This document compares alternatives for reducing the carbon emissions of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore to achieve long-term carbon neutrality. It first calculates NTU's current carbon footprint across three scopes: Scope 1 includes emissions from internal shuttle buses totaling 47.1 metric tons, Scope 2 includes purchased electricity and heat totaling 3,505.75 metric tons, and Scope 3 includes public transportation used by students totaling 10,361.21 metric tons. Three alternatives are considered: transitioning some courses to e-learning, purchasing carbon offsets, and implementing tiered pricing for hall room rentals based on utility usage. E-learning could reduce transportation emissions but increase household electricity usage. Carbon offsets involve planting

1. AB0401
Sustainable Enterprise
E-Learning Assignment
Quek Qiao Wen
Jonathan Goh
Martin Tan
Daryl Tan
Lance Ng
Gary Ong
Seminar Group 4 Team 4

3. Present
Situation
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SCOPE 1: EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL SHUTTLE
BUSES
Distance
Number of
Per Trip
trips a year*
/Km
Distance
Travelled
/Km
CO2
Emission
/metric ton
Blue Line
26175
5
130875
14.40
Red Line
Campus
Rider
Weekend
Rider
26175
5
130875
14.40
20595
6
123570
13.59
5358
8
42864
4.71
TOTAL
*Calculated based on frequency of buses, 33 weeks of school,
2 weeks of public holiday and 17 weeks of term break
47.10

4. Present
Situation
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SCOPE 2: EMISSIONS FROM
ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM
CO2Emission/kg /
Emission Source CO2 Emission / kg
person
Purchased
Electricity
920,161
38.98
Purchased Heat
1,588,575
67.30
Scope 2 - Total
2,508,736
106.28
*Calculated based on the number of staff and students taken from the
EUR website. There are 2,662 staff and 20,941 students which leads to
a total of 23,603 people.

5. Present
Situation
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SCOPE 2:
DEDUCTIONS FOR EMISSIONS IN
NTU
CO Emission/kg CO Emission for
2
2
Emission Source
/person
NTU / kg
Purchased
Electricity
38.98
1,285,794
Purchased Heat
67.30
2,219,958
Scope 2 - Total
106.28
3,505,752
*Calculated based on the population of students in NTU. There are
23,518 undergraduate students and 9,468 postgraduate students. Total:
32,986.

6. Present
Situation
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SCOPE 3: EMISSIONS FROM STUDENTS’
USAGE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT TO SCHOOL
Total Distance
By MRT*
By Bus**
Total
156,728,880 km
9,254,467.2 km
Metric Tons of
CO2 Emissions
9349.13
1012.08
10,361.21
*Calculated based on average distance travelled (21km) by students
who live in East and West of Singapore, assuming MRT is the main
mode of transport
**Calculated based on distanced travelled from Pioneer MRT to Lee Wee
Nam Library (3.1km)

7. Present
Situation
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TOTAL CARBON EMISSIONS FOR
CONDUCTING CLASS IN CLASSROOM
SETTING
Elements
Scope 1
Scope 2
Scope 3
Total
Metric Tons of
CO2 Emissions
47.1
Internal Shuttle Buses
Purchased Electricity and 3,505.75
Heat
10,361.21
Public Transport to NTU
13,914.06

8. Present
Situation
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USING E-LEARNING AS MODE OF TEACHING
Electrical Appliance Usage
Amount of Electricity
Consumed / Person / Month
(for School Hours)
Lights, fan, notebook and
charger
15.03 kWh^
Lights, air-conditioner, notebook 116.28 kWh^
and charger
^Electricity consumption is based on average rates extracted from
Singapore Power services website
Assuming 50% of total student population uses air-conditioner and the
other 50% uses the fan at home/hall for 8.25 months of school period
Total Electricity Used
Total Metric Tons of CO2
Emissions
15,479,787 kWh
8,190.34

9. Present
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COMPARISON OF CARBON EMISSIONS
AMONGST DIFFERENT TEACHING MODES
Total
Metric
Tons of
CO2
Emissions
100% in
100%
50%
Classroom E-Learning E-learning;
Setting
50%
Classroom
Setting
11,052.20
13,914.06 8,190.34
Emissions N.A.
Reduced
5,723.72
2,861.86

10. Present
Situation
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O Introduction to the Carbon Emission’s Control
Measures
• What are carbon credits?
- Tradable certificates that allow companies to emit
CO2 emissions past their current limit by using
someone else’s spare limit
• Carbon Offset
- A reduction in CO2 at a certain part of the world
through technology or carbon absorbing plants to
compensate for emissions somewhere else

11. Present
Situation
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O CO2 Australia
O A subsidiary of the CO2 group which deals in
Carbon Credits Trading and Carbon Offset schemes
for companies
O Acquires land in Australia for carbon sink plantings
as a form of carbon offset

12. Present
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O Planting Mallee Eucalypt Trees to Reduce CO2
O A mature tree can absorb 48lbs of C02 a year(AEA)
(Approximately 46 trees needed to absorb one ton of
C02 every year)
At least 50 ha. of land needed for each plantation as
per Kyotol Protocol Requirements
Eucalyptus tenera (sand
mallee) east of Kalannie in
the wheatbelt of Western
Australia

13. Present
Situation
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O Cost of Using CO2 Australia Services
NTU’s Total Carbon
Emissions
13,914.06 metric tons C02
Cost Per ACCU
AUD 24.00 (SGD 28.80)
Cost of Offsetting via
Carbon Credits
SGD 400,724.93

14. Present
Situation
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O Feasibility of Using CO2 Australia Services
CONTRIBUTING
FACTORS
AGAINST
Trees absorb CO2 and
replenish the environment
with oxygen perpetually
Land is not unlimited(At
least 50 ha. is needed for
each plantation)
Low Cost (compared to
technology)
Trees have to replanted
every 100 years
Land owners can still
continue their commercial
activities (Rearing
livestock etc.) on the land
after selling to CO2
Austrailia.
Land could be used for
other more profitable
activities (Property
development etc.)

16. Present
Situation
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O Change Pricing Model for NTU Hall Room Rental
O Change from a fixed rate to a flat rate for renting of
room plus a utility price multiplier multiplied by the
amount of utilities consumed
O Motivates residents to switch off their appliances
when not needed
O More equitable for those who do not
use as much utilities as the average
person

17. Present
Situation
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O Assumptions
Energy wastage
*Based on our survey
[5% of residents waste 200hr/mth]
*NTU Hall Population of 9000
[ 10% of residents waste 100 hr/mth]
Fluorescent Lamps (32W)
Ceiling Fan (75W)
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18. Present
Situation
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O Estimated Savings
184500KWH per Month!
*As range of emissions from different fuels range from
(1.22lbs to 2.18 lbs)
we will assume the average amount of CO2 emitted
per KWH produced is 2lbs
1961.28metric tons of CO2 per
Year!

19. Other Alternatives
O Replacing lightbulbs with efficient alternatives (LED)
O Implement a bicycle renting system within the halls
and the school
O More recycling initiatives especially in Halls such as
adding recycling bins/stations.

20. Present
Situation
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O Evaluation
100% ELearning
Carbon
Offsetting
Utility-PriceMultiplier
Pricing Model
Energy Savings
(metric tons/
year)
5,723.72
13,914.06
1,961.28
(based on current
energy usage)
Costs
~SGD 12,000
SGD 400,724.93
0(Power Meters
Already Installed)
Cost efficiency
(Metric tons
saved/dollar)
0.48
0.035
1
Effort to maintain
High
Medium
Low

21. O Our Decision
E Learning
Carbon
Offset
New Hall rent
model
Cost
Efficiency
0.48
0.035
1
Feasibility
-Face to face
learning still
needed for
practical skills
- The
university
does not emit
carbon
emissions as a
direct result of
its operations.
Not necessary
to spend so
much money
to offset
carbon.
- Effective
motivator for
students to
be more
active in
saving
energy.

22. Executive Summary
The purpose of this report is to review and compare alternative paths leading to our university’s long-term
carbon-neutral target. In doing so, we first aim to identify the carbon footprint of NTU, followed by exploring
the following shortlisted alternatives:
1. Transforming a significant proportion of our course delivery from classroom to an online
format.
2. Buying an equivalent amount of carbon offset credits.
3. Tiered pricing system for rental of hall rooms.
The carbon footprint of NTU can be divided into 3 main scopes. Scope 1 emission covers internal shuttle
bus transport within NTU, totalling up to 47.1 CO2 emission per metric ton. Scope 2 covers CO2 emission
based on purchased electricity and heat, totalling up to 3,505.75 CO2 emission per metric ton. Scope 3
emission covers public transport to NTU, totalling up to 10,361.21 metric tons of CO2 emissions.
Exploring Alternative 1, with e-learning, students no longer have to travel to school on e-learning days,
reducing the need for demand of both internal and external public transport. Electrical appliance usage will,
however, vary depending on whether they use the fan or air conditioner. Reduction in emissions include
electricity required to maintain classrooms as well.
Alternative 2 consists of buying carbon credits, which are tradable certificates that allow companies to emit
CO2 past their current limit by using someone else’s spare limit. It proposes the concept of carbon offset,
which is a reduction in CO2 at a certain part of the world through technology or carbon-absorbing plants to
compensate for emissions somewhere else. CO2 Australia is a company which acquires land in Australia for
carbon sink plantings as a form of carbon offset, i.e. planting Mallee Eucalypt Trees, which can absorb 48lbs
of CO2 a year at maturity. It is feasible in being low cost, as well as being able to be folded with other
activities such as rearing livestock on the land. However, the downside of depending on such a scheme is
that land is a limited resource and could be used for other productive activities instead.
Alternative 3 proposes to change the current flat rate of NTU hall room rental to a flat plus a utility price
multiplier multiplied by the amount of utilities consumed. The aim of this is to motivate residents to
switch off their appliances when not needed, where currently there is no reason to do so. The estimated
savings can go up to 184,500 KWH of electricity and 1,961 metric tons of CO2 a month. This alternative is
also relatively simple to implement.
In conclusion, the alternative to be chosen will depend on the resources that NTU wants to commit to effort
in maintaining them. We recommend tiered pricing as the other 2 alternatives, though feasible, give rise to
various new problems that eventually do not provide a sustainable solution for achieving long-term carbonneutrality in NTU.

23. O
References
Nanyang Technological University (2013). Corporate information. Retrieved from
https://www.ntu.edu.sg/ABOUTNTU/CORPORATEINFO/Pages/undergraduatepopulati
on2009-10-onwards.aspx
Nanyang Technological University (2013). Getting around NTU. Transportation.
Retrieved from:
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/has/Transportation/Pages/GettingAroundNTU.aspx
Nanyang Technological University (2013). Academic calendar AY 2013 – 2014.
Retrieved from:
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/Students/Undergraduate/AcademicServices/AcademicCalendar/
Pages/2013-14.aspx
The Resurgence Trust (n.d.). The Resurgence carbon dioxide calculator. Retrieved
from: http://www.resurgence.org/education/carbon-calculator.html
Sprangers, S. (2011). Calculating the carbon footprint of universities. p. 100 [Master’s
thesis Economics and Informatics]. Retrieved from: edventure.ntu.edu.sg
Erasmus University Rotterdam (2013). Facts and figures. Retrieved from:
http://www.eur.nl/english/eur/fandf/

24. O References
Distance from Pioneer MRT to Lee Wee Nam Library: SBS Transit. (n.d.)
Route information for Bus Service 179. Retrieved from:
http://www.sbstransit.com.sg/journeyplan/validation_page.aspx?qdirect=2&q
servno=179&qpoint=LOOP&dispno=179&qstart=BOON+LAY+INT&qend=S
CH+OF+COMM+AND+INFO
Singapore Power (n.d.) Home Electricity Audit. Retrieved from:
https://services.spservices.sg/cs_services_energy-audit.asp
Carbon footprint calculator: Carbon Footprint Ltd (2013). Carbon footprint
calculator. Retrieved from: http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx
University of Virginia (2009). CO2 Australia – the case for carbon credits.
Darden Business Publishing. Retrieved from: edventure.ntu.edu.sg
project64[image]. CO2 Australia. Retrieved from:
http://vimeo.com/channels/171324
Arbor Environmental Alliance (2008). Carbon & tree facts. Retrieved from
http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.asp

25. O References
Nicolle, D. (n.d.) Eucalypt diverse gallery. [image].
Retrieved from
http://www.dn.com.au/Eucalypt_Diversity_Australia_g
allery/pages/Eucalyptus-tenera-mallee.html
Western Cape Government (2013). Energy saving
tips [image]. Retrieved from
http://www.westerncape.gov.za/generalpublication/energy-saving-tips
Cirroenergy (2013). Energy saving tips [image].
Retrieved from
http://blog.cirroenergy.com/2013/05/13/energy-savingtips/