Disaster and its management.pptx

Dr. Jenifer Florence Mary J, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Community
Medicine
Mahatma Gandhi Medical
College and Research Institute,
Puducherry, India
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

Objectives:
• Definitions
• Classification
• Burden due to disaster & major disaster in
India
• Disaster management cycle
• Health related symptoms due to disaster
• National disaster management
authority(NDMA) of India
• Disaster risk reduction laws and polices
• Early warning system and signs
• World disaster reduction day
• Summary 8/13/2021
Dr. Jenifer Florence Mary J, MD - Disaster and its management 2

INTRODUCTION
• India is one of the vulnerable
countries for all types of disasters on
the account of the unique geo-climate
conditions and the disaster has a
recurrent phenomenon.
• Since, these disasters seriously
threaten directly or indirectly India's
economy, its population and
sustainable development.
8/13/2021

DEFINITIONS
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that
seriously disrupts the functioning of a
community or society and causes human,
material and economic or environmental
losses that exceeds the community's or society’s
ability to cope using its own resources, though
often caused by nature, disasters can have
human origins.
(UNISDR)
8/13/2021

Definition of disaster
“Any occurrence that causes
• damage,
• ecological disruption,
• loss of human life
• deterioration of health and health services
on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from the affected community or area”
(WHO).
8/13/2021

Definitions
• Hazard is defined as a natural or human-
made event that threatens to adversely affects
human life, property or activity to the extent of
causing a disaster. (WHO, 2002)
• “A hazard is a natural event while disaster is
its consequence. As the hazard is perceived
natural event which threatens both life and
property, but a disaster is a realization of this
hazard” – John B Whittow, 1980.
8/13/2021

Classification
Disaster
Natural
Meteorological
1. Floods
2. Tsunami
3. Cyclone /
Hurricane /
Typhoon
4.
Snowstorm
/ Blizzard
5. Hailstorm
Topographical
1.Earthquake
2. Volcanic
eruptions
3. Landslides
4.Avalanches
5. Asteroids
6. Limnic
eruptions
Environmental
1. Global
warming
2. Ozone
depletion -
UVB
Radiation
3. Solar flare
Man -
made
Technological
1. Transport
failure
2. Public
place failure
3. Fire
Industrial
1. Chemical
spills
2.Radioactiv
e spills
Warfare
1. War
2. Terrorism
3. Internal
Conflicts
4. Civil
unrest
5. CBRNE
8/13/2021
Dr. Jenifer Florence Mary J, MD - Disaster and its management
7

FEW WELL KNOWN
NATURAL DISASTERS

Australian bush
fire, 2019-2020
Earthquake in India, Taiwan, China, Turkey,
Iran, Russia and Philippines
Forest Fires In
Uttarakhand,
India, 2020
Flood in Assam, 2020
Massive landslide in Wayanad district of Kerala on
August 8, 2019.
Meteor shower
8/13/2021

Cyclone Fani
Heat wave and solar
flare
India, June 2019
Japan, July 2019
Heavy snowfall and strong winds
during 2016, New York
Tsunami, 2004
Taal volcanic eruption, Philippines
Jan 12, 2020
Antarctica’s Snow Is Turning Green. Why?
Bonus, Find this
Locust Swarms In East Africa & Parts Of
India & Asia
8/13/2021

Beirut fire accident, 2020
Chernobyl fire accident, 1986
War
Road traffic accidents
Chemical spill accident
Civil unrest
Kozhikode flight accident
8/13/2021

BURDEN
DUE TO
DISASTER
World disaster report, IFRC, 2018
8/13/2021

NATURAL HAZARDS FOR
INDIA
India’s vulnerability
(NDMA,2016)
• 59% landmass –
earthquake
• 12% (40 million hectares)
– floods & river erosion
• 8% (3/4th) total area –
cyclones & tsunamis
• 68% area – drought
• 30 million people affects
every year due to disaster
8/13/2021

Major disasters in India
 Great Bengal famine (1770)
 Uttarakhand (Flash) flood/ Landslides (2013 &
15)
 Coringa cyclone (1839)  Chennai floods (2015)
 Bhopal gas tragedy (1984)  Okhi cyclone in Tamilnadu and Kerala (2017)
 Orissa Super cyclone (1999)
 Ennore oil spill (2017)
 Gorakhpur hospital deaths (2017)
 Earthquakes-Uttar Pradesh
(1991), Gujarat (2001)
 Kerala floods (2018)
 Indian Heat wave (2002)
 Karnataka, Bihar and Kerala flood (2019)
 Chennai water crisis “Day Zero” (2019)
 Tsunami (2004)
• Fani cyclone (2019)
• Bihar heat wave (2019)
 Terrorist attack in Mumbai
(2008), Kosi flood (2008)
• Indian alcohol poisoning (Uttar Prasad,
Uttarakhand, Assam) (2019)
 Thane cyclone (2011) • Bhandipur forest fire (2019)
8/13/2021

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
CYCLE
Disaster management can be defined as
the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and recovery in order to lessen
the impact of disasters. (IRCF)
8/13/2021

Disaster Impact
Activities during to
Disaster
• Public warning systems
•Emergency operations
•Search & rescue
Activities following to
Disaster
•temporary housing
•Claims processing
•Grants
•Medical care
Activities that reduce
the effect of Disaster
•Building codes &
zoning
•Vulnerability analyses
•Public education
Activities Prior to
Disaster
• Preparedness plans
•Emergency exercises
•Training
•Warning systems
8/13/2021

8/13/2021

Mitigation – Minimizing
the effects of disaster
(eg: Public education,
Vulnerability analyses,
Building codes and
zoning)
Preparedness –
Planning how to respond
(eg: Emergency
plans/exercises/training,
warning systems)
Response – Efforts to
minimize the hazards
created by a disaster
(eg: search and rescue,
emergency relief)
Recovery – Returning
the community to normal
(eg: Temporary housing,
grants, medical care)
8/13/2021

Disaster phase
Goal – This phase denotes the time
during which an actual event of
disaster takes place, affecting the
elements and population at risk. The
duration of the event will depend on
the nature and type of the disaster
(eg: within seconds in case of
earthquakes or days in case of
floods).
8/13/2021

DISASTER
RECOVERY
Elements of recovery
Community
recovery (including
psychological).
Infrastructure
recovery (services
and lifelines).
Economy recovery
( financial, political
).
Environment
recovery.
Rehabilitation - Restoration of basic social functions.
Such as providing temporary shelters, stress debriefing
for responders and victims, economic rehabilitation,
psycho-social rehabilitation, scientific damage
assessment,
Repatriation - after the emergency is over, displaced
people return to their place of origin.
8/13/2021

RECONSTRUCTION
Rebuilding homes.
Permanently repairing and rebuilding
infrastructures.
Elements -
Owner driven reconstruction.
Speedy reconstruction.
Linking reconstruction with safe
development.
8/13/2021

DISASTER MITIGATION
Permanent reduction
of risk of a disaster,
To limit impact on
human suffering and
economic assets.
Primary mitigation -
reducing hazard &
vulnerability.
Secondary mitigation-
reducing effects of hazard.
8/13/2021

COMPONENTS OF
DISASTER MITIGATION
• Hazard identification and mapping – Assessment –
Estimating probability of a damaging phenomenon of given
magnitude in each area.
• Considerations-
• History
• Probability of various intensities
• Maximum threat
• Possible secondary hazards
• Vulnerability analysis – A process which results in an
understanding of the types and levels of exposure of persons,
property, and the environment to the effects of identified hazards
at a particular time. 8/13/2021

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER
MITIGATION
• Risk analysis – determining nature and scale of
losses which can be anticipated in a particular area.
Involves analysis of
• Probability of a hazard of a particular magnitude.
• Elements susceptible to potential loss/damage.
• Nature of vulnerability.
• Specified future time period.
• Prevention – activities taken to prevent a natural
phenomenon or potential hazard from having harmful
effects on either people or economic assets.
26
8/13/2021

DISASTER MITIGATION
MEASURES
Active measures
• Promotion of desired
actions by
• Planning control.
• Training & education.
• Economic assistance.
• Subsidies.
• Facilities-refugee points,
storage.
• Public information.
Passive measures
• Prevent undesired
actions by
• Checking compliance on
site.
• Court proceedings
• Fines
• Control land use.
• Denial of utilities in areas
development undesired.
8/13/2021

EXAMPLE
8/13/2021

TRIAGE
• The sorting of and allocation of treatment to patients and especially
battle and disaster victims according to the system of priorities, urgency
of their need for care designed to maximize the number of survivors.
• “First come, first served” cannot be applied here.
8/13/2021

8/13/2021

HEALTH RELATED SYMPTOMS
AFTER DISASTER
Physiological symptoms Cognitive symptoms Emotional symptoms Behavioral symptoms
 Fatigue
 Shock symptoms
 Profuse sweating
 Fine motor tremors
 Chills
 Muscle aches
 Dizziness
 Memory loss
 Distractibility
 Reduced attention
span
 Decision making
dilemma
 Calculation
difficulties
 Confusion trivial
 Anxiety
 Feeling overwhelmed
 Grief
 Identification with victim
 Depression
 Anticipation of harm to
self or other
 Irritability
 Post traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
 Insomnia
 Substance abuse
 Gallows humor
 Gait change
 Ritualistic behavior
 Hyper vigilance
 Unwillingness to leave
scene
8/13/2021

DISASTERS
AND
DISEASES
Epidemic and
pandemic
disease
May be
consequences
of disasters
Some tend to
become
pandemics, to
evolve as
disaster
Plague of Justinian
from 541 to 750 AD ,
killed
•about 60% (100
Millions) of Europe's
population.
Spanish flu killed 50
million people in 1918-
1919, more than
those died in
precedent First World
War.
Currently.............COV
ID 19

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AFTER DISASTERS
Preexisting Diseases in the
Population :
Dysentery, cholera, measles,
tuberculosis, malaria, intestinal
parasites, scabies, skin infections.
Ecological Changes :
Altered ecology- vector borne and water
borne diseases
Living conditions - plague, louse borne
typhus and relapsing fever.
Stray animals and wild animal
displacement- rabies.
Damage to public Utilities :
Water supplies & sewage disposal
disrupted.
8/13/2021

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AFTER DISASTERS
Population movements :
• Introduction of new disease or vector.
• In settlements - diarrheal diseases , measles, viral
hepatitis, whooping cough, malaria etc.
Interruption in public health services :
• Disruption of curative and preventive services.
• Interrupted vector control - malaria, dengue
• Interrupted immunization - measles, whooping cough, and
diphtheria.
Altered individual resistance to diseases :
• Malnutrition increases susceptibility to diseases
8/13/2021

HOW COVID- 19 IS COMING
UNDER DISASTER
• The ministry of home affairs declared the
spread of COVID-19 as a “notified disaster”,
thus bringing into play section 2(d) of the
disaster management act. This enabled the
state governments to use a larger part of the
state disaster response fund (SDRF) to
combat the spread of the virus.
8/13/2021

WHY COVID- 19 IS
CONSIDERED UNDER
DISASTER
Declaring the COVID-19 outbreak as a “notified
disaster” is a first-of-its-kind measure taken to
increase the scope of government powers that
can be used in order to make quick
administrative decisions to fight this disease. It
is important for the government to back its
policies and decisions with legal provisions as it
validates those actions.
8/13/2021

HOW THE DIFFERENCE IN ODISHA
AND KERALA TOWARDS THE
COVID-19 WAR
• Kerala reaps the benefit of good health
infrastructure, higher social mobilization,
empowered local government, Odisha's
strength lies in ‘physical infrastructure’ created
to assist people during disasters as disaster
management and ‘intellectual infrastructure’
referring to the government’s institutional
setups evolved to tackle disasters in a swift and
efficient way by stable government and long-
lasting leadership
8/13/2021

Response Recovery or
rehabilitation
Mitigation Preparedness
Quarantine of the affected
Lockdown (144
amendment) for general
population
Social distancing
Securing food and water
Emergency medical
services even mental health
Active case finding / active
surveillance in the
community
Field treatment
Economic recovery
or rehabilitation
Community recovery
(mental and physical
rehabilitation)
Infrastructure
recovery (financial,
services and lifelines)
Vaccine
Vulnerability
analysis
Risk analysis
Further prevention
Training and
education
Amendment of law
and policies
Health education
Telecommunication and
other modes of
communication
Risk communication
Community engagement
Detection and treatment
of the cases
Points of entry
surveillance
Country level co-
ordination
Vaccine development
Disaster management for COVID – 19 and other
pandemics
8/13/2021

8/13/2021

OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
• Rape, exploitation & sexual violence
• Causes: separation of women from family
• Weakened social structures
• Increased aggressive behavior
Sexual violence
• Torture of civilian
• Physical and psychological harms
• Sex trafficking
• Child labour
• Denial of basic needs
Human right violations
8/13/2021

RESCUE WORKERS IN DISASTER
43
Secondary victims of a disaster.
Stress reactions seen in non-professionals.
More emotional trauma if involved in a failed rescue attempts (especially if children
are involved).
Inexperienced body handlers become more sensitive.
19 August is observed as World Humanitarian Day in honour of aid workers, who
lost their lives.
8/13/2021

STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME
DISASTER

8/13/2021

GOVERNMENT AND
PUBLIC RESPONSE

MEDICAL AND PUBLIC
HEALTH RESPONSE
• Food safety and water safety
• Animal control- carcasses can foul water, zoonotic
diseases.
• Vector control- mosquito and rodents
• Communicable disease control: Measles, diarrheal
diseases, ARI, and malaria
• Breakdown in environmental safeguards.
• Crowding of persons in camps, malnutrition.
• Waste management
Temporary latrines
Chemical toileting
Sewage disposal damage. 8/13/2021

MEDICAL AND PUBLIC
HEALTH RESPONSE
• Management of hazardous agent exposure of Particular
matter
• Also, infectious agents if hospital or scientific laboratories
damaged
• Mental health: Specialized psychological triage and
treatment
• Significant in terrorism.
• Information
• Behavioral contagion handling
• Risk communication
8/13/2021

DEVELOPMENTS
IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
High Powered Committee set up in August
1999.
Until 2001 – Responsibility with Agriculture
Ministry.
Transferred to Ministry of Home Affairs in
June 2002.
National Disaster Management Authority
established 28th September 2005.
Inclusion of Disaster Management in the
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.
On 23 December 2005, Disaster
Management Act .
8/13/2021

8/13/2021

National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA)
Vision: To build a safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic,
pro-active, technology driven and sustainable development
strategy that involves all stakeholders and fosters a culture of
prevention, preparedness and mitigation.
8/13/2021

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
(NDRF)
The force is gradually emerging displayed high level of dedication &
commitment towards the motto AAPDA SEVA SADAIV which means
sustained disaster response service under all circumstances. The force
consists of RESCUERS who are NDRF personnel proved their efficacy
during various disaster situations with specialized response by well equipped
and trained in terms of rescue and search.
8/13/2021

DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT
(2005)
• Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster;
• Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its
severity or consequences;
• Capacity-building;
• Preparedness to deal with any disaster;
• Prompt response to any threatening disaster
situation or disaster;
• Evacuation, rescue and relief;
• Rehabilitation and reconstruction;
• Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of
any disaster. 8/13/2021

Courses offered
Many colleges offers MBA courses for disaster management.
Online and certificate courses also offered
•Online certificate programme in disaster management – by IFRC with
TISS
•E-Learning on disaster risk management by NIDM -10 courses
(Community based disaster risk management 2019
8/13/2021

WORLD DISASTER REDUCTION
DAY
• To promote a global culture of risk-
awareness and disaster reduction and
how people and communities around
the worlds are reducing their exposure
to disasters.
• 13 October by a general assembly
8/13/2021

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
• “ A set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely
and meaningful warning information of the possible extreme events
or disasters (e.g., Floods, drought, fires, earthquake, and tsunamis)
that threatens people’s lives”. The purpose of this information is to
enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened to
prepare and act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the
possibility of harm , loss or risk. (NIDM)
8/13/2021

8/13/2021

Toll free numbers: Disaster management services is 108
NDMA disaster management is 011-26701728
Earthquake/ Flood/ Disaster (NDRF Headquarters) 011-24363260
8/13/2021

Disasters Agencies EWS
Cyclone Indian Meteorological
Department
Scatterometer – satellite
remote sensors
Tsunami Indian national centre
for Oceanic information
services
Seismic monitoring – DART
buoys, tidal gauge, seismic
network, HF radar network.
Floods Central Water
commission
Flood automated sensors.
Earthquakes Indian Meteorological
Department
Shake alert (P- first felt
waves & S- damaging
waves), Seismic monitoring.
8/13/2021

8/13/2021

SUMMARY
The early warning system has become robust,
scientific and very accurate with time which
helps to understand the disaster occurrence.
Climate change is adding a new and
intractable dimension to vulnerability, one
which threatens the resilience of millions of
people across the country. India's success will
depend on its ability to orient governance
mechanisms, people and communities to this
emerging challenge.
8/13/2021

• Disaster and emergencies definition, training package. Who/eha. (Online). [Accessed
2019 apr] available from: url:http://apps.Who.Int/disaster/repo/7656.Pdf
• International federation of red cross and red crescent societies (IRFC). World disaster
report 2016: resilience: saving lives today: investment for tomorrow, genève. 2016.
• Disaster management act, 2005. Arrangement of sections – chapter 1. National
disaster management authority. [Online]. [Accessed 2019 apr]. Available from: URL:
file:///G:/SEMINARS/MY%20SEMINAR/disaster%20management/the%20disaster%20ma
nagement%20act,%202005.Pdf
• International day for disaster reduction. United nations office for disaster risk reduction
(UNISDR). [Online]. [Accessed on 2019 apr] available from:
url:https://www.Unisdr.Org/we/campaign/iddr
• Tsunami. ESSO – indian national centre for ocean information services. [Online].
[Accessed 2019 apr]. Available from: URL:
https://www.Incois.Gov.In/tsunami/eqevents.Jsp
• Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th ed. Jabalpur:
banarasidas bhanot; 2019.P.832-9.
• Kadri am. Iapsm’s textbook of community medicine. 1st ed. New delhi: jaypee brothers
medical publishers; 2019. P.861-5.
• Multi hazard early warning systems. World meteorological organizations (WMO).
[Online]. [Accessed 2019 apr]. Available from:
url:https://public.Wmo.Int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day/wmd-2018/multi-hazard
Reference
8/13/2021

THANK
YOU
8/13/2021

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