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- 1. 1. Describe physical security threats to the United States as a result of the breakdown of SCADA control systems. 2. What are the physical security threats to the United States, your state, and your hometown? 3. In your opinion, is the United States prepared for such a critical infrastructure collapse? Think of a time that you felt you were not being heard. What made you feel that way? Listening and Critical Thinking Communication Skills LISTENING IS IMPORTANT • CEOs, politicians, teachers • +60% errors
- 2. • Practice listening • 44% of time listening Objectives • Understand listening is a process • Barriers to listening • The 4 types of listening • Become a better listener Listening is a process Stage 1: Receiving Physiological Mental Stage 1: Receiving/Hear and Attend Automatic/Selective Attention Stage 2: Understanding
- 3. Working Memory: Makes sense of the stimuli Stage 3: Remembering Short-term: temporary Long-term: schemas Remembering We remember 50% immediately after hearing it We remember 35% after eight hours We remember 25% after two months Stages 4 and 5 Interpreting/Evaluating https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpaOjMXyJGk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpaOjMXyJGk Stage 6: Responding What are your two strongest areas of the listening stages? Why?
- 4. Barriers to Listening Physical Mental Multi-tasking Noise Barriers to Listening Factual distractions Semantic distractions Noise 120-150 WPM 400-800 WPM Barriers to Listening Perception of others Status Stereotypes Jumping to conclusions Barriers to Listening Yourself Egocentrism
- 5. Defensiveness Superiority Personal bias Psuedolistening Four types of Listening • Appreciative • Empathic • Comprehensive • Critical Become a better listener BY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC- ND https://www.ted.com/talks/julian_treasure_5_ways_to_listen_be tter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://coutequecoute.blogspot.com/2012/08/odeur-ss2013- plain.html https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ https://www.ted.com/talks/julian_treasure_5_ways_to_listen_be tter
- 6. Recognize differences in listening WOMEN • To understand • Like complex • Highly perceptive • Attentive, eye contact • Signals agreement MEN • To take action • Like concise, unambiguous • Don’t recognize • Less, glances, • Switch topics Purpose Preferences List. Awareness NV Interrupt
- 7. Listen and think critically • Analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speaker’s ideas to make critical judgments about the message being presented • Situation: staff meeting after a huge layoff • Source credibility: perception of competence • Message • Data: facts and evidence • Claim: Overall point • Warrant: Reasoning made for bridge b/w data and claim Use nonverbal communication effectively • Demonstrate bodily responsiveness (head nods, etc.) • Lean forward • Use direct body orientation and open positions • Maintain relaxed but alert posture • Establish direct eye contact • Sit or stand close to speaker • Be vocally responsive • Provide supportive utterances Use verbal communication effectively • Invite additional comments • Ask Questions • Identify areas of commonality
- 8. • Vary verbal responses • Provide clear, concrete responses • Avoid complete silence • Don’t interrupt Check your understanding • Ask questions for clarification • Paraphrase the speaker’s message and intent • Identify areas of confusion • Invite clarification and correction • Go back to the beginning Effective listening in different situations • Workplace • Nuggets, Source, Slow down, Feedback • Classroom • Application, Openness, Practice, Main Ideas • Media • Information literacy (locate, evaluate, and effectively use • Second language • Vocabulary comprehension, metacognitive awareness Ways to be an ethical listener • Recognize the sources of your own conversational habits
- 9. • Recognize when you are engaging in poor listening behaviors • Apply general ethical principles to how you respond • Adapt to others Can you? • Identify different stages in the listening process • Describe some of the barriers to listening • Summarize 4 types of listening • Demonstrate ways to improve your listening When people talk, listen completely Slide Number 1Listening and Critical ThinkingListening is ImportantObjectivesListening is a processSlide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Become a better listenerRecognize differences in listeningListen and think criticallyUse nonverbal communication effectivelyUse verbal communication effectivelyCheck your understandingEffective listening in different situationsWays to be an ethical listenerCan you?When people talk, listen completely
- 10. People can misinterpret nonverbal language that is culturally different from their own. Has this ever happened to you? Describe what took place and your reactions to the incident. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 4: Nonverbal Communication Pearson, Human Communication, 6e 1. Choose a partner or one will be assigned to you. 2. Choose a subject that you both feel you can talk about. You will be talking to each other for a while, so either choose a good topic or have back-up topics. (Movie preferences? Restaurant options? Major?) 3. While talking to each other, take the following positions (about 2-3
- 11. minutes each): a. Standing far apart b. Standing very close together, face to face (almost touching) c. Both of you sitting down d. One person standing up, the other person sitting down (change places so that each person fulfills both roles) e. One person talking while the other person nonverbally communicates that he/she is not listening (change places so that each person fulfills both roles) f. One person talking while the other person nonverbally communicates that he/she is actively listening (change places so that each person fulfills both roles) 1. Was there any position that you felt very uncomfortable communicating in? Why (or why not)? 2. Specifically, how did you feel when you were sitting down while talking to your partner, who was standing up? Do you think other people would have felt the same way? Why or why not? 3. When you tried to communicate that you were not listening to your partner, what nonverbal cues did you use? Do you think they effectively communicated your (feigned) disinterest? What did your partner do during this time that caused you to believe your nonverbal
- 12. communication of disinterest was effective (or ineffective)? 4. When you tried to communicate that you were actively listening to your partner, what nonverbal cues did you use? Do you think they effectively communicated your (genuine) interest? What did your partner do during this time that caused you to believe your nonverbal communication of interest was effective (or ineffective)? ©McGraw-Hill Education. Objectives • Define nonverbal communication • Describe how verbal and nonverbal codes work together • Identify two problems people have in interpreting nonverbal codes • Define and identify nonverbal codes • Understand how objects are used in nonverbal communication • Utilize strategies for improving your nonverbal communication ©McGraw-Hill Education.
- 13. What Is Nonverbal Communication? • Nonverbal communication defined – Process of using messages other than words to create meaning with others https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_sh apes_who_you_are/ discussion?nolanguage=enhttp%3A https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_sh apes_who_you_are/discussion?nolanguage=enhttp: ©McGraw-Hill Education. Relation of Verbal and Nonverbal • Repeating (sending same message:point) • Emphasizing(nv strengthens message:hug) • Complementing (add meaning: stop) • Contradicting (conflicting: watch) • Substituting (instead of…eye roll) • Regulating (monitor and control: walk away) © Ingram Publishing ©McGraw-Hill Education. Ambiguity of Nonverbal Codes • One code communicates variety of meanings
- 14. • Variety of codes communicate same meaning (Cultural differences) ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (1) • Bodily movement and facial expression (kinesics) – Emblems (substitutes) – Illustrators(reinforce/nod) – Affect displays (facial features, tone, posture/win) © Chris Ryan/AGE Fotostock ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (2) • Bodily movement and facial expression – Regulators (control flow/watch) – Adaptors(unintended touching, cold, scratch, adjust glasses/physical/social need )
- 15. © Radius Images/Alamy ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (3) • Uses of body movements – Liking (leaning in) – Status (eye contact) – Responsiveness (feedback) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfDWQG47pAQ • Physical attractiveness – Symmetry – Height https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfDWQG47pAQ ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (4) • Space (proxemics) – Territoriality (fences, flags, phone) – Personal space © Photodisc/Getty Images
- 16. ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (4) • Space – Intimate distance (18”) – Personal distance (4’) – Social distance (12’) – Public distance (< 12’) © Fancy Collection/SuperStock ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (5) • Time (chronemics) – Monochronic • Privacy • tasks – Polychronic • Relationships • multitask © Image Source
- 17. ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (6) • Touching (haptics) – Tactile communication (ask for a favor) – Important for health – Rituals – Gender differences (Women value, men touch more) – Cultural differences (England-1x per hour vs. Puerto Rico- 180x per hour) ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (7) • Vocal cues (paralinguistics) – Pitch – Rate – Inflection – Volume – Quality – Nonword sounds © Blend Images/Hill Street Studios ©McGraw-Hill Education. Nonverbal Codes (8) • Vocal cues – Pronunciation
- 18. – Articulation – Enunciation – Silence • Clothing and artifacts (objectics) © Medioimages/Photodisc/Getty Images RF ©McGraw-Hill Education. Improving Nonverbal Communication • Context – Volume, etc. • Audience – Age, purpose, clothes • Feedback – Perception check © UpperCut Images/SuperStock https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOkrS1v7Ywk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOkrS1v7Ywk ©McGraw-Hill Education. Cultural Differences
- 19. • Consistent use of space (U.S./Space Zones) • Emphasis on verbal messages (U.S./rude?) • Emblems used for less formal messages (U.S./very few signify respect) • Eye contact (expected) • Bigger vocal characteristics ©McGraw-Hill Education. Can you? • Define nonverbal communication • Describe how verbal and nonverbal codes work together • Identify two problems people have in interpreting nonverbal codes • Define and identify nonverbal codes • Understand how objects are used in nonverbal communication • Utilize strategies for improving your nonverbal communication Slide Number 1Chapter 4: �Nonverbal CommunicationSlide Number 3Slide Number 4ObjectivesWhat Is Nonverbal Communication?Relation of Verbal and NonverbalAmbiguity of Nonverbal CodesNonverbal Codes (1)Nonverbal Codes (2)Nonverbal Codes (3)Nonverbal Codes (4)Nonverbal Codes (4)Nonverbal Codes (5)Nonverbal Codes (6)Nonverbal Codes (7)Nonverbal Codes (8)Improving Nonverbal CommunicationCultural DifferencesCan you?