Public Lands In The United States

Public Lands In The United States
Public lands in the United States provide natural amenities and recreational opportunities for tourists and migrants, and they also provide
environmental benefits through the protection of wildlife and their habitats (Lewis et al., 2003; Cline et al., 2011). Most public lands have traditionally
been managed for commodity outputs, such as timber, minerals, or livestock forage. However, with rising concern over environmental issues, policies
to protect public lands have increased in the United States over the past three decades. For example, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the
U.S. Forest Service (USFS) adopted the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in 1994 to restrict commodity production on public lands, and the USFS
attempted to ban new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, I apply a spatial simultaneous equations model to control for spatial dependence. Third, I empirically focus on the U.S. Lake States region to
analyze the effects of public lands on the population and employment growth. Finally, using U.S. census data from 1990–2010, I examine how the
economic effects of public lands have changed between the periods of 1990–2000 and
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Writing an extended essay in economics
Writing an Extended Essay in Economics
Introduction Approaching an extended essay in any subject area can be an intimidating prospect. However, like most large tasks, the essay is much
more manageable if you take it one step at a time and rely on your advisor to lead you in productive directions. What makes for a good economics
EE? You may want to look at some previous essays I have on file in my room to get an idea for the scope of topics that recent students have
undertaken. There is a lot of variation, but successful ones are nearly always based on a central question that the author attempts to answer.
Investigating this question will lead you to review the research of others, to synthesize others ' work in new ways, ... Show more content on
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Since you cannot proceed with your analysis until your data are in place, the prompt completion of your data collection is of critical importance.
Much of what you need is likely to be easily available through standard published or electronic sources. But there may be other data series for which
you will have to search extensively and some you may not ever find–– there are almost always snags. The first step in data collection is to compile a
wish list. You should consider the characteristics of the data that are most desirable for your study. List all of the variables that you think you might
need. If you have doubts about the availability of some variables up front, formulate strategies for doing without them in case you cannot obtain them.
Once you have your list, start collecting numbers and entering them into your computer data base. The earlier you organize your data into data tables,
the better.
Creating results Once you have reviewed the relevant literature and collected the data you need for any empirical work you plan to do, you are ready to
get down to the central task of research: creating results. The way that you achieve these results depends entirely on the research methodology you and
your advisor have chosen. It may involve theoretical reasoning using economic models, combining and/or comparing the results of others, interpreting

Employee Satisfaction, Customer Retention, And Corporate...
Introduction Most every organization must deal with the issues of employee satisfaction in order to achieve their customer satisfaction targets and,
consequently profitability. The paper considers the determinants of employee satisfaction using an empirical approach and premising arguments on
extant literature. The focus on this paper is to explain the level of satisfaction among employees with an aim of providing dynamic recommendations to
improve the worker satisfaction in firms. This will be achieved by examining published research and robust data obtained from interviews related to
employee satisfaction, customer retention, and corporate profitability. The paper recognizes that employee satisfaction has fundamental implications for
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, others posit that using an aggregated measure can cloud the actual causes of satisfaction, leading to unsound generalisation of
employee satisfaction (Rose, 2003). The author further argues that proper aggregation of job satisfaction measures should ideally be done
through the use of a composite index that includes a wide range of indicators of job satisfaction. However, in a later study, Rose (2005) also points
to the significance of performing a detailed analysis of job satisfaction. The former approach is preferred for this study as it is follows closely on
the work done by Brown et al. (2008). Job satisfaction is linked to the sense of achievement with work; the level of a influence work; and with pay.
These key facets of satisfaction are discussed in our analysis and examined empirically. Also, achieving a fulfilling employment and providing
workers with adequate control and influence on their work are significant for improving job satisfaction (Layard, 2005). The study is concerned
with the effects of HRM policies on the above measures of job satisfaction. The 2011 WERS dataset contains a rich variety of variables measuring
HRM policies and practices. While the issue of HRM practices remains controversial in literature (see Hesketh & Fleetwood, 2006), data on HRM is
useful and has been used in key studies. Variables provide in WERS largely capture formal HRM practices such as work flexibility and compensation

Economic Growth Between Economy And Institutional Changes
Lots of empirical research has studied links between economy and institutional changes. In order for an economy to flourish, certain legal and social
institutions, such as property rights, government policy, trade and finance, must be in place.
Since its founding, especially after the 1980s, China has experienced a series of economic reforms, such as the development of
non–government–owned industrial economy, the opening–up policy. Unprecedented growth occurred in China, with its economy increase by 9.5% a
year. Meanwhile, sharp regional disparity becomes one of the biggest development challenges China is facing, with metropolitan areas of the eastern
coast far richer than that of central and western China. Reform along with opening–up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then the thesis uses a Cobb–Douglas production function to make empirical analyses. The thesis eventually reaches the conclusion that institutional
change factor has a significant positive impact on economic growth. Gross product will increase by 0.19% when institutional factors increase by 1%.
But its contribution to output is twice less than that of capital accumulation. Additionally, according to error correcting model, in short term, the
institutional factor are not significant, indicating that institutional changes influence economy development through a long–term channel.
The rest of this thesis is organized as below. Literatures review is in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 introduces methology as well as data preparations. In
Chapter 4, empirical results are presented and discussed. Conclusion is in Chapter 5.
2Literature Reviews
This chapter reviews relevant academic literatures on the research topic from both theoretical and empirical sides. The first section is a brief
introduction of theoretical background, which is primarily about "ж–°з»ЏжµЋеўћй•їзђ†и®є". The second section presents some empirical studies on
identification of institutional factors as well as the relationship between institutions and economic growth. Most studies are based on cross–country
data and pay more attention to developed countries. The third section displayed a few facts about China's economic growth. Then empirical findings on
China's

Ethical Dilemmas in the Nursing Field
There are several dilemmas in the nursing field though nurses reactions to ethical dilemmas are based on their individual values and beliefs as well as
ethical principles, professional codes and the climate of the healthcare setting. Nurses encounter ethical dilemmas when conflicting values and
judgments are present regarding what is the best course of patient care. Ethical dilemmas are faced by nurses on a daily bases. I am choosing two of
these dilemmas to address.
1. Empirical Knowledge vs. Personal Beliefs:
Empirical knowledge is the type of knowledge that includes empirical research, scientific enquiry, reductionism and positivism, it is often viewed as
'true' or 'valid' knowledge that can be theoretically explained by scientific traditional ideas like psychology, pharmacology, sociology and biology or by
rigorous empirical testing which include knowledge from books, journals and conferences.
Example: If a patient is diagnosed with cancer the nurse has a simple list of description like observations, tables of evidence, graphs, empirical
hypothesis, empirical definitions, generalizations, and scientific laws with no personal knowledge to help the patient understand.
Personal Knowledge: This concerns being self–aware, it does not emanate from books, journals, lectures or conferences it refers to the fact that "w e
know more than we say" (Polyani 1966) or "understanding without rationale" (Benner and Tanner 1987). Itr can be as valid as scientific knowledge
and nurses can

The Case Of Freddy The Hamster
The case of Freddy the hamster has various components, conflicts and codes to consider. To reach my own conclusion of the case I chose to proceed
with the seven steps of decision making. Typically this case serves to be at a micro level, however with the inclusion of media and personals that do
not belong as the primary characters, this case also looks at macro level theories. Along with that I explored the empirical and normative approaches as
well different perspectives of individuals based on ethics, morals and practicality. The central focus of this case is the relationship between Jack and
Freddy however there are other issues that I considered to derive at the conclusion that the solution taken by the school board, of accommodating
jack in another classroom, is justified. This case portrays several power struggles. The micro level perspective focuses on the struggle between third
grade student, Jack, and the classroom pet hamster Freddy. The power struggle undertaken by Jack's mother, Jane Doe, against Carole Simpson,
Jack's teacher, PAC the principle, the school and community represent the macro perspective of the point of view. There are several facts that I had
considered important during my analysis. For one, this case portrays Doe as an over– involved and demanding mother. Coming from an upper–class
background, she knows how to voice her opinion. Simpson has experience and is well established within the school. Simpson states that Freddy is an
integral part of

Presentation At The 2010 Cooley Law School Symposium On...
This article originated from the author 's presentation at the 2010 Cooley Law School Symposium on the "CSI Effect." It reviews the results of two
empirical studies of Michigan jurors in various jurisdictions, which previously concluded that the "prosecutor version" of the so–called CSI effect
cannot be substantiated empirically. The article then describes merged data from the two studies and the analysis of that merged data. The data
supports the earlier suggestion of a "tech effect" based on cultural changes, rather than any direct impact on certain television programs or genres. It is
suggested that while the prosecutor version of the CSI effect is a myth, there are increased juror expectations that arise from the combination of the
tech effect, the general media portrayal of forensic evidence, and the misperception of attorneys and judges that the CSI effect does exist. Possible
justice system responses to that combined effect are described, and it is suggested that the legal system must adapt itself to modern juror expectations
rather than blaming jurors for "unreasonable" expectations and demands for forensic science evidence. 'Blaming CSI Is Too Simplistic '
Donald Shelton, the chief judge of Washtenaw County, Mich., is skeptical. He began to notice that reports about the CSI Effect were long on anecdote,
and short on data. "One of the things that surprised me when I started looking into the CSI Effect was that there was no empirical research. Even the
so–called

Methodological Issues And Challenges To Improve The Study...
The methodological issues and challenges that are unique to a psychological research of effective treatments for psychological disorders are to reduce
the burden of mental illness and behavioral disorders by improving the treatments. The importance of completing these goals is by developing and
improving the use of treatments. According to our text, "single–subject designs allows true experimental control of the independent variables because
its cause and effect conclusions can be fairly accurate when it is based on one participant" (Landrum, 2012 par. 1). Research suggests that there is a
growing strain toward towards clinicians that requires them to apply psychological approaches and techniques that are supported by empirical data ...
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"Evidence based–practice is a research–to–practice gap that exists in which some practices shown are to be effective by scientific research are seldom
used on applied settings, but some commonly implemented practices are not empirically validated and may be ineffective or even harmful" (Cook et
al, 2012). To illustrate how evidence can be judged differently whether it adheres to the evidence–based approach or to the practice–based approach, I
have selected the social anxiety disorder. According to a new study by researchers, "cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) by itself is a more effective
long–term treatment for social anxiety disorder than medication alone or a combination of the two. Social anxiety disorder or social phobia is much
more serious than social anxiety, which many people deal with to some extent, especially when put in the spotlight. Social anxiety disorder is a
diagnosis for individuals who find it hard to function in social situations at all. For the study, the researchers set out to analyze and compare the most
recognized methods for treating social anxiety disorders. Over 100 patients participated in the study and were divided into four groups. The first group
received only medication, the second group received only therapy, the third group received a combination of the two, and the fourth received a placebo
pill. During treatment and right

A Research Study On Organizational Politics Essay
Introduction
Organizational Politics have been a long standing issue in organizational settings since corporate businesses were established. Empirical data has only
been available in the last twenty years, as researchers considered it subjective in nature. Primary to understanding the need for such study is realizing
the adverse effects pointing to countless victims along with brutal violations of self–serving agendas. (Brian K. Miller, 2008)
Studies note that there are "positive political tactics, such as persuasion, reference to super–ordinate goals, development of coalitions, and networking."
(Brian K. Miller, 2008) Some may want to believe that, however the unrecoverable loss associated with job satisfaction, organizational reputation, and
employee commitment when organizations allow unsanctioned business practices into their culture is undeniable. The question seemingly never
considered is; why would an organization choose such a culture, how do leaders change it; and foremost, shouldn't leaders do so with an
interdisciplinary approach?
Empirical Studies There have thousands upon thousands of empirical studies performed at a scholarly level over the course of two decades.
Experienced researchers of multiple disciplines from Economics, Finance, Human Resources, Organizational Behavior, Psychology, Sociology, and
Ethics have categorically focused their theories upon five of the most prevailing factors common to overall job fulfillment; job satisfaction,

Perspective Of The Marxist Perspective
Marxist perspectives central aims are to provide an empirically well–founded description of phenomenon, to get the social implications; and to
illuminate the historical process through which this phenomenon came to exist in the real world. Additionally, its aims at comprehend and explain
reality using s themes analysis and this is confirmed by research. This has methods such as phenomenology and Ethnography.
Positivism is based on a notion that science is an only way to learn about the truth and this perspective belongs to epistemology which is denoted as
philosophy of knowing. It majorly depends on quantifiable observations which lead to statistical analysis of the data. It has been noted positivism is in
accordance with the empirical view ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, Marxist perspective concentrates on the study of facts of a subject, and then to draws out themes and its connections to make conclusions
whereas positivist perspective focuses on deductions from axioms and on the development of ideas through statistical logic. Much as this did not have
access to modern techniques such as statistical analysis which provided the basis for sound research, it maintained the use of empirical data extensively
wherever possible.
Marxist perspective uses dialectic to reveal connections among the sections of a given social phenomenon as well as the connections between these
social totality, thus studying how the phenomenon is produced and seek techniques and instruments to expose as possible objects that are detached
from reality whereas Positivist focus on quantitative, empirical research in explaining social

How Subliminal Messaging Affects Consumer Behavior
How Subliminal Messaging Affects Consumer Behavior
The subject of subliminal messaging in relation to consumer behavior presents an interesting dichotomy between the scientific community and the
general public. The purpose of this paper is to discover what, if any, effect subliminal messaging has on consumer behavior, as well as shed light on the
differing positions regarding this controversial subject, and provide a brief historical background on the material.
Before the topic of subliminal messaging can be addressed, one must first understand subliminal perception. Subliminal perception is defined as "the
processing of stimuli presented below the level of the consumer's awareness." (Solomon, p.629) Subliminal messaging is ... Show more content on
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The statements made by Keys in concert with the findings of Vicary would appear to paint a very clear picture of subversive forces at work
compelling the consumer to make purchasing decisions that are driven by inexplicable urges outside of their conscious realm. The scientific facts,
however, indicate that much of the positions of Keys and Vicary are, at best, hyperbole. The president of the Psychological Corporation, Dr. Henry
Link challenged Vicary to reproduce his findings in another study, but Vicary was not able to do this. (Adams) Since Vicary made his claims about
projected messages, his claims have failed to stand up to scientific scrutiny. Research has shown that strong stimuli yields strong response, and the
weaker stimuli produce the weakest responses. (Rogers, p. 15) Furthermore, Vicary admitted in 1962 interview with Advertiser Age magazine that the
entire program had been nothing more than a gimmick. (Danzig) It is estimated that Vicary had made millions of dollars from working as a consultant
during his В‘research.' (Rogers, p. 15)
Dr. Key's positions were not above critical review from his peers as well. Jack Haberstroh took Key's hypothesis to task in his book Ice Cube Sex when
he states, "Subliminal advertising does not affect consumer buying behavior, advertising recall,

Simon Kuznets Theory Of Income Inequality
Luke LeCoche
LeCoche.1
ID: 200408941
Statement of the Problem
In the mid–1900s, economist Simon Kuznets hypothesized that in the early stages of a nation's development, when the nation is at low income levels,
personal income inequality begins to increase, and when the nation achieves higher levels of income, income inequality decreases. Simon Kuznets
formed this hypothesis from examining how when a nation is first developing, it's economy begins to shift from rural areas to cities, and the laborers
in the rural environments migrate to the cities in search of work. Due to the dramatic increase in the labor force, many people are unemployed and
those who can find jobs make very little. The owners of these firms and businesses that hire the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The variables "Emissions," "Population," "GDPpercapita," represent the sulphur emissions for a specific country code, the recorded population for that
country, and the GDPpercapita for that country, respectively. It is important to note that there are thirty–one entries in each of those variables for each
country code, and this is due to the observations being recorded over the course of thirty–one years, from 1960 to 1990, for each country. So in the
variable "population," the first thirty–one entries represent the populations from the years 1960–1990 for country code 54, which represents Canada.
The Environmental Kuznets curve states that there is a point where sulphur emissions of a country stop increasing and start decreasing. This would
mean that there is a maximum, and to determine if there is a maximum I took the variable "GDPpercapita" and squared it to create the variable.
"GDPpercapitasq." If there is a maximum, the variable "GDPpercapitasq" would have a negative

Essay on Empirical Literature Article Review of Leadership...
Empirical Literature Article Review of Leadership Ethics
Lillie Johnson
LDR 800, Ethical Dilemmas and Stewardship
June 4, 2013
Empirical Literature Article Review of Leadership Ethics
The opportunity to evaluate original research serves as one of the many foundations to both scholarly writing and research (Grand Canyon University,
2013). Therefore, to enhance this process I will critique empirical research articles for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness in understanding
leadership ethics. So, using the literature presented within in the works of "Predictors of Ethical Code Use and Ethical Tolerance in the Public Sector"
by Neal Ashkanasy, Sarah Falkus, and Victor Callan along with "Advancing Ethics in Public... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beeri, Dayan, Vigoda–Gadot, and Werner's Approach
In lieu of the goal to test the relationships between ethics and performance within governments locally, Beeri et al., (2013) used questionnaires to
evaluate the long term effects of an ethics program on employees' perceptions, and the behavior in one council of an Israeli region. This as a result,
stems from awareness of ethical codes, and inclusion of employees in the ethical decision making process.
Groves and LaRocca's Approach
Groves and LaRocca (2011) utilized voluntary community–based leadership programs that targeted educational values on ethics. The leaders of these
community based programs were emailed a link with instructions for participation with an online questionnaire. The assumption here was that training
on both transformational and transactional leadership, in addition to ethical decision making and CSR would now be implemented.
Results Analysis
All in all, the results displayed by the analysis of each study correspond to the overall effort of the posed research. For example, supported results
aligned with study hypotheses, but signified that certain mechanisms underlie the criterion for each of the tested variables on different levels according
to Ashkanasy, Falkus, and Callan (2000). Whereas, Beeri et al., (2013)

Marxist And Positivism
Marxist perspectives central aims are to provide an empirically well–founded description of phenomenon, to get the social implications; and to
illuminate the historical process through which these phenomenons came to exist in the real world. Additionally, its aims at comprehend and explain
reality using s themes analysis and this is confirmed by research.
Positivism is based on a notion that science is an only way to learn about the truth and this perspective belongs to epistemology which is denoted as
accordance with the empirical view that knowledge stems from human experience. This perspective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Validation, Marxist perspective evaluates the validity of factual claims or social realities basing on an ideology rather than empirical evidence. Whereas
Positivist evaluate factual validity of a social phenomenon basing on the statistical results.
Positivist perspective focuses on facts Causalities and fundamental laws and a phenomenon is reduced to the simplest elements whereas Marxist
perspective aims at understanding the meaning of events by exploring the totality of each individual case and draw conclusions.
Marxist perspective considers small samples to make analysis in a greater depth or over longer period of time whereas positivist perspective captures
bigger samples to make in depth analysis and drawing of conclusions on a given social

Economic Performance And Its Impact On Financial Performance
Economic performance is whether the company strategy and its execution have contributed to the ultimate performance. Economic performance is
mainly reflected in four aspects: profitability, operating capacity, solvency and ability to resist risks. Economic performance can be shown in the
impact of managing cost, the effect of property management, the influence of the distribution of capitals, and the composing of the shareholders '
equity return rate. The standpoint of profitability evaluation is economic added value and the rate of rise (profit). Choosing EVA in the net assets
income rate, the return on total capitals and income per share index, this evaluation of enterprise profitability can reflect the condition of capital net
income and capital gains, this is also the development trend of enterprise performance evaluation index. Besides, sales revenue (profit) growth rate
index is used to measure enterprise growth. Operation ability can promote firms to enhance capital management, increase the service efficiency of
property and improve profitability. The primary evaluation indexes are: stock turnover, debt receivable turnover and permanent assets turnover. The
strength of the debt paying ability is the economic and fiscal status of a company . Moreover, it is a significant measure of business control. Primary
indicators are worth debt ratio, liquidity ratio and acid test ratio. Anti risk capacity is the ability to prevent the adverse effects of various factors in the

Forensic Science Camp
Respondents have not proven that the means of discrimination used in the female–only Forensic Science Camp is substantially related to their alleged
governmental interest.
To prove a substantial relationship, a state actor must show that "the classification serves important governmental objectives and that the discriminatory
means employed are substantially related to the achievement of those objectives." United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515, 516 (1996). To show a
substantial relation, the justification for discrimination "must be genuine, not hypothesized . . . and it must not rely on overbroad generalizations about
the different talents, capacities, or preferences of males and females." Id. at 533.
In Virginia, a historic state military institute was criticized for not allowing females into a historically male university. The Court found that Virginia
could not show a substantial correlation to any governmental interest. They said, "a tenable justification must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They hold the girls–only camp responsible for higher retention rates (L.F. 33), bolstered confidence among female students (L.F. 32), and the continued
success of its attendees after college (L.F. 25). However, there is once again noempirical evidence confirming this claim. For instance, Vera Ruben, the
founder of the camp, says that women who attend the camp "seem to have more confidence than my other female students." She goes on to say that,
she "thinks" this is due solely to Forensic Science Camp." (L.F. 33). At no point does she consider that there may be a correlation between confidence
and students who attend, not women who are made more confident because of the camp. All evidence of a substantial relationship is word of

Aristotle 's Theory Of Falling
My thesis is twofold: Aristotle's empirical arguments supporting the view that the earth is a sphere are not convincing ; however, his hybrid argument
combining a priori and empirical claims based on his theory of falling succeeds in displacing Pre–Socratic Cosmology and empirically grounding the
creation cosmology of Plato's Timaeus.
Aristotle inherited a tradition of cosmologies espoused by the Presocratics beginning with Thales, "The Earth floats on water, which is in some way
the source of all things" (Kirk B13) . The tradition continues with Anaximenes, "The earth is flat and rides on air" (B13) and reaches a zenith with
Parmenides, "...there is a furthest limit, it is perfected, like the bulk of a ball well–rounded on every side, equally balanced in every direction from the
center" (Fr. 8 32–49). These three quotes identify two themes that Aristotle would face while developing his cosmogony: how does the earth maintain
its place in the universe and what is its shape.
Aristotle also labored under the imposing shadow of his teacher Plato who developed his cosmology in the Timaeus, "...he should fashion the world
as a single whole... And he gave it a shape appropriate to the kind of thing it was... Hence he gave it a round shape, the form of a sphere..." (Timaeus
33a–b). Plato identifies the correct shape of the earth but he does not argue for this conclusion. Aristotle will have to ground this idea in empirical
science not myth.
The first step for Aristotle in On the Heavens is

Managing Virtual Teams
Human Resource Management Review 15 (2005) 69 – 95 www.socscinet.com/bam/humres Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical
research
Guido Hertela,T, Susanne Geisterb, Udo Konradtb a Department of Psychology, Work, Industrial & Organizational Psychology, University of
Wuerzburg,
Roentgenring 10, 97 070 Wuerzburg, Germany b University of Kiel, Germany
Abstract
This review summarizes empirical research on the management of virtual teams, i.e., distributed work teams whose members predominantly
communicate and coordinate their work via electronic media (e–mail, telephone, video–conference, etc.). Instead of considering virtual teams as
qualitatively distinct from conventional teams, the degree of bvirtualityQ of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, extending earlier work, this paper provides a comprehensive review on the different management tasks in virtual teams based on empirical
research. After providing a definition of virtual teams, an integrative lifecycle model of virtual teams will be presented that covers crucial HRM issues
such as selection, performance management, rewards and personnel development, but also contains new issues such as the question of a constructive
disbanding of virtual teams. The following presentation of the available empirical work is guided by this lifecycle model summarizing empirical
results and their implications for each of these issues. In contrast to research on computer–mediated collaboration (CMC) that predominantly compares
media effects between computer–mediated and face–to–face groups using experimental settings (cf. Baltes, Dickson, Sherman, Bauer, & LaGanke,
2002; Fjermestad & Hiltz,
1998), this review focuses particularly on quantitative field research of existing virtual teams in order to acknowledge effects of time and
organizational context. However, results from experimental CMC research as well as case studies and experience reports will be considered for issues
that have not yet been addressed by quantitative field studies.1
2. Definition of virtual teams
Distributed work across different locations and/or working

The Divide Between Science And Religion
Scientia, the Latin noun meaning "to know" is the etymological root of the modern English word science (Merriam–Webster, 2016). It is perhaps
fitting that many of the greatest minds of our time consider science to be the ultimate source of truth, knowledge, and understanding. Famed chemist,
professor, and author Peter Atkins (1995) believes "science is the best procedure yet discovered for exposing fundamental truths about the world"
(Atkins, 1995, p. 97). This paper will challenge that assertion and argue that science is not the only source of truth, that there are deeply philosophical
and metaphysical questions that science cannot fully explain. This paper will explore the idea of truth as a subjective, non–quantifiable phenomenon
that is not wholly consistent with the scientific process. Finally, this paper will briefly explore the divide between science and religion.
I recognize the fact that the scientific method has allowed for great progress in all fields of science, from molecular biology to quantum physics. These
great leaps forward have expanded our understanding of the universe but I do not believe the scientific method is able –or will be able– to provide
absolute truth. In a 2012 paper, Oladipupo made reference to Popper's idea of verisimilitude, claiming "there is no absolute truth in science rather the
behaviour of truth in science is subjective, relative, erratic, and perhaps probable" (Oladipupo, 2012, p. 193). I agree with the concept of verisimilitude;

The Relationship Between War, Territory, And Arms Races On...
As you look back into history you see that war is created for several different reasons. In this paper I will be reviewing the relationship between war,
territory, and arms races on a dyadic level of analysis. Scholars have come to various conclusions on different aspects of these two theories and I will
discuss and evaluate a few different perspectives or angles of each theory to see how they help contribute to the creation of war between two interstates.
When examining the relationship between territoriality and war one might find several different approaches to the connection between the two aspects.
Territory and war have long been related between interstate wars for a long period of time. As you take a look at past wars and how territory has played
a major role in the escalation of conflict you will find several different angles to the situations. One angle that has shown vital data to relationship would
be territorial contiguity between interstates. When territory are contiguous to one another from past history it shows the interstates are more likely to
have disputes with one another. You could also breakdown the terms of contiguity into proximity, interaction, and territoriality to get an in depth view
of a matter.
In Contiguity and Military Escalation in Major Power Rivalries the article discussed the effect that contiguity has on nations decisions, particularly
rivalry nations, of escalating a conflict into war. The article broke down contiguity in terms based on

The Study Of Psychology And Psychology
Firstly, it is important to know what is meant by the term "science", and then to establish whether psychology adheres to this. The Oxford English
Dictionary defines science as "the study or knowledge of the physical world, based on observation and experiment". This immediately raises issues
about this debate as many areas of psychological research do not involve the observable. For example, the areas of Clinical and Counselling psychology
rely on a patient's thoughts and feelings to help determine whether they suffer from a mental disorder. Owing to an advancement in technology,
however, phenomena that was once labelled as unobservable can now be observed. One example of this includes emotions, including happiness,
sadness, disgust, fear, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This, however, should not be taken at face value as these bodies would not want to portray themselves as being unscientific. Nevertheless, there is an
overall positive effect of the psychological bodies seeing themselves as scientific as empirical research will be promoted further, making psychology as
a subject more scientific.
Furthermore, psychology has become more scientific by the need to move away from pseudo–scientific perspectives. One such perspective, is Freud's
Psychodynamic approach. This focuses on the subconscious mind, and as this phenomena cannot be observed, it has been argued that the
Psychodynamic perspective is unfalsifiable and untestable. Both of these elements are key parts of what makes a science. However, others have argued
that the Psychodynamic perspective is testable, but that it has just failed those tests (Hansson, 2015). review
The Behavioural perspective was the first to try and move psychology as a subject away from the unscientific by focusing on observable and
measurable behaviour to gain empirical evidence. Moreover, since the 1970s, the Biological perspective has grown hugely with neuropsychology now
being a dominant approach. This shows that psychology has made a move to become more scientific in its approaches and methods over time. review
It has been argued that demarcation should be unchanging throughout time. Dolby stated that if

Analyzation of Attendance Policy in Higher Education Essay
Various universities and individual faculty members frequently differ in terms of attendance policy. The frequent absence of explicit university wide
policy enables instructors to implement a wide range of attendance requirements and subsequent penalties for absences. Even professors with a lax
attendance policy encourage regular class attendance, deeming it a critical element of student success. The classroom has traditionally played a central
role in educational institutions. Relentless innovation in the field of information technology has significantly reduced the importance of the physical
classroom in the modern education environment. Most educators have embraced the newly available technology but remain steadfast in their loyalty to
Students in there freshmen year are a large part of the excessively absent trouble area, on average 33% of first year student are typically absent from
class. Absenteeism is not limited to the young; reports claim that absenteeism from an average class in a small school is 25%. On a similarly typical
day a medium sized school would experience a 34% average, while a large institutions reports a shocking 40 % average (Romer 168). Excessive
absenteeism has been reported in connection with particular classes. The most obvious of which are large first year introduction courses as their
patrons were the leading absentee student group. Interestingly the absenteeism was most pronounced in courses dealing with the natural sciences
(Friedman, Rodriguez, and McComb 124).
Students may choose to miss class for a variety of reasons, both legitimate and otherwise. In regards to first year students an emerging pattern may be
key in explaining their excessive levels of absence. Along with the traditional challenges of freshmen year, recently admitted freshmen do not view
attendance and effort as integral for academic success. Their warped point of view stems from their undemanding high school experience, one that left
them utterly unprepared for the rigors of higher education. The recently entering freshmen class on average spent less time studying while achieving
higher grades then any previous class. Recently entering freshmen are not an isolated group; they represent the

Empirical Studies About Teachers ' Perspectives
2.4 Empirical studies about teachers' perspectives and practices related to TBLT
2.4.1 Empirical study in London by Andon
A wealth of empirical research has been carried out to investigate teachers' understandings of TBLT and the implementation of it, aiming to identify the
appropriate ways to adopt TBLT in different contexts for the reason that many scholars (Ellis, 2003; Littlewood, 2004) have pointed out that TBLT is a
highly context–specific approach. They believe that its implementation is predicated on a wide range of contextual factors not only in the classrooms
but also outside of the classrooms.
The empirical research findings have reported a diversity of concerns and adaptations of TBLT in different countries around the world at both school
and college levels, and teachers' understandings of TBLT differ as well. In some studies, teachers are discerned to hold positive attitudes towards
TBLT, whereas in other studies, people are holding opposite attitudes.
I will summarize some empirical studies about teachers' principles and practices related to TBLT in the following parts by starting from Andon
(2009)'s study because I was enlightened by his study.
Andon investigated the influence of TBLT theory andresearch on teachers' conceptions and practices of task–based pedagogy on the grounds that
task–based language teaching (TBLT) has gained enormous popularity and it has been compiled into a considerable variety of countries' curriculum.
Two interconnected questions

Phenomeology And Marxist Perspective
Question A Marxist perspectives central aims are to provide an empirically well–founded description of phenomenon, to get the social implications; and
to illuminate the historical process through which this phenomenon came to exist in the real world. Additionally, its aims at comprehend and explain
reality using s themes analysis and this is confirmed by research. This has methods such as phenomenology and Ethnomethodology.
Positivism perspective
This is based on a notion that science is the only way to learn about the truth and this perspective belongs to epistemology which is denoted as
accordance with the empirical view that knowledge stems from human experience. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Validation, Marxist perspective evaluates the validity of factual claims or social realities basing on an ideology rather than empirical evidence Whereas
Positivist evaluate factual validity of a social phenomenon basing on the statistical results.
Positivist perspective focuses on facts Causalities and fundamental laws and a phenomenon is reduced to the simplest elements whereas Marxist
perspective aims at understanding the meaning of events by exploring the totality of each individual case and draw conclusions.
Marxist perspective considers small samples to make analysis in a greater depth or over longer period of time whereas positivist perspective captures
bigger samples to make in depth analysis and drawing of conclusions on a given social

Corruption And Its Effect On Economic Growth
In this essay, I will present an argument against theories that propose that corruption may be beneficial to economic growth by presenting theoretical
and empirical evidence that suggest otherwise. I will also discuss policies that will prove effective in eliminating corruption in developing countries.
The international handbook on the economics of corruption defines corruption as the use of public resources to fund the private purposes. It usually
involves the abuse of official power. Economic growth can be defined as increase in a country's ability to produce output over a period of time
(Investopedia, 2005).
Although the consensus view in economic theory is that corruption has a negative impact on economic growth, there are instances where having a
corrupt government has actually encouraged growth. These are instances where corruption is "economically expansionary Osterfeld (1992) . Leff
(1964), has argued that some underdeveloped countries with a high level of bureaucracy and weak governance have been able to allocate resources
more efficiently because of corrupt government officials. He argues that is because entrepreneurs and potential investors can sidestep the tremendous
bureaucracy in these countries through the use of bribery (Leff, 1964). The Chinese economy in the 1980's supports this theory because corruption
acted as a means to "legalise enterprises" prior to Deng's economic reforms. (Reyes, 2015).
However both theoretical and empirical studies have

Price Variations Of A New Mobile Products
The above figure discloses that: Price variations of two products nearly share the same trend; they all represent a declining trend. In the former 14
sessions, price variation is more flat; but since then, the range of depreciation enlarges. Prices of mobile products always show a rather wider range
of declining no matter at former phase or latter phase. According to above analysis, retailers begin to apply discounts to promote sales after new
products are revealed as a new mobile products typically have a short life expectancy due to innovation updates, retailers intend to capitalize on their
investment by trying to recover profitability at the early stages of the product's introduction on the market place. As for book products,... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The model is: гЂ–log(гЂ—вЃЎгЂ–price)=c+a_1 гЂ—MCRs + a_2 Doctoms+ i=19b_iRetailer+ i=131diProduct+ в€‘_(i=1)^16в
–’гЂ–t_i
WeekгЂ—+e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(1) In the above mode, О±1 + О±2 = 0, в€‘_(i=1)^3в
–’b_i =0,
в€‘_(i=4)^9в
–’b_i =0, в€‘_(i=1)^31в
–’d_i =0, в€‘_(i=1)^16в
–’t_i =0, which are restriction conditions set for eliminating traps of virtual variables. The
explained variable 'Price' refers to price level; within explanatory variables, Dotcoms, MCRs are variables what reflect types of retailers; 'Retailer'
stands for variable of specific retailers in the samples, and 9 retailers are used as samples; 'product' refers to specific variables of products (31
products are sampled here); 'week' is time variable (16 time points are sampled); the above explanatory variables are all confined between 0 and 1.
3.4.2 Analyzing results of econometric model From aspect of research objectives of this paper, О±1 and О±2 are the most important variables in the
above model; if they are equal, then the prices of two retailers are the same. At the same time, according to fitted value of the non–estimated parameter
О±i (i=1, 2), it can be measured that whether the factors have significant influences on retailers' pricing. In

Assignment : Eliza And Manualized Therapy
PS380 Unit Three Assignment: Eliza and Manualized Therapy I chose to use a co–worker for the role of client in this assignment. The co–worker and I
work together four nights a week, and my thinking here was that she would then be available for whatever else work would be needed of her later
in the term. I did not choose to use my teenagers or my girlfriend for the client, as I felt that I would be unable to refrain from asking any further
questions if they expressed having a problem. I had her visit the computerized therapist Eliza, while I sat about six feet away from her, observing
and taking notes. I only spoke to her when directly responding to things she said to me, otherwise I had no involvement. The results were not
spectacular. She was completely frustrated with Eliza, and once I attempted to use the webpage myself, I can see why. She complained of Eliza
not responding with any substance to anything she said, and repeating the same few phrases over and over again, or reflecting back whatever she
typed. To be honest she was not in the least impressed with Eliza and neither was I. If anything, I was embarrassed that I had asked her to
participate before knowing how primitive the program was. I was not impressed with the artificial intelligence of Eliza, and for the client it did not
do much to make her feel any better. I asked her if she felt listened to by Eliza, and she responded that she did not feel listened to by anyone or
anything, that Eliza only repeated

Foreign Exchange Risk And Risk
Though (Markus 2014) observes that unlike other activities within the value chain, expenditure for activities in the downstream segment of the value
chain are known and profits are more predictable, this segment of the value chain may become prone to foreign exchange risk since the variability in
foreign exchange rates impacts more on crude sales compared to its impact on purchase contracts.
The Foreign exchange risk and exposure
Risk relates to uncertainty in outcomes and foreign currency exchange risk occurs when there is uncertainty about the future foreign currency cash
flows to an entity. Movements in Currency exchange rates are unpredictable hence constitutes risk to the entity. Studies on the exposure of companies
to foreign exchange risks dates back to (Adler and Dumas 1984) when foreign exchange exposure was defined as the impact of uncertainty in changes
in foreign exchange rates on the intrinsic value of an entity represented by the present values of future cash flows.
Evidence from studies suggest that firms involved in foreign operations are exposed to foreign exchange risks which can be further classified into the
economic exposure, the transactional exposure and the translational exposure (Moyer et al. 2011; Lumby 2001). Arnold (2008) observed that
investment decisions and the viability of foreign operations in the long term are affected by both the transaction, translation and economic risks. This
is so because entities are affected by variability of

Efficient Market Hypothesis And The Effect Of High...
Efficient Market Hypothesis and the Effect of High Frequency Trading The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) has consistently remained in the
forefront of finance theory for decades. As technology has advanced, the ability to assess the efficient market hypothesis has increased exponentially
and so have the opportunities to exploit it. Tactics such as high frequency trading and insider trading threaten the dependability of the efficient market
hypothesis. EMH is a rudimentary theory that implies the value of an asset is directly correlated or about equal to the intrinsic value of the asset.
(Brigham & Houston, 2012) The intrinsic value of a stock is the actual value of a company or an asset based on an underlying perception of its true
value including all aspects of the business, in terms of both tangible and intangible factors (investopedia.com). Investors use this logic to determine
whether to buy or sell a stock depending on its perceived value with respect to the intrinsic value. Whether the investor employs an active or passive
investment strategy, the EMH is a rational decision making process to ensure a confident investment. The efficient market hypothesis is constantly being
analyzed for its validity in the current market. There are a multitude of external factors contributing to the reluctance of relying on the EMH.
Specifically, the rise of high frequency trading has significantly called into question the legitimacy of the efficient market. High

Financial Analysis : Japan's Financial Markets
INTRODUCTION
In March 2015, Japan's Financial Markets Agency for the first time in its history set out Corporate Governance Code and a year earlier Stewardship
Code. Even though some efforts towards corporate governance and transparency have been made in Japan previously, specifically introduction of
dual system in 2003, they did not gain popularity. Only 40 out of 3,000 firms adopted this system immediately rising to 112 five years later.
However, these codes were necessary due to the pressure from foreigners investing and doing business in Japan, several scandals such as Olympus
2011–2012 accounting scandal and ineffective, high cash holdings of Japanese companies (Eberhart, 2012).
They are both addressing different aspects, but principal–based Governance code is binding on all non–foreign companies listed on securities
exchanges in Japan and mirrors the UK's approach to Corporate Governance while Stewardship Code is on voluntary basis (Freshfileds Bruckhaus
Deringer, 2015).
This essay seeks to determine how the reforms from 2014, 2015 and dual system from 2003 influenced companies' performance and provides the
evidence that transparent corporate governance leads to higher performance of the firm. In order to respond to the question, it is first necessary to
examine collected empirical evidence from Tokyo Stock Exchange and further analyze using Stata.
LITERATURE BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY
The analytical section considers panel data on Japanese companies listed

Literature Review Of Speech Code Theory
Speech codes theory Literature Review Speech codes theory Speech codes theory is an account of communication as a deeply cultured human activity.
The theory, and the empirical research on which it is built, demonstrate that the kinds of local knowledge people deploy to talk about–to characterize,
interpret, and rationalize–their communicative conduct is indeed local, particular knowledge, and that such knowledge can be discovered and
described through systematic inquiry. This article describes the key theoretical commitments of speech codes theory, identifies its six propositions,
illustrates research within the tradition, and assesses its purposes. Speech codes theory was first published in prototypical form with an
introduction to the concept of speech codes and a presentation of four empirically grounded principles about speech codes (Philipsen, 1992). Then
it was presented as a formal theoretical statement with five empirically grounded propositions, four of which were carried over intact from the
earlier version (Philipsen, 1997). Speech codes theory was created for two purposes. One purpose was to distill some of what might be learned from
a large body of fieldwork research on culturally distinctive ways of speaking. When the first version of speech codes theory was written, there had
been established a large body of fieldwork about cultural ways of speaking that had been conducted and published under the auspices of the
ethnography of speaking (Hymes, 1968).

Evaluation Of Mentoring Programs For The United States
Jordan Woltjer
11/16/2016
Course Project Part 2
Matz shows that mentoring programs were first instituted in the U.S. in the late 19th century as an alternative to incarceration to be used in Juvenile
Courts under the supervision of probation officers (2014). According to Matz, these sentencing policies were inspired by the progressive era's focus on
alleviating the mass poverty that was caused by industrialization, immigration, and urbanization (2014). Blakeslee and Keller state that "The highly
renowned Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBS) mentoring program, for example, began in 1904 in New York City and today consists of over
375 agencies serving more than 210,000 youth across the United States" (2012). Matz (2014) argues that though mentoring programs are compatible
with a large range of sociological and criminological theories, that their creation was motivated by a theoretically undeveloped humanitarian instinct
that pervaded the Progressive Era. Despite this, we can still use the empirical evidence of BBBS programs to test theoretical perspectives such as
Differential Association.
The BBBS program matches at–risk youth between the ages of 6 and 18 with a volunteer mentor whose prior screening demonstrated that they are
capable of providing socialization to curb delinquency and anti–social behavior (Limber, 2001). Susan Jekielek says that "The Big Brothers/Big Sisters
program takes applications from volunteers in the community and subjects each Mentor to an

New York Community Bancorp Is The Fourth Largest Savings...
Aims and Objective:
New York Community Bancorp is the fourth largest savings and loan association (S&L) in the United States and the largest in New York State.
Pennfed Savings Bank offers traditional retail services and its main commercial focus are family residential mortgages. The FDIC approved the
merger, and under the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, PennFed shareholders will receive 1.222 shares of New York Community Bancorp
stock for each share of PennFed stock held at the effective date of the merger, and cash in lieu of any fractional share. Following the merger, New York
community Bancorp will have 314 million outstanding shares of common stock approximately. The aim of this study is to evaluate the short–term and
Next, the second hypothesis will be that, the short–term return of the bidder firm is insignificant and negative. Lastly, the long–term hypothesis will be
that, the abnormal return of the acquiring firm is negative or negligibly close to zero. Literature review:
Empirical studies examining stock market reaction to M&A announcement find little evidence of wealth creation, with shareholders of the target
firms gaining at the expense of the bidder firms. A merger is said to create value, if the combined value of the bidder or target firm increases on the
announcement of the merger (Houston et al., 2001) (Ghosh & Dutta, 2015) (Campa, 2004). Moreover, the synergistic gains hypothesis of corporate
acquisitions underlined by Isa & Yap (2004) states that, a combination of two firms will result in a combined gain that is, more than the sum of the
value of the individual firm. These gains may be attributed to the increasing efficiencies and synergies of the companies involved.
While some studies show there may be little or no improvements in the post acquisiton operating performance of merged banks, M&As do create
value. This is observed by the positive or negative reactions of stock prices during M&A announcements (Isa & Yap, 2004) (Campa, 2004) (Drymbetas
& Kyriazopoulos, 2014). Most studies find that cumulative abnormal returns occur in the days following or prior to the announcement date (Andrade et
al., 2001).
The view of value creation for

Examples Of Fallacy Of Hasty Generalization
1.Please re–examine the way the conclusion was written. Is the statement of the conclusion biased? Is the definition of the key terms neutral and
acceptable? Or is it controversial? Is there a need to revise the statement of the conclusion?
The way the conclusion was written is unbiased for it was clearly presented and stated. The terms are evidently defined as well and so, no further
revision of the conclusion is needed.
2.Next, re–examine the claim of the conclusion: If it is an empirical generalization, then challenge it by demanding the required evidence for many,
most or all claim in the premises set. If the required evidence for the generalization was not offered in the premise set, then reject the argument for
having committed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You know that generalizations can be challenged by citing that the observed cases are not representative of the population or that the sample is not
large enough, hence the fallacy of hasty generalization is made.
Premises 1, 2 and 3 prove the generalization since both were able to satisfy the requirement of the term "some" – that at least one reported case of a
child negatively affected by television viewing be presented. Hence, fallacy of hasty generalization is not made.
b. Another tactic is to demonstrate that the observed cases are biased because they were not observed in every possible variety of time, place and
circumstance and that a thorough search for counter examples was not done.
Unfortunately, there were no scientific studies presented about how people from different places around the world and how people from different age
groups respond to the effects of television watching. The genetic makeup of people varies hence, the conclusion may not be true to some.
c. Then, to clinch your point, produce the counter example. Caution: a counter example applies only to an all claim; but very few are aware of this.
You could use this to your advantage. In contrast, to challenge a most claim you need many counter

The theoretical framework I develop rests on the...
The theoretical framework I develop rests on the assumption that individuals are rational actors insofar as they calculate and act to maximize their
expected utilities. An illustration of this assumption is found when the expected utility of continuing a war is outweighed by the expected utility of war
termination. When the expected costs of continuing a war exceed the expected benefits, the relevant actors will begin to press for peace. I further
assume that leaders act to maximize their chances of retaining office and that they are accountable to a domestic audience. The composition and
preferences of this domestic audience varies systematically across regime type, as does their ability to credibly deter the leader. This has important ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The volume and intensity of conflict drive the rate at which these costs accrue. They may vary intermittently in a smoldering dispute or accumulate
more quickly in open conflict. Regardless of this rate, I assume the longer a war continues, the more costs will mount, and the more likely that one
side will begin to press for a settlement. While some will oppose or support a conflict regardless of the human or economic cost, most determine their
support by paying particular attention to these wartime losses. Both a leader and their domestic audience will calculate their expected utilities and
update their expectations by observing these outcomes. More important to consider is the point at which the anticipated benefits of continued conflict
is outweighed by the anticipated costs of terminating conflict for a leader's domestic audience.
Remembering that a leader acts to maximize their chances of retaining office and that they are ultimately held accountable to a domestic audience, the
demands of a domestic audience unsatisfied with the costs of war is important to consider in the ability of states to wage extended wars. This
cost–sensitivity argument has typically underpinned empirical observations on the tendency of democracies to fight uniformly shorter wars. Autocratic
leaders, it was argued, do not labor under such restraints

Analyse The Value Of Teaching Science Through Investigations
Analyse the value of teaching science through investigations in KS1.
Justification
The justification for choosing this particular question is due to my interest and fascination which different scientific topics and concepts. This leads me
to choose this question as I want to increase my knowledge and understanding of teaching science in key stage one. I have witnessed during my school
experience various different pedagogies whilst observing science lessons, some including investigations and some not. Personally, I always enjoyed
science lessons during primary school and have many fond memories of performing experiments and undertaking investigations throughout my
education alongside my peers. I hope that through researching the value of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this piece of writing, investigations will also be considered alongside practical work in science. Practical work is frequently and widely used in
the science lessons in English secondary schools (Bennett, 2003). However, investigations are not the only variation of practical work in science
lessons, Gott and Duggan (1995: 21) identifies three others: obtaining a practical skill, such as using a thermometer or rain gauge. The second is the
observation of objects and events which can then be related to scientific ideas and concepts, such as the change of seasons of weather. And the final
idea is the discovering of a scientific idea, concept or law, such as gravity. Whilst following, the English National Curriculum it is required and
compulsory to teach primary school pupils how to conduct and carry out science investigations (DfEE/QCA, 1999). The National Curriculum of 2014
states in the Science programme for study that;
A high quality science education provides the foundations for understanding the world through the specific disciplines of biology, chemistry and
physics. Science has changed our lives and is vital to the world's future prosperity, and all pupils should be taught essential aspects of the knowledge,
methods, processes and uses of science. (pg 3).
This acts as a foundation and a reminder to teachers, both primary and secondary, and facilitators of learning in schools that Science is

Science Without Science Is Materialism
BahГЎ'u'llГЎh, the founder of the BahГЎ'Г faith, once said, "Religion without science is superstition and science without religion is materialism"
(www.bahai.org). Throughout history, mankind always strive to seek answers to solve the perplexities of the world. For that, there is one question that
provokes everyone's curiosity: How was the world created? Young earth creationism is an example of wherescience explains natural phenomenon that
enabled life to establish and where faith explains that an almighty being created the world through wondrous works. As of today, it is still a debate
that continues because of different conclusions of how the world came to be. In order to delve further into the issue, insights from Plato, Francis
Bacon, and Richard Feynman along with additional sources clarify why people believe and support scientific ideas over religion. To identify factors that
drive people to believe why the world was created by natural and scientific forces instead of being made by an almighty being, a various distinctions
from science and faith must be made. According to the Bible, it is written, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word
was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him; and without him was not anything made that hath been made"
(Bible.com). Evidence suggests that a superior being over reigns humanity. That being said, it is also suggesting that any achievements or depictions
that mankind

Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing...
The concept of architectural innovation was first proposed in this paper, where Henderson and Clark felt that the categorization of innovations as either
incremental or radical was inadequate. They defined such innovation as:
[Architectural] innovations ... change the way in which the components of a product are linked together, while leaving the core design concepts (and
thus the basic knowledge underlying the components) untouched.
This means that architectural innovation involves rearranging components ( various known parts) in a system, and linking them up in new ways.
Henderson and Clark are of the opinion that such innovations may threaten established organizations –
It destroys the usefulness of a firm's architectural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given the constraints of the available data set and the length of the research period however, the authors did a good job in reconciling possible
differences by using the secondary data to corroborate and supplement the primary sources, thus portraying a fairly accurate picture of the industry's
evolution.
This paper illustrated the concept of architectural innovation presenting established organizations with threats that could significantly impact them
through an empirical study of a single industry. The effects of innovation on this industry could perhaps be extrapolated to other industries. Further
research applied to other industries, as recommended by the authors, would widen the scope of the sample and eliminate any possible biases or
industry–specific aberration and help develop a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts of innovation on industries in general.
In a knowledge–based economy, horizontal and vertical transfer of knowledge can be said to be a common feature. This may be attributed to the recent
spate of mergers and acquisitions, a highly mobile workforce, and the increased interdependency between firms and industries. It might thus be timely
for future research to focus on the impact of innovation in such a climate, vastly different from that in the 1980s.
The paper discussed the why and how of established firms losing their competitive edge;

Can Politics Be Regarded as a Science?
Can the study of politics be regarded as a science?
The debate as whether politics can be regarded as a science is 'complex, voluminous and multi–faceted one' . The origins of political analysis lie in the
philosophical tradition of Plato and Aristotle whose work was fundamentally rooted in the normative. At the very early stages of politics as an academic
discipline, the great thinkers of the time were not concerned with empirical evidence; instead basing their ideas on literary analysis. The emphasis on
the normative that comes with the traditional study of politics suggests that politics is not a science as it cannot be objective. This was followed by the
emergence of the normative model of political analysis and what Peter Lasslett ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This may suggest that the Marxist model of political analysis as a science is not correct. Despite this it is important to note how, whilst Marx's
predictions may not have proved correct, his methods and the concept of politics as a science is unquestionable.
Enthusiasm for the idea of political science grew in the 20th century with the creation of the American Political Science Review in 1906 and also
the emergence of the behaviouralism movement in the 1950s and 1960s. This was the period coined as 'the behavioural revolution' by Robert
Garner who claimed that 'number crunching...in relation to electoral behaviour was the gold standard' whilst normative analysis was rendered 'at
best, unnecessary and at worst, meaningless' . This can be viewed as the most compelling case for politics being regarded as a science as it is the
first time that objective and quantifiable data could be tested against hypotheses. The form of political analysis that was emerging in this period was
heavily based on behaviouralism which worked on the principle that social theories should be constructed on the basis of observable behaviour which
provides quantifiable evidence for research. This lead to increased interest and activity in the field of quantitative research methods such as voting
behaviour, the records of

Public Lands In The United States

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