1. Claudia WarnerFeb 25, 2020Feb 25 at 238pmI am an ENTJ. I .docx

1. Claudia Warner
Feb 25, 2020Feb 25 at 2:38pm
I am an ENTJ. I find the test was quite accurate. It indicated
that an ENTJ would be most successful in careers that require
organizational skill and intellectual effort, as well as a
challenging and creative work environment (Jung Typology
Test, 2020). Even though the list of career choice did not
include nursing, I found nurses need to be highly organized and
creative in make a challenging day less stressful. Educator is
also one of the career choices that was mentioned. I had been
teaching nursing students in various capacity for over 15 years.
I think it has to do with the Thinking (53%) and Judging (41%).
I was honored to find Margaret Thatcher in the same group.
It was also right that I can easily find common ground in
problem solving. However, I am not a push over when it comes
to issues that I care most and become easily bored with people
who are highly emotional and rely on feelings (Jung Typology
Test, 2020). By understanding the characteristics of different
personalities of the team members, we can find the best method
and tone of communication (Baack, 2012). This test (shorter
version) can also be used as an ice-breaker activity and educate
the team members on the different personality types on the team
and how the can best work together.
Baack, D. (2012). Management communication. [Electronic
version]. Retrieved from https://ashford.content.edu (Links to
an external site.)
Jung Typology Test. (n.d.). Discover Your Personality Type.
Retrieved from http://www.humanmetrics.com/personality
2. Brittany Nunez
Mar 2, 2020Mar 2 at 3:57pm
After taking the Jung Typology Test, I received INFJ as my four

letter Myers-Briggs description. INFJ stands for introvert (3%),
intuitive (6%), feeling (34%) and judging (9%). INFJ is the
rarest personalty type, and is referred to as "The Counselor".
"INFJs are creative nurturers with a strong sense of personal
integrity and a drive to help others realize their potential" (INFJ
in Depth, n.d.) I believe that this personality type accurately
describes me. I am definitely nurturing and sympathize well
with others. I also strongly prefer organization and well thought
out plans rather than doing things on the fly. I think some of the
potential strengths involved with INFJ would involve being
compassionate, being an insightful thinker, and keeping the
peace. I tend to be the peacemaker among my family, friends
and in the workplace. Some of the weaknesses involved with
INFJ personality type would include being very private and
being very sensitive. I can definitely relate to being private and
sensitive at times. When I am feeling challenged, I tend to go
into defense mode. I have to remind myself that somethings are
better left ignored, and no reaction/ response is a response.
Overall, I strongly believe that my results were accurate.
References
INFJ in Depth - All About the INFJ Personality Type. (n.d.).
Retrieved March 2, 2020, from
https://www.truity.com/personality-type/INFJ (Links to an
external site.)
Jung Typology Test. (n.d.). Discover Your Personality Type.
Retrieved from http://www.humanmetrics.com/personality
3. Rebecca Sperry
Feb 29, 2020Feb 29 at 1:45pm
According to Kutsch, Ward, Hall, and Algar (2015),
“Many organizations turn to project management offices
(PMOs) in order to increase project efficiency, cut costs, and

improve success rates in project delivery” (p. 105). In my
current organization, the IT department has a formalized PMO
and just recently an HR PMO office has just been created. I
have particular interest in the HR PMO, since my current role is
in HR, Talent Management. Although the PMO is very new to
HR, I can already see several benefits. Our department is
constantly launching projects. The PMO will increase the
efficiency and keep the projects on track. Prior to the new HR
PMO, the COE would be responsible for their “day job” and
also the project. This created long timelines, more costs, and
more risks due to the lack of oversight of the project. Now
working with the PMO, the COE and the PM can partner to
ensure the success of the project. I cannot see any disadvantages
to having a PMO at this time.
Reference:
Kutsch, E., Ward, J., Hall, M., & Algar, J. (2015). The
Contribution of the Project Management Office: A Balanced
Scorecard Perspective. Information Systems Management,
32(2), 105–118. https://doi-org.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/10.1080/10580530.2015.1018768
4. Debora Wrubel
WednesdayMar 4 at 9:09pm
I believe my workplace has PMO, also known as a project, a
program, or a portfolio management office (Clayton, (2018).
One way to find out is to look at any written terms an
organization may have to reference, and how day to day
practices occur within the organization, as PMO can mean
different things to different organizations (Clayton, (2018). A
couple other ways PMO can differ is by looking at time scales
and how ambitious project managers handle projects. This is a
start to look at program management office, as well as short
term incentives that have a time frame of around 3 months to 2
years (Clayton, (2018). Program management office can be

identified as projects that have larger initiatives and have a time
frame for planned projects of around 2 to 5 years. The
difference between a project and program is that program
affects a larger audience of the organization. Some
disadvantages are to understand the complete roles of the
structure and metrics of the project, managing the resistance to
change, and a lack of a changed management plan (Singh, Keil,
kasi (2009). Advantages for PMO would be to provide the
guidance that is needed to accomplish the project and reduces
problems and risks that would happen if the planning was not
provided or evaluated throughout the project as well as provide
different projects for the organization according to strategic
planning (Do Valle, Santos, Silvia, Wainer & Soares, (2008).
Chapter 20
Metabolic Disorders
Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Up to 20% older than 65 years of age have hypothyroidism
Thyroid disorders are difficult to diagnose in older adultsSigns
and symptoms may be nonspecific, atypical, or absentChanges
may be incorrectly attributed to normal aging, another disorder,
or side effects of medications
Thyroid Disorders
*

The most common thyroid problem in older adultsOnset is
slowThought to be caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or
inflamed thyroid; may be iatrogenic, resulting from radioiodine
treatment, subtotal thyroidectomy, or medicationsSymptoms
include heart palpitations, slowed thinking, gait disturbances,
fatigue, weakness, or heat intoleranceTreatment is to slowly
replace the thyroxine
Hypothyroidism
*
*
*
Graves disease is the most common cause Can also result from
Ingestion of iodine or iodine-containing substancesThe
medication amiodaroneThe wrong dose of levothyroxineMay
have sudden onsetSymptoms include unexplained atrial
fibrillation, heart failure, constipation, anorexia, and muscle
weaknessIn older adults, apathetic thyrotoxicosis may occur
Hyperthyroidism
*

Complications occurAs a result of treatmentBecause of failure
to diagnose and treat in a timely mannerMyxedema coma occurs
with untreated hypothyroidism, can result in deathThyroxin
increases myocardial oxygen consumption and increases risk
ofAtrial fibrillationExacerbation of angina in persons with
preexisting congestive heart diseaseCongestive heart failure
Complications of Thyroid Disease
*
Pharmacologic intervention Surgical or chemical
ablationNursing roleWork with the patient and family to
understand the seriousness of the conditionProvide teaching on
the medication regimen
Implications for Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging
*
A nurse assessing an older adult would suspect hypothyroidism
if which of the following complaints were present? (Select all
that apply.)
Fatigue
Weakness
Slowed thinking
Heat intolerance
Heart palpitations
Question
*

A, B, C, E—All are symptoms of hypothyroidism except heat
intolerance. The patient would experience cold intolerance with
hypothyroidism.
Answer
*
Syndrome of disorders of glucose metabolism resulting in
hyperglycemiaTwo typesType I: The body is unable to produce
insulin needed to move glucose into the cells Type II: The body
does not make enough insulin to keep up with the needs of the
body; insulin is available, but the cells are not able to use
itWide variation of the prevalence of diabetes exists among
ethnic and racial groups
Diabetes
*
*
*

*
Diagnosis requires the results of two of three possible tests on 2
different daysPrediabetesFasting plasma glucose (FPG) is 100
to 125 mg/dLHemoglobin A1c of 5.7% to 6.4% Diabetes FPG of
≥126 mg/dLHgbA1c ≥6.5%Random blood glucose of ≥200
mg/dL
Diagnosing Diabetes
*
Classic symptoms include thirst and polyuriaHyperglycemia is
well tolerated in older adultsEarly warning signs include
dehydration, confusion, delirium, and some incontinenceVague
symptoms include fatigue, nausea, delayed wound healing, and
paresthesias
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes
*
Can affect a person’s morbidity and mortalityComplications
include heart disease, stroke, neuropathy, and periodontal
diseaseIs the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and
blindness in those older than 65 years of ageWound hearing is
delayedRelates to a high rate of depressionSexual dysfunction
can occurPerson often dies from heart disease

Complications of Diabetes
*
*
*
Nursing goalsControl the blood glucose levelReduce the risk of
complicationsHave the patient maintain the best health that is
realistically possible Ensure that evidence-based care is
receivedParticipate in early detection through screeningAssess
for risk factors and signs and symptoms of complications
Implications for Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging
*
Promoting healthy aging in older adults with diabetes requires
an array of interventions and an effective interdisciplinary team
working together with the patient and significant othersRequires
expertise in medication use, diet, exercise, counseling, and
finding ways to support while empowering the person
Management

*
Blood glucose monitoring Medication self-administrationInsulin
useOral medication useFoot care and examinationHandling sick
days
Needed Self-Care Skills
*
Knowledge about the disease and its effectsWarning signs for
high and low glucose levelsManaging hypoglycemia Wearing an
identification bracelet Adequate and appropriate nutritionDaily
exercise
Patient Education
*
*
Nurses may be responsible for activities that would normally
fall to the patient or caregiver to carry outNutritional
statusIntake and outputExercise and activitySigns of
hypo/hyperglycemiaEvidence of complicationsEncourages self-
care when possible
Long-Term Care and Older Adults With Diabetes

*
A major difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is
most older adults with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.
older adults with type 2 usually do not require insulin therapy.
an older adult with type 1 can maintain glycemia with diet and
exercise.
the pancreas of an older adult with type 2 does not secret any
insulin.
Question
*
A—Most older adults with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.
Answer
*
Chapter 19
Diseases Affecting Vision and Hearing
Visual impairment has a negative impact on the quality of

lifeMore than two-thirds of those with visual impairment are
older than 65 years of ageThose older than 80 years of age
account for 70% of the cases of severe visual
impairmentSignificant racial and cultural disparities in vision
impairment
Vision Impairments
*
GlaucomaCataractsDiabetic retinopathyDiabetic macular
edemaMacular degenerationDetached retinaDry eye
Diseases of the Eye
*
A clouding of the eye’s normally clear crystalline lens, causing
the lens to lose transparency or scatter lightMost common
causes are heredity and advancing ageCategorized by their
locationNuclear cataract
Most common type
Incidence increases with age and cigarette smokingCortical
cataract
More common with age
Related to a lifetime exposure to ultraviolet lightPosterior
subcapsular
Cataracts
*
Most common symptom is cloudy or blurred visionOther

symptoms include glare, halos around lights, poor night vision,
perceiving that colors are faded or that objects are yellowish,
and the need for brighter light when readingRed reflex may be
absent or may appear as a black area
Signs and Symptoms
*
*
Surgery is the most commonInvolves removing the lens and
placing a plastic intraocular lens (IOL)Usually done on an
outpatient basisNursing interventions includeTeaching
Avoid heavy lifting, straining, or bending at the waist
Wear glasses during the daytime and a shield at nightAdminister
eye drops to aid the healing process and to prevent infection
Treatment
*
Natural fluids of the eye are blocked by ciliary muscle rigidity,
pressure builds, and damage to the optic nerve occursSecond
leading cause of blindness in the United StatesTypes include
congenital glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, low-tension
or normal-tension glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and acute
angle-closure glaucoma (medical emergency)
Glaucoma

*
Most common formRisk varies by race and ageOther high-risk
groups include those with diabetes, hypertension, history of
corticosteroid use, and family history of glaucoma Usually
affects side vision first and may go unnoticed for years
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
*
HeadachesPoor vision in dim lightingIncreased sensitivity to
glareComplaints of “tired eyes” Impaired peripheral visionA
fixed and dilated pupilFrequent changes in prescriptions for
corrective lenses
Signs and Symptoms
*
Occurs when the angle of the iris causes obstruction of the
aqueous humor through the trabecular networkMedical
emergency; blindness can occur in 2 days Those with smaller
eyes, Asians, and women are most susceptibleMay occur with
infection or trauma Symptoms include redness and pain in and
around the eye, severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, and
blurred vision
Angle-Closure Glaucoma
*

Adults older than 65 years of age need annual eye
examinationsThose with medication-controlled glaucoma should
be examined every 6 monthsThose with a family history of
glaucoma and African Americans should be screened annually
after age 40 years
Glaucoma Screening
*
Oral or topical eye drops that lower eye pressureEither decrease
the amount of aqueous fluid produced within the eye or improve
the flow through the drainage angleBeta blockers are the first-
line therapy followed by prostaglandin analogs Second-line
agents include topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and α2-
agonistLaser surgery treatments may be recommended
Treatment
*
Complication of diabetesLeading cause of blindness in the
United StatesBlood and lipid leakage leads to macular edema
and hard exudatesNo symptoms occur in the early stagesEarly
findings observed in funduscopic examination are
microaneurysms, flamed-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool
spots, hard exudate, and dilated capillaries
Diabetic Retinopathy
*

Annual dilated fundoscopic examination should begin 5 years
after diagnosis of diabetes type 1 and at the time of diagnosis of
diabetes type 2Laser treatment can reduce vision lossStrict
control of blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure
Screening and Treatment
*
Thickening of the center of the retinaLeading cause of legal
blindness Affects 1 in 25 adults age 40 years and older with
diabetesIncidence is higher in African Americans and
HispanicsTreatments include medications (cortisone-type
drugs), laser therapy, and anti-VEGF therapy (Lucentis)
Diabetic Macular Edema
*
Leading cause of vision loss in Americans who are 60 years of
age and olderAge is the greatest risk factorOther risk factors
include genetic predisposition, smoking, hypertension, obesity,
and a family historyCauses progressive loss of central vision,
leaving only peripheral vision intact
Macular Degeneration
*
Geographic atrophy (dry age-related macular degeneration
[AMD])Rapid, severe loss of central vision Many will be legally

blind within 2 years of diagnosisNeovascular AMD (wet
AMD)Occurs when abnormal blood vessels behind the retina
start to grow under the maculaThese new blood vessels often
leak blood and fluid, which raise the macula from its normal
place at the back of the eye
Types of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
*
Causes the progressive loss of central vision, leaving only
peripheral vision intact Awareness of a blurry spot in the
middle of vision; blurred areas grow larger, and blank spots
develop, leading to difficulty reading and writingIncreased need
for bright lightColors appear dim and gray
Signs and Symptoms
*
Amsler grid is used to determine the clarity of visionIn early
AMD, exercise, avoiding smoking and a diet high in green leafy
vegetables and fruits may help keep vision longer Treatment
includes photodynamic therapy, laser photocoagulation, and
anti-VEGF therapy
Screening and Treatment
*
*

Medical emergencyCan occur spontaneously or after recent
cataract surgery or eye traumaExhibits a “curtain coming down”
over the line of vision and a gradual increase in floaters or light
flashesSmall holes or tears are treated with laser surgery or
cryopexy Retinal detachments treated with surgery
Detached Retina
*
Not a disease but a frequent complaint among older
adultsCauses can include medications such as antihistamines,
diuretics, beta blockers, and sleeping pillsCommon treatment is
artificial tears or saline gelManagement includes using a home
humidifier and avoiding wind and hair dryers
Dry Eye
*
Which disorder would the nurse suspect in a patient
complaining of intense headaches, bloodshot eyes, and blurred
vision?
Cataracts
Detached retina
Macular degeneration
Angle-closure glaucoma
Question

*
D—Symptoms of acute angle-closure glaucoma include redness
and pain in and around the eye, severe headaches, nausea and
vomiting, and blurred vision.
Answer
*
*
Use warm incandescent lightingIncrease the intensity of
lightingControl glare by using shades and blindsUse yellow-to-
amber lenses to decrease glareWear sunglasses to block out
ultraviolet lightUse reading materials in large, dark printChoose
sharply contrasting colors
Interventions to Enhance Vision
*
Financial and social governmental programsInsulin-delivery
systemsTalking clocks and watchesLarge print
booksMagnifiersTelescopes with handheld devices or attached
to eye glassesElectronic magnification
Low-Vision–Assisted Devices
*

Vision deficiencies affect communication, functional abilities,
safety, and quality of lifeNursing concernsAppropriate
assessmentEnvironmental adaptation to enhance vision and
safetyCommunicating appropriatelyProviding appropriate health
teachingProviding appropriate referrals for prevention and
treatment
Implications for Gerontology Nurses and Healthy Aging
*
*
Third most chronic condition in U.S. older adultsOf those who
are 80 years of age and older, 80% have hearing lossRacial and
gender disparities exist in hearing impairmentRisk factors
include noise exposure, ear infections, smoking, and chronic
disease (e.g., diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart disease)
Hearing Impairments
*
Diminishes the quality of lifeIncreases social
isolationDecreases function Increases likelihood of
hospitalizations, miscommunication, depression, falls, loss of
self-esteem, and safety risksIncreases cognitive decline and
dementia

Consequences
*
Conductive lossInvolves abnormalities of the external and
middle ear, which reduces the ability of sound to be transmitted
to the middle earIs caused by otosclerosis, infection, perforated
eardrum, fluid in the middle ear, or cerumen
accumulationSensorineural lossResult of damage to any part of
the inner ear or the neural pathways to the brain Includes
presbycusis and noise-induced hearing loss
Types of Hearing Loss
*
Perception of sound in one or both ears or in the head when no
external sound is presentDescribed as a “ringing in the
ears”May be described as buzzing, hissing, whistling, cricket
chirping, bells, roaring, clicking, pulsating, humming, or
swishing soundsMay be constant or intermittent
Tinnitus
*
Exact cause can be unknownExposure to loud noises is the
leading causeExacerbated by caffeine, alcohol, smoking, stress,
and fatigueHigh-pitched tinnitus common with sensorineural
lossLow-pitched tinnitus reported in Meniere diseaseMaintain a
diary for times when noise is heardAssess medication
historyLifestyle modifications and treatments

Assessment and Treatment
*
Hearing aids to amplify soundCochlear implants to bypass
damaged portions of the ear and stimulate the auditory nerve in
those with sensorineural hearing lossAssisted listening and
adaptive devices
Interventions to Enhance Hearing
*
What information will the nurse include when teaching a patient
about using a hearing aid?
“This amplifies sound and directs it into the ear canal.”
“You will be able to hear better in noisy or crowded rooms.”
“It will assist you to interpret the incoming sounds more
effectively.”
“This will bypass damaged portions of the ear and stimulate the
auditory nerve.”
Question
*
A—Hearing aids amplify sound in part by directing sound into
the ear canal.
Answer

*
Hearing impairment affects communication, safety, and quality
of lifeNursing concernsAppropriate assessmentCommunicating
appropriatelyProperly caring and maintaining hearing
aidsProviding appropriate health teachingProviding appropriate
referrals for prevention and treatment
Implications for Gerontology Nurses and Healthy Aging
*
*

1. Claudia WarnerFeb 25, 2020Feb 25 at 238pmI am an ENTJ. I .docx

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