HD Super AMOLED) • Google Nexus 6 (Quad HD Super AMOLED) • MP-809T (Full HD Super Amoled) • Nokia 700 (CBD) • Nokia 808 Pureview (CBD) • Nokia C7-00 • Nokia C6-01 (CBD) • Nokia E7-00 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 800 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 810 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 820 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 822 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 900 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 925 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 928 (CBD) • Nokia Lumia 930 • Nokia Lumia 1020 (CBD) • Nokia N8 • Nokia N9 (CBD) • Nokia X7
- 5. 5 • Pantech Burst • QMobile Noir Z3 • Samsung ATIV S (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung ATIV SE (Full HD Super AMOLED®) • Samsung AMOLED Beam SPH-W9600 • Samsung i7500 Galaxy • Samsung Haptic Beam SPH-W7900 • Samsung SPH-m900 Moment • Samsung i8910 • Samsung Jet • Samsung Omnia 2 • Samsung Impression • Samsung Rogue • Samsung Transform • Samsung Galaxy Note (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Note II (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Note 3 (Full HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Round (Full HD Flexible Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Note 4 (Quad HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Note Edge (Edge Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S Advance (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Express (Super AMOLED Plus) • Samsung Galaxy S II (Super AMOLED Plus) • Samsung Galaxy S II Plus (Super AMOLED Plus) • Samsung Galaxy S III (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S III neo (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S III Mini (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S4 (Full HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini (qHD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S4 zoom (qHD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S Plus (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S Blaze 4G (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy S5 (Full HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy K Zoom (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Ace Style LTE (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Alpha (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy A3 (qHD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy A5 (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy A7 (FULL HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy E5 (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy E7 (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Nexus (HD Super AMOLED) • Samsung Galaxy Gear (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Gear 2 (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Gear 2 Neo (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Gear Fit (Curved Super AMOLED) • Samsung Gear S (Curved Super AMOLED) • Samsung Gear Live (Curved Super AMOLED) • Samsung Droid Charge (Super AMOLED Plus) • Samsung Wave S8500 (Super AMOLED) • Samsung S8600 Wave III (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Focus (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Focus S (Super AMOLED Plus) • Samsung Focus 2 (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Omnia 7 (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Omnia W (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Omnia M (Super AMOLED) • Samsung Infuse 4G (SGH-i997) (Super AMOLED Plus) • Samsung Z (HD Super AMOLED) • YotaPhone 2 (Full HD Super AMOLED) • ZTE Blade (Initial Models) Tablets • docomo ARROWS Tab F-03G • Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7 (HD Super AMOLED Plus) • Toshiba Excite 7.7 (HD Super AMOLED Plus)
- 6. 6 6 REFERENCES • TOSHIBA REGZA AT570 7.7 (HD Super AMOLED Plus) • Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4 • Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5 Portable music players • Sony Walkman NWZ-X1000 • Sony Walkman NW-A855,A856,A857 • Cowon Z2 • Cowon S9 • Cowon J3 • Iriver Clix • Iriver Spinn • Samsung YP-M1 • Zune HD Games consoles • GP2X Wiz • PlayStation Vita Music production hardware • Dave Smith Instruments “Tempest” • Teenage Engineering OP-1 Digital cameras • Olympus XZ-1 • Samsung EX1 • Samsung EX2F • Samsung NX10 • Samsung NX11 • Samsung NX20 • Samsung NX100 • Samsung NX200 • Samsung NX210 • Samsung NX300 • Samsung NX1000 • Samsung NX1100 • Samsung NX2000 • Samsung WB2000 • Samsung WB650 6 References [1] Lee, Hyunkoo; Park, Insun; Kwak, Jeonghun; Yoon, Do Y.; Kallmann, Changhee Lee (2010). “Improvement of electron injection in inverted bottom-emission blue phos- phorescent organic light emitting diodes using zinc ox- ide nanoparticles”. Applied Physics Letters 96: 153306. doi:10.1063/1.3400224. [2] Kim, Yang Wan; Kwak, Won Kyu; Lee, Jae Yong; Choi, Wong Sik; Lee, Ki Yong; Kim, Sung Chul; Yoo, Eui Jin (2009). “40 Inch FHD AM-OLED Display with IR Drop Compensation Pixel Circuit”. SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 40: 85. doi:10.1889/1.3256930. [3] Lee, Myung Ho; Seop, Song Myoung; Kim, Jong Soo; Hwang, Jung Ho; Shin, Hye Jin; Cho, Sang Kyun; Min, Kyoung Wook; Kwak, Won Kyu; Jung, Sun I; Kim, Chang Soo; Choi, Woong Sik; Kim, Sung Cheol; Yoo, Eu Jin (2009). “Development of 31-Inch Full- HD AMOLED TV Using LTPS-TFT and RGB FMM”. SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 40: 802. doi:10.1889/1.3256911. [4] Hamer, John W.; Arnold, Andrew D.; Boroson, Michael L.; Itoh, Masahiro; Hatwar, Tukaram K.; Helber, Mar- garet J.; Miwa, Koichi; Levey, Charles I.; Long, Michael; Ludwicki, John E.; Scheirer, David C.; Spindler, Jef- frey P.; Van Slyke, Steven A. (2008). “System design for a wide-color-gamut TV-sized AMOLED display”. Journal of the Society for Information Display 16: 3. doi:10.1889/1.2835033. [5] “Introduction to OLED Displays – Design Guide for Ac- tive Matrix OLED (AMOLED) Displays”. 4D Systems. 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2010-09-06. [6] Lin, Chih-Lung; Chen, Yung-Chih. “A Novel LTPS-TFT Pixel Circuit Compensating for TFT Threshold-Voltage Shift and OLED Degradation for AMOLED”. IEEE Electron Device Letters 28: 129. doi:10.1109/LED.2006.889523. [7] Sarma, Kalluri R.; Chanley, Charles; Dodd, Sonia R.; Roush, Jared; Schmidt, John; Srdanov, Gordana; Steven- son, Matthew; Wessel, Ralf; Innocenzo, Jeffrey; Yu, Gang; O'Regan, Marie B.; MacDonald, W. A.; Eve- son, R.; Long, Ke; Gleskova, Helena; Wagner, Sigurd; Sturm, James C. (2003). “Active-matrix OLED using 150°C a-Si TFT backplane built on flexible plastic sub- strate (Proceedings Paper)". SPIE Proceedings 5080: 180. doi:10.1117/12.497638. [8] Reid Chesterfield, Andrew Johnson, Charlie Lang, Matthew Stainer, and Jonathan Ziebarth, "Solution- Coating Technology for AMOLED Displays", Informa- tion Display Magazine, January 2011. [9] Suyko, Alan. “Oleds Ready For The Mainstream.” Elec- tronics News (2009): 20. Associates Programs Source Plus. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. [10] Mian Dong; Choi, Y.-S.K; Lin Zhong (July 2009). “Power modeling of graphical user interfaces on OLED displays”. Design Automation Conference, 2009. DAC '09. 46th ACM/IEEE (IEEE): 652–657.
- 7. 7 [11] Tim CarmodyEmail Author. “How Super AMOLED dis- plays work”. Wired.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10. [12] “What Are The Benefits Of Using The Super AMOLED Display In My SGH-t959 (Vibrant) Phone?". Samsung. 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-09-07. [13] “Big is beautiful”. The Age. 2010-08-12. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-07. [14] Ashtiani, Shahin J.; Reza Chaji, G.; Nathan, Arokia. “AMOLED Pixel Circuit With Electronic Compensation of Luminance Degradation”. Journal of Display Technol- ogy 38: 36. doi:10.1109/JDT.2006.890711. [15] US 7352345, Chun-huai Li, “Driving apparatus and method for light emitting diode display”, issued 2008-04- 01 [16] Construction of new production facilities in 2011 will in- crease the production of AMOLED screens to cope with demand. [17] http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/ amoled-vs-lcd-which-screen-is-best-for-your-phone/ [18] http://www.androidpit.com/ super-amoled-vs-retina-display [19] http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/02/ nexus-4-review-not-exactly-perfect-but-close-enough-for-me/ [20] Google/Motorola Mobility Display a Bright Efficient Fu- ture, ABI Research [21] “Samsung Smartphones | Technology”. Samsung.com. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-10-10. [22] “Super AMOLED”. Oled-info.com. Retrieved 2012-10- 10. [23] Sakr, Sharif (25 March 2012). “Samsung Galaxy S III review”. Engadget. Retrieved February 6, 2013. [24] “Super AMOLED Advanced.”. Retrieved March 24, 2014. [25] “DROID RAZR – Thinnest 4G LTE Android Smartphone – Motorola Mobility LLC. USA”. Retrieved 27 Novem- ber 2012. [26] "http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled-plus". OLED-Info. Retrieved 23 August 2011. [27] “Galaxy Note 2: Display hat keine PenTile-Matrix | Best- BoyZ”. Bestboyz.de. 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2012-10- 10. [28] “Galaxy Nexus – Android 4. 0 Smartphone – SAMSUNG UK – OVERVIEW” (in Ukrainian). Samsung.com. Re- trieved 2012-10-10. [29] http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/22/ wifi-alliance-certificate-teases-tizen-flavored-galaxy-s3/ [30] http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxys4/ lifetask.html# [31] http://sammyhub.com/2013/06/10/ ul-certifies-samsungs-full-hd-amoled-display/ [32] http://www.displaymate.com/Galaxy_S4_ShootOut_1. htm [33] http://www.engadget.com/2011/12/05/ samsung-teases-flexible-transparent-display-in-concept-video/ [34] http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/09/ samsung-names-flexible-oled-display-series-youm-shows-prototype/ 7 External links • Craig Freudenrich. Types of OLEDs: Passive and Active Matrix at HowStuffWorks
- 8. 8 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 8.1 Text • AMOLED Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOLED?oldid=649515142 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Michael Hardy, KAMiKAZOW, Julesd, Pengo, Dratman, Rchandra, Wdfarmer, SidP, Versageek, Kinema, Tbsmith, Mindmatrix, Toussaint, Miken32, V8rik, Nneon- neo, Pilchard, Mithrandi, Zayani, Kedadi, Arado, Rada, Tenebrae, Nick L., Occono, Rwxrwxrwx, Pointym5, Hashashin, Coldbourne, Panoat, Ckempo, SmackBot, Anastrophe, Elk Salmon, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Thumperward, Cbrody, Hengsheng120, Simpsons con- tributor, Frap, Glloq, Paulvl, JorisvS, Courcelles, Saihariharan, Fernvale, Winston Spencer, VoxLuna, CuriousEric, N2e, RockMaster, Bungalowbill, Steel, Myscrnnm, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, PizzaMan, Widefox, UzEE, Dhkkim, Magioladitis, NeverWorker, Crazytonyi, Erik1974, Cloudz679, DGG, HiB2Bornot2B, Jim.henderson, CommonsDelinker, Jesant13, Rod57, Supuhstar, Fxhomie, Cankoray, OlavN, Dstary, Gws898, SieBot, TJRC, Jsli, Illegal Operation, Nacarlson, Robbiemuffin, Spoladore, Frmorrison, DragonBot, Random86, Der- Borg, Niksko, SF007, Addbot, Mortense, C6541, Some jerk on the Internet, Darwin-rover, Faerloev, Kae, Huikaihoo, Yobot, Darx9url, AnomieBOT, GlaMax, Stewe007, Jim1138, Xqbot, Sergimasv, User931, GrouchoBot, Kyng, Mfbear, Dngnta, =Josh.Harris, FrescoBot, Louperibot, Jamouse, Galatz, Banej, Rzęsor, Abc518, Trappist the monk, Diblidabliduu, Winjay, Dimitrisouza, Kpfleming, Auscompgeek, Jfmantis, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, Tallungs, Dewritech, Heart reaper, Halil marx07, Illegitimate Barrister, Knight717, Ὁ οἶστρος, Secator, TyA, Rampage Rick, Benjabean1, SBaker43, Fl4v10, Warmington, Michael Leeman, Rocketrod1960, Skhaire14, Faramarz, ClueBot NG, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Smartguy noface1990, Kojoannan, YuMaNuMa, Michael Barker, Mustafa.camurli, 573W1E, BBCLCD, SirKe- plan, Frze, ITslick, JamieBrown2011, Ebonawit, FrankyFrank101, Zeyd tokaki 1997, Vanischenu, BattyBot, Tutelary, JahMikes, Intellec- tual.js, Mdann52, ChrisGualtieri, KWYJIBO16, J-FTO, MirandaStreeter, Aronhegedus, Mogism, Snjegović na Havajima, Touranushertz, Jamesx12345, Cuerex, Shrikery, , Norrk, PC-XT, Mezikek, Tentinator, CsizTom, Stefrance690, Comp.arch, Ajayrathore111, YiFei- Bot, Sorin Mares, Athariqahamed, Justin.Maciel, Alfredckh, Ironose, Dagorv and Anonymous: 274 8.2 Images • File:AMOLED-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/AMOLED-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con- tributors: AMOLED.png Original artist: AMOLED.png: www.universaldisplay.com • File:Galaxy_Nexus_smartphone.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Galaxy_Nexus_smartphone.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/laihiu/6260827340/ Original artist: Laihiu • File:Galaxy_Note_II_subpixels_representation.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Galaxy_Note_II_ subpixels_representation.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Galaxy Note II subpixels representation based on the image here http://bestboyz.de/galaxy-note-2-display-hat-keine-pentile-matrix/ Original artist: Zayani • File:Nexus_one_screen_microscope.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Nexus_one_screen_ microscope.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Wdwd using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Matthew Rollings at en.wikipedia • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Samsung_Galaxy_S_II_in_hand.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Samsung_Galaxy_S_II_in_ hand.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Philip Jägenstedt • File:Smartphone.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/Smartphone.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: 8.3 Content license • Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0