Iran And Saudi Arabia International Investment Strategies...

Iran And Saudi Arabia International Investment Strategies...
Abstract
Iran, Saudi Arabia, United States and Russia have characteristics in common, all these four nations have been facing hostile conditions, the population
living in poverty because of government conflicts and ongoing wars against each other. At some point national safety was interrupted by terrorist
attacks in the U.S, turning the most powerful nation into safety vulnerability, facing social un–comfortability and security concerns, Russia and the
national safety strategy created to protect the national interest. Politics, economy, culture, easiness of doing business and so on are important topics to
consider for any multinational decision, over Middle Eastern countries. Iran and Saudi Arabia international investment strategies, political risk, and
sociopolitical concerns are some of the topics that bring relevance in the last decade. Oil is in which Iran and Saudi Arabia economy is based. Iran has
had faced economic sanctions because of the pretended support of terrorism. Forward in struggling situations, Middle East countries has limited
economic relationships with U.S. Members of the government in the Middle East are the concern to increase investment and grow the level of
opportunities, delivering strategies to promote investors to set operations in Middle Eastern nations as Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The social effects that
terrorism caused is fear and disconcert in government. Social and Political Environment in the Middle Eastern Countries How has terrorism
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Ir An Examination Of A Nuclear Iran Through International...
Ziad Jawadi
International Relations: Gabe Scheinmann
4/12/11
Why is Iran Arming: An Examination of a Nuclear Iran through International Relations Theory
A nuclear Iran may be inevitable within the next decade. There is ample evidence suggesting that Iran has the intention and capability of obtaining
nuclear weapons. According to Fox News, a new document issued by the Department of Defense on the Iran nuclear threat states: "Iran could probably
develop and test an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of reaching the United States by 2015." Clark Abt, professor at Harvard
University, estimates that a single nuclear attack on a major US harbor, such as New York City or Washington DC, could cause a loss of one million
civilians and could create three trillion dollars of economic losses. In order to identify the necessary steps to avert Iran from procuring nuclear weapons
and thus preventing possible nuclear attacks, it is crucial to understand why Iran seeks to arm in the first place. It is profusely clear that International
relations theories provide an insight into why Iran aspires to develop a nuclear program. However, upon further examination, only the realist and
identity, not the liberal, theories in international relations can further our knowledge of this issue. Amongst the numerous reasons for Iran's desire to
have nuclear weapons is the innate insecurity and fear of possible attacks by the neighboring countries and their allies. An illustration

The Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh Of Iran Essay
In mid–1953, democratic leader Mohammad Mossadegh of Iran was overthrown in favor of electing General Fazlollah Zahedi the new Iranian Prime
Minister. This was caused by a coup led by the British Secret Intelligence Service and the US Central Intelligence Agency, though plans for the coup
began in Britain about 2 years before the US became involved. Britain, since the early 18th century, had been very involved in Iranian economic
affairs, due to Iranian leader Nasir al–Din Shah selling large chunks of Iranian industry to foreign investors in order to fund his well–known
over–exuberance. Of his foreign investors, Britain bought into Iran heavily, purchasing rights to run a telegraph through Iran to India, exclusive rights
to tobacco in Iran, and exclusive rights to industry, farmland, resources, roads, banks, and currency in Iran, though the latter would later be revoked
(31). This decision to subsequently, over time, led to "control over the nation's most valuable assets" to be given to foreigners, rather than the Iranian
people (32). After Nasir al–Din Shah's death in 1901, his son Muzzaffar sold the rights to Iranian oil to Britain for 60 years. This decision led to
Iranian riots because this would take oil out of Iranian control and Iranian economy would suffer as a result. To combat this, in 1906, Iran formed an
Iranian parliament, known as the Majlis, to defend the Iranian people and keep Iran out of poverty. Feeling threatened, Britain stepped in and integrated

Informative Speech Outline
Introduction I. Today I'm going to talk about my lovely country Persia, which we know it as Iran now. Here is a video that shows how great we were
and how we are now. II. Not the nuclear power but, Iran's history from 300,000 years ago until now. III. Iranian people were a very peaceful nation
through the history but same as the other great histories something make it change. IV. So there is a transition inIran history and we can divide its
history to Iran's history during the Achaemenid Empire, Iran's history when Islam enters to it and Iran in present time.
Transition: how great was Persia? And when Persia was at the peak of glory?
Body
I. Iran's history during the Achaemenid Empire.
A: we were peaceful people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
III. Iran in present time.
A: After all of these splendors time, because of the governments based on religion, Iran converted to the one of the third world countries. 1. Because
there was a civil war in the country for several years, developments stop in Iran and Khomeini didn't do any of those thing that he told the people that
he is going to do after his victory for the country.
B: As I said before because the religious mixed with politics most of the Iranian people suffer from lack of freedom in any cases. 1. Real Islam said
that Muslim supposed to respect to all of the religions, but because Islam and politics mixed in Iran government really didn't mention it. 2. They didn't
let any other religions like Baha'is, Jews and Christians live free in Iran. They arrest them; they torture them and make them force to live their own
country.
C: The governments just think about its own benefits. 1. It is so sad that a rich country like Iran became third world country just because of selfish
government. They really don't care what happened to their people they just think about their own benefits and power in the world.
Transition: All these things work hand to hand to convert Iran from a very big and powerful empire to the third world country.
Conclusion
I This is very small portion of the history of my country Iran, and it is so sad for all Iranian when they review their history from past to now

The 1979: The Islamic Republic Of Iran
Since the 4th century, the Persian world has held great might in world politics. In 1979, Iran was officially established and the Islamic Republic of
Iran. Since then it has been an active and vocal player in world politics. It's rich history of political revolutions have inspired new waves of
government control, tyrannical and benign leaders, and great cultural change over time. The strong religious beliefs expressed by the people of this
nation are both a form of unity and disunity that cause widespread schisms within this state. As a theocratic republic, the intermingling of religion and
government within the state has caused a very controversial history for this nation. Since the late 70's the influence of a Supreme Leader as well as a
government headed by a president rather than a Shah, Iranians have experienced times of great oppression and great change. These studies of Iran have
lead to the conclusion that within world politics, government leadership, diplomatic relations, mutual trust and geopolitical relations are main factors in
a country's ability to function internally and communicate with other nations.
Robin Wrights piece gives a detailed history of Iran and its relations both with global players and with the United States and the many forces that have
influenced Iranian actions internationally. Wright speaks to the great impact and importance that Iran hold as a global player. The author notes that the
1979 revolution was one of three of the greatest

The Molding Hand of Oppression: Forming an Identity in...
Ruby
Instructor Bachman
Writing Across the Arts (Porter 80A–21)
2 November 2012 (1278 words)
The Molding Hand of Oppression: Forming an
Identity in Persepolis
Every person is unique. However, there are many similar parts that go into creating every person's identity. Of course, there is the biology, the genetics.
Then there are outside forces, the nurturing of a person. When trying to form an identity, there are numerous outside factors that contribute, such as
gender, culture, and environment. For Marji, the protagonist of the Persepolis series, being an Iranian woman is absolutely a factor that featured
prominently in the shaping of her personality. She was not allowed to experiment with her identity by her clothing or style, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Marji takes a long bath in the water tub to feel like to be in a cell filled with water, when God appears to her. She is trying to
experience what it feels like to be tortured, like her captured relatives and countrymen. God just randomly appears to her to ask, "What are you
doing?" (Persepolis 1, 25). In that panel, The main color is white. White is a color like purity and spirituality, which makes sense, because God is in
it. However, in the next panel, the background is entirely black. This panel does not have God in it. Instead, it is just Marji almost connecting to the
pains of her grandfather. So the simplicity of the black background helps show the beginning of her internal conflict (McCloud 192). Marji is learning
about how cruel the government truly is, and even God cannot help her understand why. Because Iran was very connected to religion, she always has
a spirituality about her. The government forced a certain religion on Marji. Even though she did not always believe in that religion, she was still
shaped by her conversations with God. Even though God doesn't appear later on, believing in a religion as a child was able to lay the foundation for a
spirituality that would last her the rest of her life.
Living through war is very difficult. Because of war, many of Marji's families and her neighbors met death. Satrapi's graphic style, which is mainly
composed of black and white, depicts violent

All The Shah 's Men
All the Shah's Men by Stephen Kinzer details the 1953 American–orchestrated coup in Iran. Iran was under British economic control, but as it
modernized, Iranians began fighting for their own control. Their fledgling democracy was working to modernize, until the UK and the US decided to
interfere to protect Britain's colonial holdings from Soviet influence. Because the US was not interested in protecting a British business, British
politicians emphasized the threat the USSR held to Iran, leading to Americans inserting themselves into a nation's politics in which they had no place.
They successfully orchestrated a coup, however, the negative, long–term, anti–Western results overwhelm any positive effect. All the Shah's Men by
Stephen Kinzer paints a picture of the results of action without adequate attention to future results.
All the Shah's Men details the Iranian coup of 1953. The British, as a colonial power, ran the Anglo–Iranian Oil Company, which provided much of the
oil Britain needed during World War II. Not only that, but it provided large amounts of revenue for the nation. Meanwhile, the Iranians were not
benefiting from the arrangement, as the British mistreated the Iranian workers and paid only a minute amount of the profits to the Iranian government.
A politician, Mossadegh, arose who would work to nationalize Iranian oil production, taking away economic and political power from the British.
Obviously, the British were unwilling to accept this, and, incensed at

Analysis Of Roy Mottahedeh 's The Mantle Of The Prophet Essay
Roy Mottahedeh is a Gruney Professor at Harvard University, where he teaches pre–modern social and intellectual history of the Middle East and is an
expert on Iranian culture. Mottahedeh started his higher level education journey at Harvard College at which he studied history, he then received a
bachelor's degree in Persian and Arabic at Cambridge University. While teaching at Princeton University, Mottahedeh wrote his first book "Loyalty
and Leadership in an early Islamic Society" in 1980, followed by the McArthur reward that allowed him to release "The Mantle of the Prophet" in 1985.
Mottahedeh writes a historical–political story about the life of a Shi'ite boy who grew up to become a mullah. Mottehedeh refers to the boy as Ali
Hashemi which is a fictional name for the mullah himself. He mentions the various trends and events that occurred in the past half millennium that
built up to the revolution that took place in 1979. In doing so, he manages to characterize the history and politics of Iran by telling the story of Ali
Hashemi.
Mottahedeh attempts to focus on the importance of the education and how the travels of Ali and many other Mullahs to the West helped create a new
system of education in Iran. In addition, he shows the style of Persian culture that revolutionary Iran was trying to abolish and at the same time,
provides a clear understanding to the reader about how Iranians felt about the various governments throughout the 20th century. Furthermore,
Mottahedeh

Shirin Neshat: Femininity And Gender Politics In Iran
The artist's canvas has long been a platform for social change. Art exposes and humanizes issues of social injustice; art shapes politics and confronts
social norms. In the Middle East, female artists are claiming a stake in the historically patriarchal art scene. Their work is feminist in nature and
provides an unprecedented voice and visibility to their gender.
Professional art and artists have been involved in political movements throughout the modern era, fusing aesthetics and politics, art and propaganda. Yet
this is not an endorsement of explicitly political "action" art. Contrarily, it is art without agenda that inspires new perspectives on existing problems
and challenges the status quo by reflecting society back on itself. This is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A previous interactive installations of hers invited women to inscribe their own names on large hanging prayer beads. The work encouraged women to
reclaim their identity by acting out against the social taboo of erasing women's names. A recent piece of Al Dowayan's linked the erasure of identity
with another plight facing Saudi women– the inability to drive. Presented as a collection of photographs, maps, statistics and journal entries, the art
piece gives visibility to the disproportional number of women who have perished in car

The Islamic Revolution Of Iran
The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran changed the geo–political landscape of the Middle East and ushered in more than three decades of hostility with
the United States. In the aftermath, the leaders of the revolution proclaimed their intent to export their vision of political Islam to the rest of the region
and help Iran take its rightful place as a regional hegemon. In 1979, the US was embroiled in the Cold War and in the minds of the American public, the
Middle East was little more than a Cold War sideshow. For those who paid attention, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was the dominant issue in the
region. The overthrow of Mohammed Reza Shah, and the events that followed, forced Iran into the US national consciousness. A little known Shi'a...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The regime's parading of blindfolded hostages in front of news cameras had a visceral impact on the American public. Coupled with extreme
anti–American rhetoric, the hostage crisis seared Iran into the American psyche. The 444–day episode helped bring down an American president and
completely changed the US perception of the Middle East.
For thirty–seven years, US leaders have viewed Iran as one of America's principal adversaries in the world. Throughout that period, US policy in the
Middle East has either implicitly, or explicitly, aimed to isolate Iran in an attempt to either bring down the Islamic government, or at a minimum,
moderate its behavior. However, this policy has not only failed, in many ways it has had the opposite effect. Iran has a xenophobia, deeply rooted in
its history that has cultivated a resentment to even the appearance of foreign influence in its domestic affairs. US attempts to pressure Iran into
moderating its behavior have largely served only to bolster the regime by solidifying its legitimacy in the eyes of many Iranians. The conservative
hardline in Iran is rooted in a platform of resistance to western influence and the US, as the West's standard–bearer, in particular. Confrontation and
coercive diplomacy have only reinforced the internal Iranian narrative of the regime as nobly standing up to imperialist western powers. Iran's
often–extreme rhetoric is aimed at

The Roots of Islamic Revolution in Iran
ROOTS OF IRANIAN REVOLUTION at 1979 Nail KAYAPINAR
The objective of this paper is realize the main reasons of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and see what is changed by revolution. In 1979, a
drastic change has been occurred in Iran. It was a revolution in the true sense of the concept for its lust for justice, liberty and equality. It was also a
popular uprising against imperialism of which all revolutions had the same stand. But it has also many novelties not to the theory, but for the Islamic
perspectives. First and foremost, it was a breaking point within the Islamic history in general and within the Shi'ite tradition in particular1. To
understand and anlyze; todays politic norms ,practical politics of Iran it is so important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Untill XVI.century, in other words untill Safevi Dynasty, shi'ism was not a popular denomnation in Iran. After Safevi domination started in Iran shi'ism
become national religion of Iran. At first period of XVII. Century the era of Nadir Shah (1736–47), pover of Shi'ism was reduce. After this period sub
group of shi'ism Ahbaris and Usulis started to struggle with each other. Usulis strongly advocated the instution "mГјГ§tehit" that implement "iГ§tihat" (
indvidual jurisdiction at interpretion religion law or doctirine), altouhgh Ahbaris argue that each muslim must behave according to Quaran and The
Imams.2 In the end of this Usulis won the struggle. So this growth of the Usuli ulama was thus reinforced by their ability to perform educational,
judicial, and legitimation functions of the Qajar state.3 Usulis accepted not only the legal authory that have right to express opinion about Islamic Law,
they also the people whose decisions consider as rules that people have to obey them. Ayetullah Humeyni comes from usuli scholarship also. At XVII.
Cntury ulema became effective on most law instution. At IIXX. Century dynasty in Iran in the confilict and struggles among thirty different group for
seize authority led to both a large gap in political authority and start bad reletions between ulama and goverment. At this era that there is no political
authority ulama took had authority on the local adminstration, legislation,

The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Iran Essay
The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Iran
Over the course of the last century, the Islamic Republic of Iran (formerly known as Persia) has seen colonialism, the end of a dynasty, the installation
of a government by a foreign power, and just over three decades ago, the popular uprising and a cleric–led revolution. These events preceded what
could be considered the world's first Islamic state, as politics and fundamentalist religion are inextricably linked in contemporary Iran. Looking at Iran
from the mid 1940's until the present day, one can trace the path that led to the rise of fundamental Islam in Iran in three distinct periods. The first is
that which began with the rise of secular nationalism and the decline of Islam. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a classic case of western countries meddling in the foreign affairs of a sovereign nation for their own national interests, the American CIA and
British intelligence conspired to topple the democratically elected government in 1953. They succeeded in restoring the exiled Pahlavi dynasty to power
by installing Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran. After taking office, Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
continued and expanded upon a policy of westernization begun by his father and aggressively repressed Iran's fundamental Islamists to consolidate his
power. The Pahlavi dynasty's restoration fostered anger among the citizens, as Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was seen as a western puppet and
therefore a more contemporary extension of the humiliating colonialism endured at the hands of the west. Fostering women's rights, western dress,
toleration of alcohol and the suppression of Islamic customs, traditions and clothing all served to earn him the ire of the general population and Islamic
clerics. Milton–Edwards (2006) referred to this "accelerated secularism" (p. 37) as being part of the erosion of religious elements in Iran. Muhammad
Reza Shah Pahlavi thought himself loved by the people, but popular sentiment was against him; and completely behind an exiled Iranian cleric living in
Paris named AyatollahRuhollah Khomeini. Ayatollah Khomeini had been writing papers

Themes Of Politics And Society In Persepolis By Marjane...
In the graphic novel Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi, pivotal issues of politics, warfare, religion, family, and femininity are vividly contented with
through the humorous visual account of the main character's process of hellacious coming of age, profound moral growth, and self–actualization.
Influenced by a Westernized upbringing and inspired by her perceptions during the Islamic Revolution (1979) and theIran–Iraq War (1980–1988), the
author achieves to elaborate a piece of valuable art that explores and appraises the voids and the connections between culturally different worlds.
Although Satrapi's masterpiece was published more than ten years ago, its themes and symbols retain paramount applicability in contemporaneous
society, providing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the graphic novel, the belief that the United States of America enhanced the Iran–Iraq War justifies Iran being ruled by religious fundamentalists and
xenophobic of Westerners. The fact that the Reagan Administration supported Saddam Hussein's attempt to annex Iranian territory with loans, military
equipment and satellite imagery led Iranian extremists to reinforce their mistrust in Western policies. Ultimately, the lack of trust and confidence in
Western intervention succumbed Iran into an everlasting, extremist regime that insists in cultural ignorance, controls the media, promotes misogyny,
and employs death and fearmongering to influence the opinions and actions of a subdued and continuously misunderstood population. Consequently,
the instauration of such a radical jurisdiction has further impact on the views of Middle Eastern culture and religion. As expressed by Satrapi in her
introduction to Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood, the "wrongdoings of a few extremists" has caused "this old and great civilization" to be
"discussed mostly in connection with fundamentalism, fanaticism, and terrorism", knowing, "as in Iranian who has lived more than half her life in
Iran", that the projected image is "far from the

Iran Hostage Crisis By Paul Pierpaoli: Article Analysis
In the article "Iran Hostage Crisis," Paul Pierpaoli Jr. claims that this event greatly impacts American politics and international relationships. Throughout
the article, Pierpaoli alternates between events in Iran and events in the United States to emphasize the correlation and interconnectedness between the
two countries. The author begins by stating the prior events before November 4, 1979, and explains how the depth hatred of America and the shah
came to be. He implies that AyatollahRuhollah Khomeini began to fire the previous resentment against the United States and persuade the country to
commit acts against the government, and in turn the United States, which led to the taking over of the embassy. In November of 1979, around seventy

Persepolis
Kyle Gates Professor Jesse Dobson English 1301–008 (Gate) 15 September 2014 Persepolis In the novel, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by
Marjane Satrapi, there are many different themes that you could look at and decide to analyze. I decided to look at four different themes that are
brought up throughout the novel. In the novel there is a lot of talk about the contrasting regions of Iran and everywhere else in the world, politics
and religion, and warfare. In Persepolis: the Story of a Childhood, the concept of contrasting regions is explored by Satrapi when she talks about
what it's like to grow up in Iran, and to be misunderstood no matter where you go simply because of where you came from. The country of Iran acts
like it hates... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Satrapi talks about the Mullah that she was interviewed by and the Mullah said that she was the only person who did not lie, and she felt that she
was lucky to have met a "truly religious man". Satrapi feels that there aren't many true religious men in Iran, and most of them will use religion as
a means to power. She was happy to see that the man in charge if admitting her to college truly believes in his religion, and appreciates Satrapi's
true belief as well. Warfare is another theme that is brought up often, because at the time people had just been through one revolution and are
heading into another war. "The Iranian fundamentalists tried to stir up their Iraqi Shiite allies against Saddam...He's always wanted to invade Iran.
And here's the pretext. It's the second Arab invasion."(Satrapi 10.50) In Iran, to get kids to enlist into the military and fight in the war. The military
and the government told the kids that if they fought in the war they would receive a gold key that would get them into heaven if they died in the
war. In most countries we try and make war seem like a good thing, but we know that war is hell no matter how you experience it. The sounds of
gunfire is what some kids like to hear on their tv when they play games, but bullets tear through everything and are not stopped easily. Some people in
the world seek war games as entertainment and think that it's all just fun and

Allotayah Khomeini: The role he played in modern history,...
Allotayah Khomeini: The role he played in modern history, and how his rule effectively changed Iran
Allotayah Khomeini (1902–1989) came into power after the Iranian Revolution of 1979 replacing the Shah as the supreme religious leader of the
Islamic Republic of Iran and was later named the political and religious leader of Iran for the rest of his life. Khomeini was able to take over due to his
strong belief that Iran's government should be returned to its traditional Islamic ways, returning it to its secular government. In the following essay I
will discuss the extent of cultural and religious changes he brought to Iran during and after his reign, proving whether or not he was an effective ruler
and how he changed Iran in the long run. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Sandra Mackey's book The Iranians she describes charisma and leadership in the Islamic world by saying "In the Iranian concept of leadership, a
leader possesses charisma because he is endowed with supernatural powers or at least exceptional qualities that set him apart from ordinary humans.
He commands a special grace, an otherworldly quality that engenders trust, commitment and an irresistible desire to follow" (Mackey, 96). Khomeini
possesed this manner which gained the support he needed to change the course of Iranian history. Some may argue that politics is not simply a
"popularity contest" and that it doesn't truly change the course of history however in this case his popularity was one of the deciding aspects to
weather he was successful or not.
Religious Beliefs and practices that were put into place:(Secular governing):
As a religious leader Khomeini was incredibly traditionalistic, as a young boy he had studied the Koran with his brothers and became a shi'ite
scholar (a religious scholar of the highest knowledge). His knowledge and love for the Koran played a large role in his governing. His beliefs and
religion lead him to opposing the Shah. He founded his theory of a state based on Islamic principles and laws which would be lead by a clergy, this
theory combined Islamic theocracy mixed with some democracy. This theory was based on what he had learned from his classical islamic schooling,
he would

Hardball Analysis
Chris Matthews' Hardball: How Politics is Played Told by the One Who Knows the Game gives readers an inside view to the world of politics.
Matthews describes the tactics, tricks, and skills every politician will need when running for office and how to "win the game." Matthews' advice is
applicable to the 2016 presidential campaign, which started earlier this year, and should be used by some inexperienced candidates, such as Republican
and businessman Donald Trump. Another example of Matthews' other strategies being applied today can be found in President Obama's decision to
make the Iran Deal in July. Lastly, the recurrent discussion on citizenship and immigration during the presidential campaign, especially involving
Trump, can be solved using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Matthews' suggests several useful skills that anyone involved in the government should follow and use to their advantage. Trump uses the "spin" and
"hang a lantern on your problem" techniques to bring in a flux of men and women to his support system. Furthermore, President Obama's recent deal
with Iran can be directly related to Matthews' "keep your enemies in front" ideology. Lastly, the Supreme Court used the silence tactic Matthews'
described to keep controversies between the Constitution and birthright citizenship to a slow stop. Matthews' skills are constantly in use in politics and
will remain relevant for years to

How Obama Broke The Law
Obama broke the law! Obama violated the law! These are the titles of some of the articles published the week that Obama's administration paid $400
million to Iran. That payment to Iran coincided with the release of some American hostages. Many republicans or people opposing to Obama's
decision claim it was a ransom. Since Iran has been in the list of states sponsoring terrorism, they also claim that Obama's administration is somehow a
sponsor of terrorist activities as well. In the other side, President Obama explained that this money is part of the deal they finally concluded with Iran.
On the White House website, a 112 pages' document called the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) gives some detailed about the deal with
Iran. It says that the deal:
п‚§Cuts off all Iran's pathway to nuclear weapon, including a covert pathway
п‚§Puts in place vigorous measures that are necessary to verify that Iran cannot pursue a weapon
п‚§Ensures sanction can be snapped back into place if Iran violated the deal
Now that we have an idea about the current status of Iran nuclear deal, let us go back a bit to recapitulate about how the issue has arisen and why it
was very concerning.
After the death of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989, president Ali Rafsanjani came on power. One of his goals was to ameliorate relation with Western
powers. Then, in 1997, Iran elected President President Muhammed Khatami. He was a reformist. Thanks to him and his efforts, relations with the
western society was

The Stuxnet Virus Essay
John Velarosa
Professor Ingram D. Rogers
1106CSIA3014041
August 3rd 2011
The Stuxnet Virus
The Stuxnet Virus
Abstract:
What diplomacy could not achieve, sanctions could not silent, and for which a military option was not viable, a cyber attack quietly accomplished.
Kim Zetter an investigative reporter with Wired Magazine online calls Stuxnet, "a piece of software that would ultimately make history as the world's
first real cyberweapon." (Zetter, 2011, sec. 1)
In his article, Is "Stuxnet" the best malware ever? Gregg Keizer of Computer World says:
"The Stuxnet worm is a "groundbreaking" piece of malware so devious in its use of unpatched vulnerabilities, so sophisticated in its multipronged
approach, that the security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
or Israel, that Israeli intelligence tested aspects of the worm using centrifuges identical to Iran's at Israel's Dimona complex. Even Siemens the German
company cooperated with Idaho National Laboratories in the US to identify the vulnerabilities of computer controllers that the company sells to operate
industrial machinery around the world. Not too long afterwards, those very vulnerabilities were exploited by Stuxnet.
2. Why a Cyber Attack?
Cyber warfare requires intellect not military might and a country does not have to be a military superpower to wage a cyber attack. Cyber attack
tracks are much easier to cover and are easily attributable to another entity. While cyber attacks are only recently been declared by our military and
political leadership as acts of war, compared to an actual physical military attack on another country life can go on as usual for most of the citizens on
both sides of the conflict without the slightest idea that their country is at war. It does not cost billions of dollars to run or manage and is hardly a
long–term commitment of hundreds of thousands of troops and the logistics to support them and their equipment at the front lines. In case of Iran, a
cyber attack was the most viable option available to global powers because the Iranian regime did not hesitate to make threats against the United States
and Israel should it have been attacked militarily to make it stop trying to produce nuclear

Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis
Persepolis Review
"One can forgive but one should never forget" is one of the quotes that Marjane Satrapi says in her memoir titled Persepolis. The memoir tells the
story of Marjane when she was ten years old during the Islamic Revolution in the Middle East, specifically in her home country Iran. Most people
evacuated the country because they knew there was not going to be a safe, prosperous future for their children. Due to Marji's development from
youth to maturity, she undergoes teenage rebellion and feels a desire to escape. The entirety of this memoir is portrayed as a graphic novel where
Satrapi uses illustrative techniques such as the way she shades and colors and also the way that some panels bleed for emphasis.
Marji was a child ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, Marji was not only a girl when the war started, but she was a girl who was a bit of a rebel. Marji skipped school because she wanted to
act mature, also because she didn't want to feel isolated so she chose some 14 year–old friends. She followed them at Jordan Avenue to get some
hamburgers but actually her friends went there to see some guys. In addition, Marji was expelled for many reasons. One of the reasons was because
Marji hit the principal accidently when she was trying to get her wrists away. She was back talking the principal because of the jewelry policy and
then accidently hit her which resulted in expulsion. Marji's temperament was fiery when it came to something she was passionate about and cared
about deeply.
Additionally, Marji had been in Iran for the past 12 years of her life and she noticed that Iran will never be the same. She wanted to leave the country
with her family but not everything went as planned. Marji was not the only person who wanted to leave Iran, in the memoir she says, "After my
friend's departure, a good part of my family also left the country. 'Maybe we should leave too...' said Taji. 'So that I can become a taxi driver and you a
cleaning lady?' Ebi (Marji's father). 'My friend Kaveh left for the United States too.' Marji said sadly. 'Don't worry. Everyone who left will come back.
They're just afraid of change.' answered Ebi. Let's hope so. answered Taji nervously" (64). Taji and Marji wanted to leave the

Compare And Contrast Iranian And French Revolution
French Revolution vs. Iranian/Islamic Revolutionоїї
оїѕ
I. Introduction
The word revolution means re–birth. Many societies have had revolutions and this had affected how our societies live today and how the politics are
in country or area. In this essay I will compare and contrast the french revolution that lasted from 1789 to 1799 and the Iranian or as some call it the
Islamic revolution that lasted from January 1978 to february 1979. The French and iranian revolution were both political revolutions that has affected
our lives and politics today.
The french and iranian revolutions are both political revolutions that have made politics today different than if the revolutions hadn't happened.
II. French revolutiono A. Why it happened ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The French revolution had more initiative from the people, they made uproar and made more damage. The Iran citizens made uproar and were
emotionally triggered about how their country and they were treated, but the citizens did not have as numerous events where they demonstrated or
created uproar.
IV. Third compare/contrast point between the French revolution and Iranian/Islamic revolution is the time period it happened in.
I think that revolutions time periods were crucial when they happened it has shaped how the revolution turned out in the end. The time periods were
very busy time periods in our history due to the fact that there was different things happening in other country in that time.
Conclusion
To conclude all revolutions have something in common and that is to make a big change in how society gets treated and every revolution begins
with someone with a voice that decides to speak up for himself. In Frances case Robespierre decided to lead the revolution and in Iran's case it
craved that Khomeini was brave and decided to come back to his country. If these revolution hadn't happened both governments would not be as they
are today and we would see politics in a whole other

Persepolis Analysis
In Marjane Satrapi's graphic novel, Persepolis, the protagonist, Marji, faces hardships and conflict as a woman in Iran. When discussing conflict
that Marji faces, politics is one topic that stands out the most. Growing up in a war torn and corrupt country, Marji is exposed to violence at a young
age and is forced to mature quickly. As she grows older she experiments during a period of rebellion and temporarily leaves her home country in an
effort to find herself. However, much later, she circles back toIran and comes home to the same crumbling and oppressive system she has always
resented. Even though Marji may change as she travels to new places, grows older, and experiments with her self expression, her constant strife with
the Islamic Regime's political ideology remains.
Although Marji begins as an outspoken and confident young girl, she quickly has to adjust to the harsh rules of society. Marji's first conflict arises
when she is forced to wear a veil in school. One frame shows her and all of her classmates playing different kinds of childish games with the veils
they were forced to wear. In one corner, a girl is jump roping with a veil, and in another corner, two girls are faking an execution (Satrapi, 3, fr. 5). This
is because Marji and her classmates do not understand why they have veils and undermine the authoritative power by playing with them. Although a
small event in the novel, this mini–revolt sets a precedent for Marji's actions in response to the regime's rules as she grows older. Later in the story,
she is inspired to join the revolution and make a change after seeing her parents protesting. On one night, an audacious Marji storms into her parents'
room and exclaims, "I want to come with you tomorrow! To demonstrate on the street. I am sick and tired of doing it in the garden. For a revolution to
succeed, the entire population must support it" (Satrapi, 16–17). Marji's eloquent words are that of someone who is willing to sacrifice his/herself to
make change in a corrupt system. In return for dealing with such heavy political issues, Marji is passionate about protesting and expressing her disdain
for the Iranian government. Though Marji eventually decides to leave Iran for a short period of

Ali M. Ansari 's Novel Confronting Iran
Ali M. Ansari's novel Confronting Iran describes the United States relations with Iran. Ansari begins his telling of the ever changing relations between
Iran and the US in 1911. Anasari describes the apprehension of the US to enter into Iranian relations because there existed no government by the
western perspective. At the time the Iranian Government was largely reliant on other powerful countries around them. In 1911 the Iranian Government
Invited American merchant banker Morgan Shuster to assist a team of the country 's economist. Shuster arrived to a country that was mostly run by
people from other countries, there we people from France, Germany, the English, Russians and many others. It was made obvious the many other
countries had a steak in the country 's future and ultimately were only in it for said countries benefit from Shuster's perspective. Iran was a struggling
country, the country narrowly escaped European expansion, the Iranian independence was only maintained because the country had a few politically
skilled statesmen. Ansari also describes Iran 's relation with the west during the 19th century. Ansari then describes the United States relation with Iran,
largely the US experienced a formal commercial relationship with the people of Iran, they did not pursue a political involvement in the country 's
affairs. While the US remained removed politically, they did send Shuster and his team to the country, Shuster and his team were not only employed by
the United

Persepolis Analysis
In Marjane Satrapi's novel "Persepolis", the story of a young girl and a nation are both at the forefront. The main character, Marjane, is growing up in
the midst of the Islamic revolution in Iran and experiences both the cultural and societal disarray that follows. Despite Marjane modern lifestyle and
beliefs she experiences internal dissonance regarding her past ideas, her current ideals, and the reality of her nation. Similarly, Iran also faces a lack of
identity surrounding the revolution. The idea of Iran as a singular and separate nation is questioned and such disarray leads to a radical change in
ideals and daily life. Even after the revolution, Iran is faced with inner disputes and conflicting ideas within the society. In this way, both Marjane and
the nation of Iran experiences a lack of identity and inner turmoil in light of the revolution. Satrapi's childhood figure embodies not only the conflicting
ideas within an individual living in Revolution–era Iran, but also the internal dissonance within Iranian society during this time.
In "Persepolis", Marjane is a child when the Islamic revolution took place in Iran. At the beginning of the book, Marjane is specified to have
conflicting ideologies. Marjane's family is shown to be against the shah. Marjane is initially conflicted over the ideas regarding religion and politics.
she is shown to be both deeply religious in her reasoning of becoming a prophet; however, she admires communists and aspires to be a revolutionist

Myanmar's Foreign Politics for Iran, North Korea, and...
A balanced approach is always needed to ensure the most effective execution of diplomatic efforts and the best results. Additionally, the focus should be
on policy change not on regime change; when a country feels pressured that another country is trying to come in and oust the ruling government, its
actions will be hostile and it will not cooperate with diplomatic discussions. Only when a country feels that it is getting something proportionate will it
fully cooperate with outside influences .
Different tactics of diplomacy are often needed in unison to address the stubborn countries that refuse to comply with foreign demands. These tactics
include involving other multinational or transnational actors in the foreign policy of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One issue with the approach in Iran was that the nations which threatened actions if their conditions were not met during the first round of rhetoric
never delivered on their promises, signaling to Iran that any future breaches of trust will not be punished. Another issue is that the umbrella sanctions
are negatively impacting the living of the citizens. To combat this, the original EU3 and the United States have started to implement 'smart sanctions',
targeting the individual Revolutionary Guard officers and their companies and the banks they do business with, so that they can starve out the people
behind Iran's nuclear proliferation which decreasing the impact on the Iranian civilians .
North Korea:
North Korea has been participating in Six–Party talks with the U.S., China, Japan, South Korea, and Russia in regards to its humanitarian violations
and nuclear proliferation. These talks are to ensure that the DPRK and the U.S. respect each other's sovereignty and are taking steps towards
normalizing their relationships, with a focus on policy change not regime change . However, after the NK nullified cordial relationships with the
United States with its series of missile tests and nuclear weapons tests, the condemnations and sanctions

Persepolis : The Invisible Art Essay
Persepolis In graphic memoir Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi illustrates the eventful life of Marji, an Iranian girl's living most of her life in Tehran, Iran
during the Islamic Revolution. The author commences her story as child and creates a timeline of series of events as she enters adulthood. Marji,
represents many disenfranchise women, as she faces discrimination, exile, and confusion in her own country. Uniquely, Starapi's work can be a
justification to prove Scott McCloud's design theories in Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. In McCloud's nonfiction book, he analyzes the
structure and strategies authors use to guide the audience to identify the message behind each comic or graphic novel. In this case, Satrapi clearly uses
concepts McClould mentions, such as abstraction, closure, framing, an others to create a phenomenal work of art. In essence, Satrapi utilizes several
(comical) strategies in order for the audience apply and complete ambiguous topics and conflicts Marji experiences throughout her life.
(as she illustrating her life through a graphic novel). In McCloud's nonfiction book, Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art, he explains the different
theories authors of comic books may apply to engage the reader. For instance, in chapter 2 McCloud explores the meaning of an icon and the role it
conveys in a comic book. He states that an icon is an "image used to represent a person, place, thing or idea" which Satrapi utilizes through the
character Marji

Critical Essay on A Nuclear Armed Iran: A Difficult but...
In his paper about Iran's nuclear program, Barry R. Posen emphasized that Iran's nuclear program may result on regional and global instability. On
regional level, neighboring countries of Iran will feel threatened with Iran's nuclear power. This situation may lead them to follow Iran's step in
developing nuclear weapons even though they do not have the capability to ensure the security of their nuclear sites. Clearly, nuclear weapons
proliferation will put the Middle East in escalating dangerous situation. On global level, the U.S. and its allies are concerned that the situation in the
Middle East may harm their national interests. The Middle East is still a prominent producer of oil which is the main energy resource for industrial...
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The writers from the U.S. looks stuck in Orientalism; the perspective which believes that the Western perspective is the only way to describe the
international politics in recent situations. Orientalism itself is internalized by several western mass media journalists or scholars through unconscious
processes (Alatas, 2012). Several IR scholars, from Europe and the U.S., gain their knowledge from Western literatures and lack of knowledge or
experience about Eastern, in this context is Asia, situation and perspectives. This method of research has shaped the inaccurate analysis on Eastern
Issues. Also, the experts of IR usually obtain supporting information from the Western mass media which are composed by Western journalists similar
to what Posen had in his paper.
Most of Posen supporting documents are Western literatures and it is showing lack of Eastern views, in the analysis of Iran nuclear power. With facts
that there is a culture belief that Eastern is less civilized and this belief has been rooted in the subconscious of Western people cultural mindset, Posen
probably will not get a balance information and will make suspicious defensive approach prediction when Eastern countries build its power. Thus,
Pozen analysis is not clearly objective. He might be forgetting that several Eastern countries have their

What Were The Consequences Of The Cold War
One cannot apprehend the consequences the Second World War had, that lead to the Cold War without having a look at the happenings and events
during the war itself. The rivalry of influence between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War is indubitable. In the aftermath of
World War Two, the United States and theSoviet Union were already militarily and diplomatically engaged in Iran. Iran became the major theatre of
ideological conflict between the great powers, these effects would deeply influence and shape Iran's politics and history. In this essay, I intend to
explore the effects the Cold War had on Iran's politics, starting with the stance of Iran during World War 2 and ending with the Iranian Revolution that
brought ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various political parties demanded a role in his government such as the Tudeh party, an Iranian communist party formed in 1941 that wanted the
government to take control and own the nation's businesses and properties. Many groups also wanted foreign companies banned from Iran. Most
Iranians opposed Great Britain. The British ran the largest oil facility in Iran and took advantage of it, Iranian oil flowed out of the country and British
companies became rich from it whilst Iranians received little to no profit. In 1951, Iranians elected a man named Mohammad Mosaddeq as prime
minister. The prime minister was the most powerful man in the government – even more powerful than the Shah himself. Mosaddeq vowed to
nationalize Iranian oil and free Iran from foreign control by the West. When Mosaddeq tried to do so, the British claimed that he was stealing property.
Along with the Soviet Union, the United States had come from World War Two as a superpower. When the British felt their personal interests in Iran
were threatened, they asked the United States for help. The British argued that communists in Iran, supported by the Soviet Union were threatening to
take over Iran and its valuable oil. President Eisenhower did not need any more

Relationship Between The West And Iran
The relationship between the West and Iran has been notoriously rocky. Several main factors accumulating at the beginning in the 20th century have
led to a perfect storm of religion, imperialism and radicalism that have come together to create the Islamic Republic of Iran that was built primarily on
anti–Americanism. How did this happen and why is this republic so anti–American? The Islamic Republic is built upon a revolutionary type of
anti–Americanism that can be "found among opposition groups seeking to overthrow regimes closely identified with the United States; attacking such
regimes thus involves attacking the United States." Researcher and analyst, Ray Takeyh, a Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies on the Council on
Foreign Relations, says Iran "persistently puzzles Westerners" with its dualities, contradictions and paradoxes. He says the West constantly gets Iran
wrong because of its failure to understand Iran's factional politics and ideology. These dualities and contradictions, for Takeyh, see Iran, in essence, as
suffering from an identity crisis.
While the Persians continue to find themselves in the modern world, it is clear that Iran has been shaped and manipulated by foreign regimes in the
past that has left Iran encompassed in delusion, paranoia and mistrust of the West. Adam Tarock, professor of Political Science, from the University of
Melbourne, elegantly noted the pattern of Iranian foreign policy showing the dualities and inconsistencies of

The Conflict Between Saudi Arabia And Iran
It's often thought, in the west, that the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran is 14–centurys old and that we don't understand it because we (the west)
are so dis–attached from religion in governance. For example, the end of religious politics in the US is credited with the writings of the English
philosopher John Locke and this view on religion became particularly influential in the United States Constitution in 1787 (ref). State figures like
Barack Obama showed this in his final State of the Union Address, he called the region a place "rooted in conflicts that date back millennia" (Obama,
2016). The truth of the situation is, religious politics has been left behind in the west. It's true that the divide in identities within Islam was formed from
a religious dispute centuries ago. It's also nothing new that Sunnis and Shia's have been in conflict for decades maybe centuries. The rivalry between
the two has had a violent affect in contemporary Middle East stabilization and politics.
Sectarianism between Saudi Arabia and Iran shouldn't be concluded as a foreign ancient feud that conflicts modern political logic but rather a modern
phenomenon and a product of contemporary politics. Furthermore, it is playing out not in obscure theological forums but in the political arena.
Sectarianism has become the product of key factors that play into religion. Islamism is a modern day ideology which asks for an ideal Islamic state,
formed on the foundations of Islamic law. Islamism is

The Effects Of US Sanctions On Iran
U.S Sanctions on Iran
Anna Marie Contreras
35N Advanced Leaders Course
Introduction
Currently, numerous sanctions target the Iranian economy. These sanctions are implemented and enforced by the United States of America, The
European Union, and several other United Nation members to include; Japan, the Republic of Korea, Canada, Australia, Norway, Switzer.
Fathollah–nejad, A. (2013). These measures are necessary to enforce international laws through means other than war.
These sanctions range from financial institutions, oil refinery and production, third party investors, weapons trade, and investment banking.
Unfortunately, these sanctions have yet to effect a change in the Iranian administrative policy on the development of... Show more content on
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The hostage situation received more coverage in the media and politics than any event since World War II. They were finally released in 1981. In
1985, the U.S provided weapons to Iran to fund operations to free American hostages in Lebanon. After embezzlements and illegal money transfers to
South America, this incident threatened U.S political relations around the world. Later, the USS Vincennes shots down an Iranian passenger plane,
killing 290 civilians en route to Mecca. The plane was mistaken for a fighter jet. 1997 brought the election of Iranian President Mohammad Khatami
who declared an interest in mending relations with the U.S. The US would later call Iran a part of the "Axis of Evil (Bush) and infuriate Iranians
world wide.
Modern Iranian and U.S relations ( 2002–2015)
An Iranian Opposition group reveals Nuclear plants and refineries. This begins the U.N and individual country sanctions on Iran. Four rounds of
sanctions are implemented and no change in foreign or nuclear policy in Iran has occurred. In 2014, President Obama and newly elected Iranian
President Rouhani conducted a teleconference. This was the first President–to–President talk between the nations in 30 years. History of Iran: Oil
Nationalization. (2001).
Sanctions: Cause and Effect in Iran
Webster defines a sanction as: an action that is taken or an order that is given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade
with that country, by

The Ecstasy Of Influence : A Plagiarism
Conflict occurs when there are opposing views with those of higher authority, the oppressor, and those beneath them, the oppressed. In "Project
Classroom Makeover," Cathy Davidson explores the struggle between the current state of the American education system and the necessity of an
improved one. Correspondingly, in "The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism," Johnathan Lethem highlights the problems individuals encounter dealing
with the premises of governmental limits on intellectual property. Comparably, in "Selections fromReading Lolita in Tehran," Azar Nafisi examines the
strife between the Iranian citizens and the authoritarian Iranian regime. Overall, people create conflict with the authority of their larger social group
because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Davidson speculates that during "the ritual dressing down in [the superintendent's] office...it wasn't Mrs. Davidson who left feeling chastised"
(Davidson 68). Through this quote, since the superintendent feels chastised, it shows that he feels punished for not being able to approve of Mrs.
Davidson's teaching style because he knows he is doing a disservice to the students in enforcing the standardized way of teaching. But, the
superintendent intentionally needs to misrepresent the idea of Mrs. Davidson because he needs to uphold his end through enforcing what the school
requires of him. Thus, when the authority misrepresents ideas of the overall social group, even intentionally, it leads to conflict.
Similarly, on a larger scale, the misrepresentation of beliefs leads to the same type of conflict between the leaders of the social group and the people
the leaders represent. In Iran, Nafisi describes the government as having control over daily activities and limiting the overall freedom of its citizens.
To depict this oppressive behavior, Nafisi questions, "how well could one teach when the main concern of university officials was not the quality of
one's work but the color of one's lips, the subversive potential of a single strand of hair?" (Nafisi, 284). In this instance, the university officials
discriminate against the students based on their

Religion And Politics : The Middle East Essay
Gerald Ankapong
Professor Turner
Poli 351
25 October 2016
Religion and Politics
Religion plays a central role in Middle Eastern politics, in part because political struggles have for centuries been understood as religious conflicts and
in part because of the intimate ties of the three Abrahamic faiths in the region. The middle east is the birthplace of the world's three Abrahamic religions
– Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The fact that religion and politics have a long history in the Middle East does not mean that religion is always, or
even most of the time, a crucial factor driving political conflicts. Most of the politics of the Middle East have been viewed by those inside and outside
the region as driven by religious difference. From the Arab–Israeli conflict to the Iranian revolution to the emergence of extremist groups such as
al–Qaeda, religion has indeed been at the center of major political struggles in the region, with regimes, opposition groups, and everyday citizens
routinely.
Religion is a vital part of daily life in every Middle Eastern country, informing the ways in which most ordinary citizens understand politics as well as
their own place in the world. Today, the political left inIsrael views the Israel state more as a protector of the Jewish community than as a strictly
religious state. On the right, Zionism is broadly viewed as an effort to realize God's intention that the Jewish people establish a Kingdom of God in that
specific land. Today, Judaism

III. Dependence of the Gulf states on external security...
III. Dependence of the Gulf states on external security guarantees
The previous part of the essay mostly focused on internal political dimensions of instability and conflict in the Arab part of the Gulf. Other factors of
instability in the Gulf belong to the systemic level of the Gulf subregion. One of these factors is the existing regional security architecture, which
fosters dependence on the U.S. to provide means of defence and deterrence.
Part of the issue is that U.S. security guarantees result in lack of consensus and cooperation among the Gulf states themselves, which ultimately fuels
conflict. It could be argued that American security commitments and lack of cooperation are mutually reinforcing and form a vicious circle. ... Show
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is destabilising for two main reasons: a) it prioritises bilateral security arrangements with the U.S., which removes the incentive for creation of a
cooperative regional security architecture, while b) sparking conflict with Iran, the state excluded and threatened by these arrangements. Basically,
because security is exclusive and provided externally, international relations in the Gulf remain a zero–sum game plagued by security dilemmas, power
politics, instability and conflict.
IV. Conflictual nature of international relations in the Gulf
The second systemic cause of instability is that of the anarchical nature of the regional international system, which perpetuates conflict and punishes
states for deviation from conflictual behavior patterns. For the past 30 years the Gulf has seen three major interstate conflicts, each leading to the next
and entrenching conflict as the only mode of interaction.
These clashes carried significant neorealist undertones . For example, in 1980 Iraq attacked Iran, because, it can be argued from a neorealist
perspective, Iran was isolated and weakened by internal revolutionary struggles, while the pre–existing balance of power had shifted in Iraq's favour. In
this case, even if we accept the fact that Iran had been trying to achieve the fall of the Iraqi regime through insurgency, the neorealist position would
still hold true, for

American Politics : Ir The Reason Why Iran Essay
Nathan Payne
13 March 2015
American Politics
Iran
The reason why Iran is such an issue in today's world is because we are not quite sure what their intentions are. For the past 20 or so years, politicians
and international organizations have been saying that Iran was close to developing a nuclear weapon, while they say that their only intentions are
developing nuclear power to help power their country. Countries that see themselves as not really being allies with Iran feel threatened that they will
develop a nuclear weapon and use it on them. Both the United States and Israel feel this way. The unease between the US and Iran seems to stem from
the reign of the Shah, who came to power as the result of a coup promoted by the CIA. This coup managed to replace the previous government with
one controlled by the Shah, who was pro–American and supported the Westernization of his country. Over time, this angered many of the people in
Iran, especially students. In 1979, revolutionaries managed to take control of the United States Embassy in Iran and hold its staff hostage and replace
the Shah with the anti–American Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini. The staff would eventually be released after negotiations and when President
Reagan came to office. Another event that caused more tension between the United States and Iran was when the United States supported Iraq in the
Iran–Iraq War and helped supply them with arms. The United States also began putting sanctions on Iran to

Changing Identities in Iran
An Analysis of the Changing Identities Influencing Iran's
Development
The multifaceted political and socio–cultural context of the Middle–East often leads to misunderstandings about the nature of its society. In order to be
fully aware of the reasoning as to why states in the Middle–East do what they do, an in depth analysis linking both the past and present is necessary.
The continuous disorder portrayed in the news has created a negative image of the Middle–East. In the case of Iran, this is especially true. Similarly to
many other states in the Middle–East, Iran's past can be characterized by perpetual ideological conflict, rivaling tribal factions and a difficulty in
sustaining a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1926 the monarchy passed a universal conscription law that required all Iranian men to serve in the army for at least two years.[7] This had much
to do with the notion that the rise of states is directly correlated to war–making.[8] Once again a progressively imperialist notion adopted by Reza Shah
helped in guiding his view of a modern Iran. Reza Shah Pahlavi's ability to transform Iranian identity to a primarily secular mentality was entirely
reflective throughout Iranian life. The widespread diffusion of Western thought was felt everywhere in society. The remarks of an Iranian magazine
editor at the time are symbolic: "Salvation from long lasting misery is only possible by blind submission to the Western civilization; Iran must be
westernized outwardly as well as inwardly, physically as well as mentally."[9] As result of Reza Shah's transformation of Iranian life, the local power
in Iran throughout the 1920's was relatively strong, however very unorganized. The problem with Reza Shah's centralized doctrine was its dismissive
role of

Sunni Shia Conflict Essay
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Saudi Arabia considers itself to be the Protector of Islam as they contain Mecca and Medina as well as oversee the Hajj. The Sunnis are the dominate
form of Islam in Saudi and its main branch is called Wahhabism. It is a very strict form of Islam that is based on the literal interpretation of the Qur'an
and allows for no other versions of Islam, like Shiism (StevenAU 2004). Iran has long been defined as the central power of Shiism especially following
the 1979 Islamic revolution. Both nations are capable of polarizing the Middle East. The Saudis are allied with other Gulf monarchies, Jordan, parts of
Northern Africa, and Morocco under Sunni guidance. Iran is connected to Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and involved with groups ... Show more content on
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The Shia minorities in Saudi Arabia are seeking equal rights and representation within their governments. In Saudi Arabia the oppressive tactics
against the Shia takes the form of exclusion from jobs, lack of Shia places of worship, and a ban on their holy days like Ashura. In some cases the
Wahhabi Sunni harass Shias making the pilgrimage to Mecca, which is a required act for all able Muslims (Jaffar 2013). The Saudi Senior Ulema
Council, the country's religious council, has no Shia representation. This council passes laws that uphold only Sunni authority exacerbating the sense
of discrimination Shia feel. The schools teach both Shia and Sunni but the information about the Shia is derogatory and in some cases they are labeled
as rawafidh, or rejectionist, which is a very insulting term to Muslims (Wehrey 2013). The Saudi monarchy has used anti–Shia tactics as a way to keep
its Sunni clerics happy as well as shift blame for unpopular actions. These terms and tactics are tied to lingering suspicions dating back to the Iranian
Revolution of 1979. That Iran is possibly seeking to cause such a revolt in Saudi Arabia and has agents contributing to the protests occurring within
Shia dominated regions (Wehrey 2013).
Sunnis living in Iran are also feeling the effects of discrimination. They have been prohibited from celebrating Islamic holy days inside mosques in
Tehran. Sunnis

How Sufism Is A Type Of Mystical Islamic Philosophy
Tracing back to the original prophet, Sufism is a type of mystical Islamic philosophy where Muslims attempt to take a more direct route to finding
God and his divineness. Consisting of different practices and paths that are meant to trace their teachings from the prophet Muhammad himself, and
therefore they see themselves as being practitioners of a perfected type of worship, or "ihsan". While often grouped together as one entity, Sufi
orders (called "tariqas") are found in a wide variety of different Islamic groups and regions, all varying slightly in how they perceive their version of
Islamic mysticism. While they are relatively small in quantity compared to Muslims as a whole, they have greatly contributed to the shaping of Islamic
philosophy and tradition. In this paper, I will be exploring the Sufi movements in Iran, Turkey, and Senegal and how they have affected the political
systems of their respective countries, while also highlighting key differences and similarities between them. I have chosen these three countries due to
the stark contrasts in how Sufism is received in them. For example, while Iranian clerics have taken a strict hardline stance against Sufism that involves
prosecution, arrests and even demolition of their places of worship, Senegal's Sufi leaders influence their government and vice versa. Turkey is in
many ways a middle ground; while first persecuted and forced to go into hiding, today the dominant Sufi movement, the Naqshbandiyya, works hand in

Ayatollah Khomeini: The Iranian Revolution
These kinds of people are famous and popular because they did something different that a normal person can do, Khomeini was one of these people.
He leads two revolutions a religious and a political revolution combined with each other at the same time in Iran, explain how the revolutions took
place and answer the following questions: Who was Ayatollah Khomeini, and how did he become the leader of theIranian Revolution? How did
Khomeini carry out the two revolutions? How did he create a new theory of the relationship between religion and politics, and how did he work to
remove the Shah and put this theory into practice? How did he characterize Iran under the rule of the Shah in his 1964 speech 'Iran in Imperialism's
Clutches'? Who does Khomeini

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