Iqbal Song Analysis

Iqbal Song Analysis
Iqbal loved India so greatly and was so proud of his mother land that in a poem written as a national song for Indian children; he sings: ДЌiЕЎti: ne
Дґis zamД© me pУ•ЙЈa:m–e–haq suna:ya: na:nk ne ЙЈis ДЌaman me wahdat ka ЙЈi:t ЙЈa:ya: ta:ta:riГµ ne Дґisko apna: watan bana:ya:
Дґisne HeДґa:ziyГµ se daЕЎt–e–arab ДЌuб№›ha:ya:
The land in which Chisti broadcast the divine message,
The land in which Nanak sung the song of monotheism,
The land which was made their own by the Tartars,
The land which made the Hajazis leaves the Arabian Desert.
This poem bears testimony to the act that Iqbal cherished feelings of love and reverence for his motherland.
The creed element predominated Iqbal's poetry. His sojourn in Europe and his deeper insight into the religion and philosophy of Islam convinced him of
the universal spirit of Islam. His deep study of Muslim thought and culture gave his poetry a Muslim flavor. He looked forward to Islamic fraternity
being more far–reaching, in the long run, serving as a workable basis of human unity. Almost all his poetic thoughts and themes were colored by
Islamic creed.
His poetry of this period is replete with symbols drawn from the Semitic lands. There are innumerable references in his poetry to Islamic history or
religion. The word Muslim occurs quite frequently in his writings. For example the following sample: ya: rab! dil–e–muslim ko woh zinda: tamanna: de,
Дґo qalb ko ЙЈarma de, Дґo ru:h ko taб№›pa: de.
(Lord, fill the heart of the Muslim with such eager desire,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Human Individuality In Porphyria's Lover
With a drastic contrast of conservative and liberal ideals, it seems almost natural for those in positions of privilege and power to grasp onto and
enforce whatever remains of their societal roles. These rigid societal roles gave British society two options: be forced into a box that fits the ideal
sense of human identity or to break the system entirely. Victorian literature often focused on this conflict of ideals, concentrating on how these
pressures shaped an individual and their fate. Emily Bronte and Robert Browning weave their pieces to grasp this idea of the individual. However, the
effect of the society on the individual varied between the authors, with Bronte's speaker dreaming of an escape to come while Browning's character fell
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her loneliness is not one of melancholy, but one of self–discovery, that may only exist when her soul leaves its clay mold. A body of clay houses the
soul, with a breath of life from God giving a gift to nothing to turn it into something as complicated as a human being. By escaping the clay, which
binds her to the earth and all the societal expectations that are put on her body, the speaker exists as a breath from a higher being, making her as godly
as the spirit which put her in the body.
Outside of her body, the speaker exists as an all–seeing eye, exploring "worlds of light" that exist outside of the world she inhabits in her physical
form. To escape her physical form, the speaker isolates herself. By being completely alone, there is no society around to judge her soul. This gives her
the ability to wander in the light of the moon, allowing her to find the "infinite immensity." (8) Using imagery like the moon, which, in classical
mythology, is a representation of femininity, the speaker is left in an environment without judgement in which she can find herself empowered as she
explores this immensity. In a plane of existence where everything is female, the importance of sex disappears, and the speaker can exist in a world
where she is "not and none beside." (5) Bronte gives the speaker the opportunity to explore herself without gendered expectations around her. Without
these expectations put upon her, the

The Sufi Approach To Opening The Heart Essay
Robert Frager in his book, "The Sufi Approach to Opening the Heart" writes that our heart is a temple where God resides and it is placed by God
himself in the body of his profound believers. He supports his words by revealing God's saying that He can only be found in the heart of a sincere
believer and cannot fit in Earths and Heavens. If we compare our hearts to the holy shrines and the temples created by us, we would realize that our
hearts are more precious and valuable because they are created by God himself. We are consumed by the worldly desires and we have destroyed
ourselves in this illusory world, and hence ignored the dwelling God in our hearts. Imam Al–Ghazali in his book Mishkat–Al–Anwar says that light
represents the presence... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He said that evil is basically non–existence and that being and existence represents the good and non–existence and the lack of being is evil. Chittick
then emphasized on the case of Rumi. When Rumi said, "The madman's star has eclipsed, he has fled from commotionвЂ•I have mixed with death, I
have flown into non–existence". Now, when Rumi talks about his non–existence, that does not mean that he is evil and non–existence is evil. The
reason that Rumi talked about his non–existence from our point of view is because we are thinking the opposite. We think God is non–existent and
that we are existent. But we are wrong. It is the complete opposite of that. We are non–existent and God is existent. Chittick then recalled a passage
from Shams, "You say that Allah is dhat (essence). So what? What's it to you? He is eternal being. You are not." When we say non
–existence, that
means, not existing in this world. Now, all sorts of evil intentions rise out from within us. Before its arousal fromour body , it did not exist. So that
clearly means, those good thoughts have always existed in this world from before and that evil arises from within us. He then shares a passage from
section 47 of Mevlana Rumi's book Fihi ma Fihi, "God wills both good and evil, but He only approves of the good. For God said, "I was a hidden
treasure, so I wanted, I desired, I loved to

The Soul: The Beholder Of Soul And Knowledge
Knowledge is defined as the facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education . It is the state of being aware of
something. The soul, based on the Tripartite of the Human Person by Plato, is referred to as the beholder of reason or knowledge, and the seat of
wisdom. It is the immaterial and immortal essence, which controls our body and spirit. What is the relationship between our soul and knowledge? A
philosopher named Plato stated that the Soul is the beholder of perfection and knowledge. Soul came from the world of perfection. Perfection is
forgotten when the Soul merges with the Body. The perfection is then recalled through education. A philosopher named Aristotle rejected this
philosophy. He stated that there is no innate knowledge. Our Soul can be compared to a Tabula Rasa or a blank slate. The Tabula Rasa acts as a room
for storing knowledge. The information gathered by our senses is processed by our brain, and is stored in our soul How do we acquire knowledge?
Locke ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This suggests that forever is not synonymous with infinite, because forever is something that is continually and something that will exist for a very
long time, while an infinite being is something that has always existed, and will always exist. The phrase "Change is impossible!" by Parmenides is
impossible. If change is impossible, then humans and animals could have not existed. Humans and animals are formed from two gametes that are
combined together to form a zygote. As the zygote develops, there is a change in the number of cells that it contains. If we were to remove the
concept of "change," then, zygotes would have remained as zygotes because mitosis would not take place. Zygotes might also have not been formed
because meiosis would not take

The Islamic Civilization And Islam
One cannot have an adequate and well–versed discussion about Islamic civilization without first defining two key terms: Civilization and Islam.
Associate Professor at Washington University in St. Louis, Ahmet Karamustafa, defines civilizations as, "nothing more than a particular, even unique
combination of ideas and practice that groups of human actors – who are the real agents of human history – affirm as their own and use to define and
develop their own sense of presence and agency in the world" (Karamustafa 103). Thus, guided by this definition, we have an understanding of Islamic
Civilization as a religious movement guided by the mandates of God. Of course, anywhere where there is human organization and interaction, there
will be politics involved. Although there were some political aspects in the community of the Believers under the leadership of the prophet, at the core
of this movement was the belief in his prophetic authority. I will argue that Islam, despite all the political implications it has had throughout history, is
ultimately rooted in religious belief, submission to God, and living a pious life in accordance with God's commands for achieving eternal salvation.
Furthermore, In the course of this paper, I will give a brief introduction of Islamic civilization broken up into four parts that are integral to
understanding Islamic civilization: Politics and religion in the early community of the believers, governance after the death of the prophet,

greek Essay
When people think of ancient cultures and civilizations, they don't think about the kind of influences they might have had on our society. One of those
cultures having the most influence being Ancient Greece. The Ancient world of Greece is far from ancient in the arts, philosophies, ideas,
architectures, governments, religions, and everyday life of the people in the latter half of the twentieth century. Come, discover and explore the
civilization that forms the foundation of human history. Come, step into the ancient past.
Those who have studied this ancient civilization under stand that what we are today is largely a result of the blueprints left by this culture. Greek
civilization was rich in culture and a society which emphasized the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fact that Greeks believed music and dance could strongly affect human behavior meant that it played an important part in all aspects of their
everyday life. Giving them a wider range of ways to express their inner most beings.
Another great way to express themselves was in their writing. In poetry and history Greek writers created masterpieces that have influenced and
inspired readers to the present day. Like the developments in the physical arts, the development of the lyric poem was a sign of the times. It developed
around the time that many Greek writers wanted to start expressing their own feelings, emotions, and opinions. Just as the sculptors and painters sought
to understand their own bodies, the ancient writers wanted to reveal to us the workings of their heart. Other forms of literature were the first written
records of human history. The development of their alphabet gave us a way to look back into history, find out the mistakes of ancient cultures, and find
ways not to make them again.
The other love this culture had was the love of wisdom. While the artist where exploring their bodies and the writers their hearts, the philosophers
started to explore their minds and the universe. The notion of where people came from and how the universe was created plagued their minds every
minute of their life. The early Greek philosophers studied everything from mathematics to the nature of the

The Intellectual Rise of Islam
The Intellectual Rise of Islam
The Islamic Golden age provided the Abbasid Caliphate with an immense amount of political power and influence. The empire controlled lands from
West Africa to parts of current day Iran and the new capital, Baghdad, quickly developed to into a large and advanced city . With control over previous
Greek, Egyptian, and Persian lands, the locality of the empire set base for the academic, philosophical and medicinal advancement that define the
Islamic Golden Age. Several schools of thought began setting up in Baghdad, such as Gundishapur which brought Greek medicine, science, and
philosophy to the Islamic culture. Schools like these helped Islamic scholars to learn from these texts in order to build their own thoughts and
treatises. The pursuit for academic advancement in fields of philosophy, technology, and medicine defines the Golden Age of Islam at it allowed a
proliferation of scholars from different regions to study under one empire and one language. The size and stability of the Caliphate of the time proves
their political and economic power, however the success of the society would not have amounted to its potential if it were not for the academic
advances that flourished throughout this time period. The translation of Hellenic philosophers provided the stepping stone for Islamic philosophy. For
example, Islamic Neoplatonism began flourishing under the first systematic philosopher of Islam, Abu Nasr al–Farabi. His texts, which mirrored

C&C of Cultural and Intellectual Tradition of The M.E....
Arisen from the influences of Christian and Jewish traditions, the nomadic peoples of the Arabian Peninsula joined forces to form the Dar–ar–Islam.
Used to unite the Middle Eastern Empire, Islam – founded by the prophet Muhammad in 610 CE – created a stable civilization based on Islamic views
and teachings for its individuals. In the Middle East during the time of 600 CE to 1450 CE, the religion of Islam stayed unchanged, while the influences
of different cultures altered the traditions of the society as well as the women's rights and status in the civilization.
As the Middle East developed over the years, the prominence and teachings of Islam sustained. Numerous aspects in the Middle Eastern Empire altered,
but a key element in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
India offered knowledge mathematically in the branches of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry and even on teachings relating to medicine and
antidotes. Whereas Greece influenced the Middle East with their alphabet and philosophy, mostly focusing on the works of the two famous Greek
philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Philosophy taken in from Greece even challenged Islamic teachings as certain Islamic philosophers attempted to
combine Greek philosophical works with the teachings of the Qur'an, just resulting in many upset Muslims.
As centuries passed in the Middle East, certain cultural and intellectual traditions in the Middle East changed through the influences of other
civilizations yet managed to stay the same in the aspect of Islam in the society. And as shown by the status of women in the Middle East, while certain
beliefs and traditions may stay unchanged, the way cultures have influenced them can affect how the previously mentioned beliefs and traditions are
taken into

The Golden Age of Islam
The golden age of Islamic (and/or Muslim) art lasted from 750 to the 16th century, when ceramics, glass, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts,
and woodwork flourished. Lustrous glazing was an Islamic contribution to ceramics. Islamic luster–painted ceramics were imitated by Italian potters
during the Renaissance. Manuscript illumination developed into an important and greatly respected art, and portrait miniature painting flourished in
Persia. Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration. This paper will examine the Islamic
literature, music and philosophers.
The most well known work of fiction from the Islamic world was The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymathIbn al–Nafis (1213–1288), is an early example of proto–science fiction. It deals with various
science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, and the end of the world and doomsday. Rather than giving supernatural or
mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al–Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy,
cosmology and geology known in his time. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain Islamic religious teachings in terms of
science and philosophy through the use of fiction.
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by
an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations later inspired Daniel Defoe to write
Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English (James Thurber, pg.64). Philosophus Autodidactus also inspired Robert Boyle to write his
own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist (James Thurber, pg.64). The story also anticipated Rousseau's Emile: or, On
Education in some ways, and is also similar to Mowgli's story in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as well as Tarzan's story, in that a baby is
abandoned but taken care of and fed by a mother wolf. Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy,

Distrust Of Religion In The Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, the relationship between science and religion was central to the ability of intellectuals to pursue the natural sciences. Without
approval from their religious leaders, the great thinkers of the Middle Ages were unable to make any large strides in natural philosophy. However, this
does not mean that the pervasiveness of religion prevented science from thriving. Rather, the nature of the relationship between science and religion
was wholly dependent on the religion in question. In some cases, such as in Christianity, science was given a comparably more sympathetic
environment in which to grow and develop. Due to the necessity of a class of men who were both theologians and natural philosophers in Christian
societies, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this period, science was mostly founded on the principles of ancient Greek philosophy. In orthodox Jewish and Muslim societies, these
beliefs were unable to gain any religious backing, instead harboring only suspicion. In many cases, these feelings of distrust resulted from a lack
of necessity to converse with new converts. While the spread of Christianity was heavily reliant on missionary work, other religions such as Islam
were simply instated through military force and did not have to seek acceptance from new converts. Furthermore, for Islam, a lack of Arabic
translations of ancient Greek works of science and philosophy was also responsible for the religion's distrust of science in the Middle Ages. During
the early growth of Islam, in which the orthodox doctrine was created, Muslim leaders were unable to read the ideas of ancient Greek philosophers.
Once translations were finally created, orthodox Muslims saw no need to incorporate the ideals of ancient Greece into their religion, and these beliefs
were shunned. Finally, this research will attempt to provide an explanation as to why Christianity benefitted more from the use of Greek natural
philosophy than the other large religions. The motivations for the Christian acceptance of Greek ideals will be shown to stem from fundamental
religious differences between Christianity and other religions, such as the concept of the Holy Trinity. It will also be illustrated that the demographics
of Christians in the Middle Ages allowed science to develop more easily. Converts to Christianity were often individuals who had been previously
exposed to pagan learning, which included Greek philosophy and natural philosophy, and Christianity did not seek to remove this knowledge after

The History of Islamic Fundamentalism
Explain the history of Islamic fundamentalism. Is it similar in nature to the fundamentalist movements of the early twentieth century? The term
"fundamentalism" today is used as a descriptive term, referring to any reactionary religious group (Ethridge & Feagin, 1979). But at its core,
fundamentalism means attempting to return to "fundamentalist roots," by embracing dualistic views of the world and carrying out a series of radical
reforms to return to the imaginary "past." Islamic fundamentalism is largely a reaction to modernity, its adherents viewing modern science, philosophy,
and secularism as Western concepts, intruding into the fabric of Muslim societies and weakening traditional values (Hashemi, 2006). Muslim
fundamentalists hold that they have exclusive access to the only true knowledge, condemning all forms of non–Islamic beliefs and values as
characteristic of infidel behaviors and as satanic (Nagata, 2001). It is hard to delineate the exact date of the beginning of Islamic fundamentalism, but
most scholars agree that it is a twentieth–century phenomenon. Religious revivals, often expressed in fundamentalist terms, take place during profound
political and economic transformations. When Europe was going through reforms, embracing the principles of science and secularism through
turbulences and wars for hundreds of years most Muslim countries remained untouched by those developments. In late nineteenth– and early
twentieth–centuries, colonial powers brought

The Importance Of Sufism In Islam
Introduction
Sufism is one of the most amazing, thought–provoking but equally controversial aspects of the Islamic religion. It is a part of Islam; whose beliefs
vary from that of traditional Muslims but is derived from a more philosophical and social standpoint with a focus on closeness to God and attaining the
truth of divine love and knowledge. The term "Sufism" represents a school of thought rooted in the Islamic mystical philosophy and theology, whose
beliefs and principles exerted significant influences across various aspects of Islamic politics and culture across the world. Their practices of complete
/literal absorption in other to have a physical feeling of closeness to God along with their other beliefs leaves them with the famed title of Islamic
mysticism (Miller).
Sufi Mysticism has always been criticized by Muslim scholars mainly because they share many things in common with mystics of other religions such
as Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism among others. Although its origins are not completely fromIslam nor does it agree with all of Islam's doctrines,
Sufism has still been widely accepted by the Muslim community (Smith, 2005). The depth of the Sufis beliefs and principles begs to question the
different theologies that shaped the formation of this fascinating religion and how it went on to influence the Islamic world and its cultural/artistic
derivatives.
Descriptions of Sufism
The beliefs, principles, and rituals of the Sufi movement holds a great

A Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
UICI 2022– F1 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & MANKIND DR. ABDUL AZEEZ YUSUF BOOK REVIEW: Book Review of "Lost History" by
Michael Hamilton Morgan (30th NOVEMBER 2012) BY MEHRAN QADRI (A11CS2005) AHMAD AL RAZI (A11KP2008) MUHAMMAD
SAYID SABIQ (AC102001) 1. Introduction The book that we have chosen to review is titled "Lost History, the Enduring Legacy of Muslim
Scientists, Thinkers and Artists". The author of the book is Michael Hamilton Morgan. The book was published in the year 2007 and also holds the
same copyright date. The book is a non–fiction. The main subject matter of the book is the history of the Islamic civilization from the birth of the
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in 570 A.D.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Evaluation of the Book The author in his introduction sets out the goals of sharing the fascinating Muslim history he has uncovered in his reading
and research, a history full of invention, creativity, great ideas, tolerance, and coexistence. This culture seeded the European Renaissance and enabled
many aspects of the modern western and global civilization. The impetus for the book came after the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade
Center, as the author felt the need at the beginning of the 21st Century to share this forgotten, ignored, misunderstand, suppressed, and even rewritten
history with the wider community. The result was the book Lost History, and what a great job the author has done. It is one of the most informative,
researched, and relevant books. The author states that the rise of Europe and the decline of the Muslim lands are two sides of the same coin. The
author notes that, in the 21st century, for every crisis spot in the Muslim world there is a new and promising centre of innovation in the Muslim
community, particularly in Europe and America. The book is well written and also provides maps and images that aid in understanding the message
being delivered. They help the reader in creating a mental image of the social conducts, the way of living etc. The author also provides pictures of some
early inventions of the Muslim scientists which further aid the reader's understanding. The author

Augustine Research Paper
Many great classical thinkers had a profound influence on later great thinkers. Plato and Aristotle are just two examples that come to mind out of many.
It would be interesting to ponder the possibility as to whether or not the thought of later times would have the same ground that it has if it were not for
these great thinkers that came before.
In the early period of Christianity, the influence of Plato's philosophical criticisms of art can be seen in effect in Augustine's view of the imagination as
profane. One can question as to whether Augustine's view of original sin would have been so negative if he had not imbibed the Platonic conception of
the Fall of the soul. The combination of Biblical and Hellenic elements made Christian philosophy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alfarabi is probably the least important of these, he is primarily significant because he was a pioneer in the invocation of Aristotle as a philosophical
authority (essentially paving the way for the Golden Age of Muslim Aristotelianism). He is said to have believed in the unity of the thought of Plato
and Aristotle. Also, his work shows a confluence of their theories. An example of this is his claim that God is simultaneously identical with the
'neo–Platonic One' and with Aristotle's 'Self–Thinking Thought'. When we look at Avicenna however, we find the development of a Muslim
philosophy more independent of theological constraints as well as an Aristotelianism less apologetic to supposed Platonic doctrine (philosopheruk).
With this being said, Avicenna rejects the conception of a divine creation of the world in time and follows Aristotle in considering the primary aim of
philosophy to be the study of being qua being. Algazali demonstrated a critical backlash against the Aristotelianism of Avicenna, within the Islamic
tradition. In his work 'The Incoherence of the Philosophers', he attacks the inconsistency of the philosophical positions of Alfarabi and Avicenna with
orthodox Koranic interpretation (philosopheruk). This work is significant philosophically because it does not rule out the possibility of philosophy de
jure, but rather points to the misuse of philosophy by both of his predecessors. In other words, he was concerned with the philosophical ideas of the
eternity of the world and the rejection of bodily resurrection, ideas which he regarded not simply as theologically 'heterodox' but as the result of a
misapplication of Aristotelian logical

Quantum Mechanics and Islam Essay
Introduction
Quantum mechanics or also known as quantum physics is a field of science which studies the behaviour of particles at sub–atomic level. This theory
tells us that short–lived pairs of particles and their antiparticles are constantly being created and destroyed in an apparently empty space.
In quantum mechanics the weird behaviour of electrons are not accurately explained and until now not a single theory is acceptable by the whole
scientific community to postulate the phenomena. The electrons become linked, or entangled, such that changing one invariably affects the other, no
matter how far apart they are; something Einstein called "spooky action at a distance". Quantum stuff can also exist in several places at once, or spin ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The inadequacy and weaknesses of modern science is thus manifested as a result of its ignorance on other sources of scientific knowledge such as
metaphysical and spiritual knowledge which is proven successful by previous Muslim scientists during the period of medieval Islam.
In Islamic science, cosmology plays an important role as a link between pure metaphysics and the particular sciences and acts as a source of
conceptual framework for the unity of science and spiritual knowledge. There are a number of cosmological principles in Islamic science which are
formulated based on the relevant Qur'anic verses, prophetic traditions and intuitive knowledge of famous traditional Muslim scholars. In this study, the
principles and ideas of quantum mechanics are presented in a simplified manner for easy understanding of the subject matter, followed by the
application of the principles in Islamic science wherein the relevant issues are discussed accordingly.
A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum theory began to take shape in the early 20th century, when classical ideas failed to explain some observations. Previous theories allowed
atoms to vibrate at any frequency, leading to incorrect predictions that they could radiate infinite amounts of energy; a problem known as the
ultraviolet catastrophe. Max Planck in 1900 solved this problem by assuming the vibrations of atoms at specific or

history of philosophy
History of philosophy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see History of Philosophy (disambiguation).
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling.You can assist by editing it. (April 2013)
Philosophy
Philosophers
Aestheticians
Epistemologists
Ethicists
Logicians
Metaphysicians
Social and political philosophers
Traditions
Analytic
Continental
Eastern
Islamic
Platonic
Scholastic
Periods
Ancient
Medieval
Modern
Contemporary

Literature
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy
Branches
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy
Social philosophy
Lists
Index
Outline
Years
Problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is said that following a visit to the Oracle of Delphi he spent much of his life questioning anyone in Athens who would engage him, in order to
disprove the oracular prophecy that there would be no man wiser than Socrates. Through these live dialogues, he examined common but critical
concepts that lacked clear or concrete definitions, such as beauty and truth, and the virtues of piety, wisdom, temperance, courage, and justice.
Socrates' awareness of his own ignorance allowed him to discover his errors as well as the errors of those who claimed knowledge based upon
falsifiable or unclear precepts and beliefs. He wrote nothing, but inspired many disciples, including many sons of prominent Athenian citizens
(including Plato), which led to his trial and executionin 399 B.C. on the charge that his philosophy and sophistry were undermining the youth, piety,
and moral fiber of the city. He was offered a chance to flee from his fate but chose to remain in Athens, abide by his principles, and drink the poison
hemlock.
Socrates' most important student was Plato, who founded the Academy of Athens and wrote a number of dialogues, which applied theSocratic method
of inquiry to examine philosophical problems. Some central ideas of Plato's dialogues are the Theory of Forms, i.e., that the mind is imbued with an
innate capacity to understand and contemplate concepts from a higher order preeminent world, concepts more real, permanent, and universal than or
representative of the things

The Islamic Of The Middle East And How It Affects The...
Majid Khadduri is an Iraqi born author who was known for his prolific work in regards to the history of the Middle East and how it affects the
current geopolitical climate. Born on September 27th, 1909 in Mosul, Khadduri received his education at the American University of Beirut for his
BA and PhD; for 12 years, from 1937 to 1949, he served as a law professor for the Iraqi ministry of education and as a member of the first Iraqi
delegation to the UN. The Islamic Conception of Justice takes a very comprehensive approach to the question of justice found in Islam and reflected in
the Islamic community, and is among the last of Khadduri's published works (Killgore, 1996). Khadduri has written books and works in regards to
individual states, its history, relation to other states, as well as taking broader, more holistic approach when he writes about general concepts and
ideas and how they are understood by different groups of people in space in time. Khadduri served as a lecturer in the University of Indiana and then
Chicago before finally settling at Johns Hopkins University. During his tenure Khadduri served as a visiting professor for at Columbia University,
Harvard University, the University of Virginia and Georgetown University. He died on January 25, 2007, in Potomac, Maryland, United States at the
age of 97 (Klubes, 2007). The Islamic Conception of Justice (Khadduri, 1984) is a book that goes into great length not only about the details of the
different terms

In Praise Of The Clash Of Cultures Summary
Argument Analysis Essay "In Praise of the Clash of Cultures," written by Carlos Fraenkel first originally appeared as a contribution to the New York
Times's Opinionator blog on September 2, 2012. Author Carlos Fraenkel grew up in Germany and Brazil and studied in Berlin and Jerusalem. He
holds joint appointments in the Department of Philosophy and Jewish Studies at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. In the essay, Fraenkel argues
about the issues of how diversity and disagreement on their own are not enough to bring about a culture of debate. Instead they often generate
frustration and resentment or violence. Fraenkel's central claim is that a culture of debate allow us to engage our differences in a way that is serious,
yet respectful

Al Andalus: The Jews In Islamic Spain
The Jews in Islamic Spain: Al Andalus
by S. Alfassa Marks
One of the characteristic features of the early history of Spain is the successive waves of different people who spread across the Iberian Peninsula.
Phoenicians, Greeks, Vandals, Visigoths, Muslims, Jews, and Christians all occupiedSpain at one point or another. History records communities of
Jews living on the Iberian Peninsula from as early as the destruction of the first temple in Jerusalem (Diaz–Mas 1). But it was during the realm of the
Moors in Al–Andalus (land of the vandals) which the Jews thrived the greatest. Though this was a time of artistic, educational, and cultural
enlightenment, it was not completely serene or without persecution for the Jewish people.
As historians ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A translating program was established in Toledo, using Jews as interpreters. There they translated the Arabic books into romance languages, as well as
Greek and Hebrew texts into Arabic. This included many major works of Greek science and philosophy. Jews studied and contributed to mathematics,
medicine, botany, geography, poetry, and philosophy. It was at this time that the study of Medicine expanded to produce a large number of exceptional
Jewish physicians. Islam had its sway over Jewish cultural life too. In literature, and the arts, the Muslim influence on the Jews is enormous. Though
written in non–Islamic language and script, medieval Hebrew poetry, and much of the prose literature, belong to the same cultural world as Arabic and
other literatures of Islam (Lewis 81). In the Caliphate of Cordoba [the geographical zenith of Islamic life in Al–Andalus], the Jewish element became
increasingly important, reaching its peak in the tenth century (Diaz–Mas 3). Jews lived among themselves in a walled area known as the aljama
(Jewish quarter). There they lived among their own administration, and managed their own communal affairs (Epstein 1). There the Jewish community
had their own legal court known as the Beit Din. This court, with Rabbis as Judges, would render both religious and civil legal opinions pertaining to

##sianism : The Tenets Of ParacelsusMysticism
Paracelsus received little attention in Germany and France during his life. Posthumously, however, the manuscripts abandoned in small towns from his
wanderings reached publishers and his ideas were printed and disseminated to mixed reviews. While some were quick to defend Paracelsianism–Peter
Severinus, for instance–by remarking on the failures of Galenic medicine to treat new European diseases, others–such as Erastus–were unwilling to
abandon the well–established philosophy and the humoral medicine of antiquity. Johannes Guinter van Andernach and Severinus, although espousing
Paracelsianism to different degrees, reconciled Paracelsus' principles with the accepted Aristotelian causes by approaching Paracelsian theories as both
physical and philosophical theories. Upon consideration of the purported alchemical cures, van Andernach was willing to make these concessions in
reconciling the two worldviews, but he wholly denounced Paracelsus' mysticism.
Robert Fludd (1574–1637), however, was less of an apologetic for Paracelsianism. Fludd subscribed to and surpassed Paracelsianism in his acceptance
of alchemical theory and his emphasis on Hermeticism. The tenet of Hermetic thought most applicable to Paracelsianism was the interconnectedness of
the universe and its constituent parts via the microcosm and the macrocosm analogy. Paracelsians–and to a greater extent Robert Fludd–applied this
analogy to man. Man dwelled within the universe, but man contained within him a

Why Do We Use Quadratic Equations?
It might seem as if these contributions have no real world applications, however, that would be very incorrect. Completing the square is very useful
for quadratic equations, which we have mentioned before. The question lies, where do we use quadratic equations? When projectiles are put into
motion they create a parabolic path, to calculate the speed and height at which they travel completing the square would come in handy. Another
example would be traveling by boat, or foot, or any other method. You would go one way, then probably return to your original location. This would
also be similar to a parabolic path which can be solved by completing the square. Pictured below is what a parabolic track would look like. Figure 5.
Parabolic Graph Without the foundation that al–Khwarizmi laid out for all mathematicians to come, there would not be the mathematical field we know
today. In every aspect of calculus, geometry and other forms of mathematics, the methods of reduction, completion and balancing come into play. The
combinations that those three methods have created can be attributed to the many discoveries we have today. Just some examples are the creation of
the World Wide Web, in other words, the internet. Without the algebraic foundation the strings of Booleans, cannot be translated to create the internet
as we know it. Without the very intricate mathematics we know today, man would have never made it into space. This one, seemingly insignificant

Averroes Influence On Homer's Works
It has been approximately 2,400 years since the death of Aristotle. In that time civilizations have been made and destroyed, technology has evolved,
dark ages have come and gone and moments in history have been made and recorded. How, then, is it possible for us to know anything about
Aristotle, Plato or even have Homer's epics, let alone still have fragments of some of their famous works and complete copies of some? How is it
possible that we know so much about these authors–so much that we can put an actual date to when they were written or the plays performed? There
are many possible answers to those questions, including cross–referencing allusions to him in other ancient works, but the one I am most interested in
is what the texts were recorded on at the time and the tradition of scholars, monks, and so forth, who spent years copying and... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Before Averroes, many Arab philosophers had confusedAristotle with Plotinus, a Hellenized Egyptian who many credit with the creation of the school
of thought Neoplatonism and who in turn had mixed Aristotle's ideas with Plato's. Averroes rediscovered the "true" Aristotle by translating key texts
reintroducing him to Arab Spain. One idea that was key to his arguments was that although there was only one truth, that truth could be expressed in
many ways, including both philosophy and religion. The philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages such as Aquinas later called Averroes "The
Commentator," and Michael the Scot translated several of Averroes' works within fifty years of the man's death. However, Averroes' reception in
Western Europe contrasted with his ultimate rejection by Arabs in Spain. Soon after Averroes, Greek ideas in the Arab world were largely opposed by
those who disliked anything not considered

Islam's Influence On Medieval Medicine
In order to understand the impact of Islam on medieval medicine, one must first examine the religious and cultural environment in which medical
advancements developed. Several key features of Islamic philosophy provided science with an environment in which to develop. The first influential
aspect of Islam is the emphasis of learning. The Prophet Muhammad emphasized learning to such a degree that he stated "One hour of teaching is
better than a night of praying" (qtd. in Al–Ghazal). Interpretations of the Qur'an also associate the gaining of knowledge with comprehension of
religion (Rosenthal 29). "Islamic philosophy was ... concerned with the basic issue of the harmony between human reasoning and the revelations
provided to the Muslims in the holy Qur'an" (Al–Ghazal). This emphasis coupled with a lack of scientific censorship by Islam, provided an impetus
for the study of many branches of science, including medicine (Al–Ghazal).
Another aspect of Islam that contributed to medical development was the stress placed on protecting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
to 1500 A.D.), the pre–existing medical traditions must be examined. The origins of Islamic medicine lay in Greek texts that were translated into
Arabic, which occurred to a significant extent in the late eighth and early ninth centuries (Pormann and Savage–Smith 24–25). During this time, many
works were translated, including those of established Greek medical authority, Galen. His texts were utilized as part of the official teachings at the
school of Alexandria, which was the determining factor for the eventual translation of many Greek works. (Pormann and Savage–Smith 27–28; O'Leary
34). While the vocabulary of Arabia prior to the introduction of Islam lacked significant medical terminology, the translation movement improved
Arabic to the level of the Greeks by the middle of the ninth century (Pormann and Savage–Smith

Speech And Speech: The Golden Age Of Islam
Purpose
At the end of my speech, the audience will have a clear view of the most important achievements of the "Islamic golden age".
Introduction
At the beginning of the 8th to the 13th century, a new era has emerged and placed a stamp in the Islamic history that is called "the golden age of Islam",
throughout which the Islamic history was ruled by various important caliphates where many scientific, economical, and cultural developments took
place. The Abbasid caliph Harun Al–Rashid was the ruler during that time (786 to 809) with the existence of House of wisdom in Baghdad, all the
researchers from around the world with different backgrounds and knowledge gathered to translate the traditional information into Arabic language.
The main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muslim engineers also created crankshafts and water turbines which worked for the better techniques of extracting natural resources like water and
fossil fuels, they also established the use of dams as sources of water power. These advances replaced the manual tasks that were previously made by
labor with machinery in Islamic world. An uprising industrial growth also emerged to Europe after these technologies were transferred to

The Science And Achievements Of The Islamic Golden Age
The Abbasid Empire began in 750 AD, ruling over Baghdad until the Mongols conquered and took over in 1258. Although the period was brief, the
influence of the Arabs was not only through religion, but in math, the arts, and science. Many scientific and mathematical discoveries, as well as
architectural designs made in the 9th to 14th century stimulated research that might not be known today. By creating armies to conquer neighboring
lands, Islam spread their knowledge to other countries, but also gained knowledge from those neighboring lands. The Islamic Empires had a strong and
welcoming attitude towards knowledge, and made some incredible achievements in the arts and sciences.
The Islamic Golden Age was a time in which many inteculatal accomplishments and advancements were made, and the Islamic Empire was at its most
successful state.
The Islamic Golden Age started in the 13 century with the Abbasid family in control. During this time, rulers and other people of high positions had
merchants go out and search for writings from other lands to bring back and add to Islam's knowledge of the world. As more and more text from all
different parts of the world began to come back to Islam, they were translated into Arabic, and were kept at a "place for studying and keeping safe
foreign texts", called the House of Wisdom. There, scholars could read up on topics of science, mathematics, astronomy,philosophy, the arts and more.
Scholars studied and observed the new found

A Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
UICI 2022– F1 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & MANKIND
DR. ABDUL AZEEZ YUSUF
BOOK REVIEW:
Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
(30th NOVEMBER 2012)
BY
MEHRAN QADRI (A11CS2005)
AHMAD AL RAZI (A11KP2008) MUHAMMAD SAYID SABIQ (AC102001)
1. Introduction
The book that we have chosen to review is titled "Lost History, the Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers and Artists". The author of the
book is Michael Hamilton Morgan. The book was published in the year 2007 and also holds the same copyright date. The book is a non–fiction. The
main subject matter of the book is the history of the Islamic civilization from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These facts certainly challenge the modern western civilization which claims that the above mentioned advancements in science as mathematics were
made by Greek philosophers.
The author also delightfully reminds the reader that it was in Baghdad that Scheherazade told the famous tales of the One Thousand and One Nights.
The author also states the qualities of Muslim leadership using examples from Caliph AbЕ« Bakr, Caliph `AlД« and others who championed an ethos of
social fairness and justice, advanced public health and tolerance of diversity in faith, nationality, and ethnicity.
He also mentions the character and work style of HДЃrЕ«n al–RashД«d and focuses on the manner in which the Christian Crusaders treated the
population in Jerusalem after conquering the city in 1099. They spared neither men nor women nor children, in sharp contrast to the manner in which
Saladin treated the population of Jerusalem when he conquered it again in 1187.
These facts are a rebuttal to the modern western civilizations who call the system of the Islamic Caliphate a dictatorship.
The author has also used the method of narration in his book where he provides the reader with a timeline of events starting from the birth of the

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)

Use Of Narrative Technique In Iqbal's Poems?
Use of Narrative Technique in Iqbal's Poems
One of the important points in Iqbal's poem is that he creates a dramatic environment in the poems. Dramatically environment means not a kind of
debate, but selection of those words that creates a situation of life. These situations are not only an imagination or only using of words, but combination
of imagination and words. Combinations of both imagination and word in a structure reach at the level where the poem gets converted into the drama.
For example: ye ka:ena:t abhi: na:–tama:m hУ• ЕЎa:yЙ™d ke a: rahi: hУ• dama:dam sada:бєЅ kun fayakun"
(The life perhaps is still raw and incomplete
Be and it becomes ever does a voice repeat.)
If we focus on Iqbal poetry, then we would be able to understand that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This poem bears testimony to the act that Iqbal cherished feelings of love and reverence for his motherland.
The creed element predominated Iqbal's poetry. His sojourn in Europe and his deeper insight into the religion and philosophy of Islam convinced him of
the universal spirit of Islam. His deep study of Muslim thought and culture gave his poetry a Muslim flavor. He looked forward to Islamic fraternity
being more far–reaching, in the long run, serving as a workable basis of human unity. Almost all his poetic thoughts and themes were colored by
Islamic creed.
His poetry of this period is replete with symbols drawn from the Semitic lands. There are innumerable references in his poetry to Islamic history or
religion. The word Muslim occurs quite frequently in his writings. For example the following sample: ya: rab! dil–e–muslim ko woh zinda: tamanna:
de, jo qalb ko garma de, jo rooh ko taб№›pa: de.
(Lord, fill the Muslim's heart with a desire so fervent, that it will set his heart aflame and stir his

Islamic Medicine
History of Islamic Medicine Before the beginning of Islam there existed three forms of religious philosophies associated with religious medical
practices. The three main ones were, Greek, Chinese and Ayurvedic healing systems. From these systems arose numerous variations on these three
systems. Commonalities developed among them, however, there exists many differences existed between them as well. These differences arise from
the different belief systems, and worldviews associated with them. In addition there is a strong spiritual influence, often infused with superstition and
magic. This concept provides a firm basis for understanding and interpreting the specific etiology and different diseases. The pathological processes
underlying these diseases, and their application come from the respective disciplines within a holistic worldview. Even with these significant
similarities among the three healing systems, there are many differences. According to their respective models, "the Chinese and the Ayurvedic systems
believe that everything in the universe – including man – is created from five elements or primary matter, versus Greek medicine only four primary
elements are identified" (Brienski 24). This concept of creation is the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many systems in medicine rely on numerous practices that have commonalties among their diagnoses and treatments. The systems area all similar in
regards to the way they diagnosis their diseases. However, the difference relies on the theoretical and philosophical interpretations of the signs and
symptoms. The criteria that defines Islamic medicine finds it roots in the contravene Sharia Law. Furthermore, the clear definition for Islamic medicine
comes from the differentiation between the theoretical and philosophical principles and theory found in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Moreover, the medical
practices must not contradict the Shira

The Restoration Of Grecian Philosophical Documents
The Preservation of Grecian Philosophical Documents Was an Important Islamic Contribution to Western Civilization
Islamic preservation and translation of the Greek philosophical works of Aristotle, and Plato contributed to the flourishing of Western civilization.
Under the direction of Islamic cultural patrons, they translated these vital texts from Greek into other languages. Such actions were significantly
contributive to the revival and transmission of these pieces, bringing about their subsequent spread throughout Europe. Centuries of Islamic scholarship
like this were crucial to the eventual emergence of the European Renaissance Period.
The anterior exposure of the Arab world to Greek philosophy follows paths reaching back to the sixth century C.E. A common occurrence among
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, were their interactions with Greek philosophy, and their attempts to reconcile their religious dogmas with the Greek
philosophical known truths of reason; trying to marry faith with reason. Commonalities between their interactions produced a naturally occurring
process of sharing respective religious and philosophical problems, and it is in the latter that Islamic philosophers deserve much credit from Judaism
and Christianity, for the Abbasid caliphate's deference to translation and preservation of key Aristotelian (and other) works long lost to the West. The
irony of this sharing between religions remains that each was using the similar material to try and prove

Essay John Locke
In this essay I argue that the late philosopher Locke has the most compelling theory of metaphysics. First, I explain Locke's point that all humans
are born as Tabula Rasa, in order to gain basic understanding of where Locke begins his theory. Second, I discuss how Locke argues how we obtain
knowledge, empiricism and representationalism, and knowledge about the work varies between strong and weak inferences. Third, I will provide
counter examples to Locke's ideas, and will explain why these counter examples work for Locke's theories provided. Finally, I address some of the
ways that Locke might respond to my objections. The following paragraph will be used to define and understand the concepts of the following key
terms that Locke uses:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Locke furthers his own theory of this by stating that humans are not born with innate ideas (Matheis). With what Locke states, we as humans can
reason that we are born without any knowledge and everything that we learn is put onto our blank slate. The Tabula Rasa is important because it also
gives us a basic understanding to Locke's later arguments and theories. Locke argues that if we all had an innate idea we wouldn't need to use
reason to discover them because they would already be present in the human mind. Although, Locke's idea about blank slates is a very logical
idea, there are a few flaws within. Innate knowledge, which was produced as an idea from Plato states that we already learned everything prior to
being born, we are just simply experiencing and recollecting knowledge from our soul that we had before our physical birth. Plato was not the only
philosopher that supported the idea of innate knowledge. Descartes also believed in innate knowledge over the Tabula Rasa, he believed in the innate
ideas of God. Kant also believed that we had a sense of time, space, causality and comparison from innate knowledge (Al–Rodhan). Locke then goes
further into his theory by stating that all knowledge begins with sensory experiences. Locke states that everything that is learned from our experience
with objects. Since we are born as a Tabula Rasa we know nothing, so knowledge is the most valuable key. Locke

Sufism Research Paper
In the Islamic world, Sufism is a word used to describe an aspect of the Islamic faith which is largely focused on mysticism. Many non–Muslims
consider Sufism to be a sort of Islamic sect, however this is extremely inaccurate. Sufism is a very blanket term, and refers to a style of thinking and
philosophy that aims to find divine love and wisdom through direct personal experience with God. Sufism is as old as the Islamic religion itself, dating
back to the 7th century. Ultimately, all Sufi orders trace their origins back to the prophet Muhammad himself. It is believed by many that the prophet
instructed his successor to in mystical teachings that are believed to be hidden within the Qur'an. However, it is not known who exactly Muhammad's
successor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In establishing the order, Inayat Khan set forward ten principals that would serve as the foundation of the brotherhood. A condensed version of the
ten principals are as follows, "There is one God, There is one Master, There is one Holy book, There is one Religion, There is one Law, There is
one Brotherhood, There is one Moral, There is one object of praise, there is One Truth, and There is one Path." Since the death of Inayat Khan in
1927, Universal Sufism has obviously taken on new leadership, and has developed its own modern objectives. Firstly, the International Sufi
Movement seeks to promote tolerance and love between all religions. The main mission of Universal Sufism is to bring together the eastern and
western worlds through dialogue and the exchange of thoughts and Ideas. This Order of Sufi thought urges one to understand Sufism as an open
door. If one looks to the Greek and Arabic languages, one will find that the word Sufi means "Wisdom" and "Purity" respectfully. It is through purity
that one will experience wisdom. That means letting go of preconceived ideas, and forgetting about doctrines and dogma. Sufism is not a religious
sect or school of theology. It is an attitude of reverence and respect towards all religions and beliefs that promotes love and

Al Farabi Contribution
Al Farabi's philosophical contribution
Abu Nasr Muhammad al– Farabi, one the earliest Islamic intellectuals who were instrumental in transmitting the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle to the
Muslim world, had a considerable influence on the later Islamic philosophers such as Avicenna. He is widely regarded as the founder ofphilosophy
within the Islamic world. Al–Farabi had great influence on science and philosophy for several centuries, and was widely considered second only to
Aristotle in knowledge (alluded to by his title of "the Second Teacher") in his time. Al–Farabi was known to the Arabs as the 'Second Master'. He was
also a scientist, cosmologist, mathematician and music scholar.
The aim of this paper is to present the attitudes to education of Abu Nasr al–Farabi within the framework of his philosophical system, an aspect of his
work, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is difficult to find a philosopher both in Muslim and Christian world from Middle Ages onwards who has not been influenced by his views. Ammar
al–Talbi (2000) suggests that "Al–Farabi represents a turning–point in the history of Islamic philosophical thought, since he was the true first founder
of epistemology which relies upon 'universal reason' and the demonstrations he gave". Education is one of the most important social phenomena in
al–Farabi's philosophical system. Al–Farabi's concern was to reestablish unity to Islamic thought. He believed the first aim of knowledge was
knowledge of God and his attributes (F. Copleston, 1980). Philosophy and religion were for him simply two expressions of a single truth, philosophy
explains religion and provides proof of it; it is neither in conflict nor in contradiction with it. According to al Farabi the perfect human being, is the one
who has obtained theoretical virtue, thus completing his intellectual knowledge and has acquired practical moral virtues thus becoming perfect in his
moral

Personal Statement On Personal Identity
Abstract
John Locke talks about personal identity. In additionally, he also speaks of the survival of conscious after the demise of an individual. Locke also
examines the criterion of personal identity though time. The norm specifies insofar. Locke maintains that personal identity is a matter of psychological
continuity. Locker vividly considered personal self to be founded under consciousness, instead of substance of the soul or the body.
Introduction
The matter of personal identity as well as its determents has become a matter of concern among philosophers. Numerous questions have been raised
as to what it does to be the person someone is throughout the lifetime. For this reason, personal identity is a philosophical encounter with the ultimate
questions in regards to own existence. The questions include, who we are? Is there existence after demise? Personal identity gives a set of sufficient
conditions for personal identity over time. As far as modern philosophy is concerned, the concept of personal identity is sometimes called diachronic
problem of personal character. The synchronic problems that are grounded in the question of traits are used to characterize a certain problem over
time. There are several theories that describes identity problem. Throughout this paper, I will seek to discuss the views of John Locke with respect to his
theory of personal identity.
Essentially, Locke speaks of the existence of loosely connected questions that go hand in hand with

Aristotle Was a Greek Philosopher and Polymath
ARISTOTLE
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including
physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and
Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a
comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although
they were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 322 BC Aristotle was forced to flee Athens with his family when the political leadership reacted against the Macedonians again and his previously
published works supporting Macedonian rule left him a target. He passed on his Lyceum to Theophrastus and died later that year in Chalcis, near his
hometown.
It is during this period in Athens from 335 to 323 BC when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. Aristotle wrote many dialogues,
only fragments of which survived. The works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread
publication, as they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students. His most important treatises include Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean
Ethics, Politics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Poetics.
Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them. In physical science, Aristotle
studied anatomy, astronomy, embryology, geography, geology, meteorology, physics and zoology. In philosophy, he wrote on aesthetics, ethics,
government, metaphysics, politics, economics, psychology, rhetoric and theology. He also studied education, foreign customs, literature and poetry.
His combined works constitute a virtual encyclopedia of Greek knowledge. It has been suggested that Aristotle was probably the last person to know
everything there was to be known in his own time.
Near the end

Compare And Contrast Islam And Christianity
The religions of Islam and Christianity have been widespread influencers throughout history. Both religions share common teachings, as well as having
contrasts. Their similarities include worshipping only one god, revering the same early prophets such as Jesus, following a set of commandments,
believing in a day of judgement, and having a concept of heaven and hell. Their differences include having different founders, the concept of sin, and
the resurrection of Jesus. Islam has also given many contributions to Western Civilization, such as science, math, medicine, and philosophy. One of
Islam and Christianity's similarities is worshipping only one god. Both faiths are monotheistic However, their beliefs in the way in which god is
expressed is different. In Christianity, god is represented through the trinity. According to the BBC, "The Bible taught that Christians were to worship
Father and Son and Holy Spirit. It also taught that Christians should only worship God. Finally, it taught that there was only one God." In Islam,
there is no concept of a trinity, and they believe in the oneness of god, "The most fundamental teaching of Islam is to believe in the Oneness of God,
in the sense of His being the only Creator, Preserver, Nourisher, etc" (Why Islam 1). In both Christianity and Islam, they revere the same early
prophets. Some of these prophets include Abraham, Moses, and John the Baptist. Both religions consider Jesus as a prophet as well, but Jesus' role in the

Critical Thinking
Introduction
In our lives, there must be a time where we may face problems. Problems will occur if we do not have the right strategy or solution. So, how are we
going to solve it? Well, there are no specific solutions that I can explain here but there are some ways that can help us to create the correct and fast
solution to solve our problems. One of the ways is to think critically.
Thinking is a good process but thinking alone will not help us to develop our minds. That is when critical thinking may take place. Critical thinking is
the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Using critical thinking one makes a
decision or solves the problem of judging what to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only that, he has used his thinking for the research of Aristotle's theory. The factor which al–Kindi relied upon to determine which of these theories
was most correct was how adequately each one explained the experience of seeing. For example, Aristotle's theory was unable to account for why the
angle at which an individual sees an object affects his perception of it. This proves that Al–Kindi's views and philosophies are very comprehensive and
analytical in every research he had done.
Not only a philosopher or a logician, he is also known as an Islamic psychologist.He was an expert in experimental psychology. He was the first one
to use the method of experiment in psychology, the earliest one to realize the therapeutic value of music and attempted to cure a quadriplegic boy
using music therapy. He also stated that "sorrow is not within us, we are the one who bring it upon ourselves". It shows that he knows the ways to cure
a person's mind and help to improve the way of thinking of others. He developed cognitive methods to combat depression and discussed the intellectual
operations of human beings.
2. Ibn Sina ( Avicenna)
Abu Ali Sina was born near Bukhara, also known as Ibn Sina and Avicenna ( in English). Ibn Sina wrote about 450 treatises but almost half of them
survived. His most famous works re The Book of Healing, The Canon of Medicine.Ibn Sina considered as one of the foremost philosophers in the
Medieval

Death Is Not Death?
Throughout our lives we have instinctually feared what is considered the most horrible, yet inevitable fate of all mankind; death. We spend our entire
lives fearing death as well as theorizing and developing ways to live longer and put off our own eventual demise. Death is universally feared, even
from a young age we are aware of the fact that death is the ultimately the worst thing that could possibly happen to any mortal being. Death is
defined as the "permanent ending of vital processes in a cell or tissue". When thought of in these terms death does not seem like anything to be so
greatly feared, it simply sounds like a scientific fact of life, so why is it that the fear of death is so prevalent? It appears that death is feared because
we fear punishment from God for our previous actions, as well as because of the fact that we are concerned about not accomplishing our goals
before we perish and of course because we have such a strong fear for the unknown. Epicurus however did not have any fear of death, he believed
that death was simply nothing to us and that fearing being dead was senseless because we would not be present to actually experience it. According to
Epicurus we should not fear death because our soul dies along with our bodies, because it is irrational to fear nonexistence as we have experienced it
before and lastly because fearing death can only take away from us enjoying the short time we have on earth.
Epicurus himself was a firm believer in the

Western Europe
During the Early modern period, we see Western Europe emerge as the dominant power in the geopolitical sphere while eastern cultures, such as China
and the Islamic Middle East began to fall far behind in cultural progression. For some, this separation suggests the beginning of a "Great Divergence" in
civilizational development. The scientific revolution presents an example of the establishment of Western European hegemony in the global system,
Europe had the necessary economic and political conditions to allow for science to become institutionalized within European society. Asymmetrically,
Islamic science failed to become an institution within society due to economic power shifting away from the East and the increasing influence of the
church within society. However while it is fair to view the Scientific Revolution as an extension of the overall rise in European ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, past the 14th century, Islamic science development declines rapidly. The rapid decline of scientific development is occurring at the same
time as an economic decline in the Islamic caliphates suggesting the decline in science in the middle east is part of a larger, overall decline in Islamic
power during the early modern period. Simply put, "The Middle East fell behind the West because it was late in adopting key institutions of the modern
economy" this concept echoed within the realm of science in the Islamic east. One of the main factors that contributed to the scientific revolution in
Europe was the ability of the European society to institutionalize science, which the Islamic world failed to do. In the medieval period, both Islamic
and Christian scholars adopted the ideas of "natural philosophy"– the science of Aristotle. The theology of the Christian church proved to be highly
compatible with the Aristotelian schema and therefore was more widely adopted, eventually developing into the ideas of the scientific revolution in the

Cultural Aspects Of The European Renaissance And Humanism
Cultural aspects of the European Renaissance and Humanism
Name :Ece YeЕџim KebabcД±
Student ID:25097
Section No:B3
Word Count:1130
Renaissance , a French word which means rebirth in English, is the period in European civilization immediately appears after the Middle Ages and
reaches up to the 17th century.It is regarded as the beggining of cultural movement in Italy which was continued by radical changes in lots of branches
such as literature,art,science etc. and later spreaded to the rest of Europe. There is a common arguement which emphasizes that the origins of the ideas
characterizing the Renaissance was particular in Dante Alighieri's and Petrachs's writings as well as in the paintings of Giotto di Bondone. A significant
part of the Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement called Humanism.It was a human based philosophy which emphasized human
potential that all people should endeavour to be educated and learned in the classical arts, literature, and science.This modernization made an unusual
culture to be born. My Thesis Statement is based on the process of the differentation between European and Eastern countries that happened as a result
of changes in Renaissance and Humanism.Not only in scientific or artistic but also in cultural aspects,there has been a great development in Europe
which made the situation opposite of the Medieval Period.By Renaissance Europe has not only reached the developement level of eastern countries but
also take

Iqbal Song Analysis

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Jennifer Gutierrez

More from Jennifer Gutierrez (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Iqbal Song Analysis