sleep

1. SEMINAR
ON
“physiology of Sleep”
SUBMITTED BY
AHMAD ALI
SUBMITTED TO
Dr.S.R.AKARTE
HEAD DEPT OF ZOOLOGY
V.B.M.V AMRAVATI
2013- 14
DEPT OF ZOOLOGY
VIDYA BHARTIMAHAVIDYALAYA,AMT

2. INDEX
Introduction
Types of sleep
Physiological changes during sleep
Sleep & EEG
Neurotransmitter involved in sleep
Mechanism of sleep
Reference

3. INTRODUCTION
 The mental and physical relaxation either
superficially or deeply with close eyes is know
as sleep.
 There are very multiple stages of sleep from very
light to very deep. The sleep are divided into two
different type that have different qualities.

4. TYPES OF SLEEP
 There are two type of sleep
 Slow wave sleep
 Rapid eye movement sleep
 Slow wave sleep: in this type of sleep the brain waves
are vary slow & in this type eye ball do not move during
sleep.

5. RAPID EYE MOVEMENT
 Rapid conjugate movement of eye ball occur frequently
during this type sleep.
 Dream occur during this period. Though eye ball move
the sleep is deep so it is also called paradoxical sleep.

6. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING SLEEP
 During sleep most of the body function are reduce to
basal level .there are following changes occur during
sleep.
 Plasma volume.
 Cardiovascular system.
 Respiratory system.
 Gastrointestinal tract.
 Excretory system.
 Sweat secretion.
 Muscle tone & reflexes.

7. SLEEP AND EEG
 The recording of electrical activity of brain is called
EEG.
 In 1930 German psychiatrist Han’s Berger was the
first to analyze the EEG wave systematically and its
referred as Berger’s wave.
 There are following wave
1) alpha wave.
2) beta wave.
3) theta wave.
4) delta wave.

8. ALPHA WAVE
 Alpha wave are rhythmical wave that occur at
frequencies of 8 to 12 /sec.
BETA WAVE
Beta wave occur at frequency of more than 14tn
cycle/sec as high as 80 cycle/sec..It is always
recorded from parietal and frontal region of scalp
during activation of the central nervous system.

9. THETA WAVE
 Theta wave have frequency between 4&7 cycle/sec
day occur only parietal and temporal region in
children.
Delta wave
Delta wave include all the wave of EEG below
3.5cycle/sec.

11. EEG PATTERN IN SLEEP
 Rapid eye movement.
 During REM sleep the EEG show a irregular wave
with high frequency and low ampitude.

12. NEUROTRANSMITTERS INVOLVED IN SLEEP
 Following are the neurotransmitters .
 Acetylcholine :-
 The destruction of reticular formation
produce sleep. the reticular formation is
also responsible for the production of main
neurotransmitter in sleep and wakefulness
i.e. acetylcholine.
 Acetylcholine release in high level as result
of wakefulness and alertness.
 It is found in high level during REM sleep.
 Low level in slow wave.

13. NEUROTRANSMITTER IN SLEEP

14.  Dopamine :-
It play important role during wakefulness which
originate in the cells of the brain.
This cells will connect with the frontal cortex
which is involve in thinking, imagine, an
intellectual capabilities.
oGlutamate and aspartate :-
o It involve in arousal.
Electrical response in glutamate is the main
excitatory neurotransmitter found in nervous system.

15.  Histamine:-
It is also a hormone and neurotransmitter
o It serves an important role outside the nervous
system as by-product of inflammation and it also
stimulate gastric secretion.
 Serotonin:-
 serotonergic cells are activated when we are awake an
aroused during slow wave sleep the firing of serotonin
cells decreases in REM sleep their activity stops and
right after REM sleep their activity slowly increases until
the next REM phase.

16.  Nor – epinephrine :-
Nor epinephrine cells arise from the locus
coeruleus a nuclei located in the brain stem.

17. MECHANISM OF SLEEP
 Sleep occur due to the activity of sleep inducing center
in the brain. Stimulation of these center induce sleep.
 The most conspicuous stimulation are for causing
almost natural sleep is the raphe nuclei in the lower half
of the puns and in the medulla.
 Stimulation of some area of nucleus of the traclus
solitaries which is the sensory region of medulla and
pons for visceral signal entering the brain by ways
vague and glossopharyngeal neural also produces
sleep.
 Stimulation of several region of diencephalon can also
help promote sleep.
 Rostral part of the hypothalamus manly in the
superchiasmal area.

19. WAKEFULNESS
 When the sleep center are not activated the
released form inhibition of the mesencephalic and
upper pontile reticular nuclei allow the region to
become spontaneously active .

21. REFERENCES
 Guyton and Hall – Medical Physiology
 K . Sembulingam , P. Sembulingam-Medical
Physiology
 C.C. Chattergie – Human Physiology
 www.vadlo.com
 www.google

22. THANK YOU