Disasters caused by human factors are called man-made disasters. They can be intentional like acts of terrorism or unintentional like industrial and technological accidents. Some major man-made disasters include the Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and wars which have caused widespread damage and loss of life. Preventing such disasters requires stricter regulations on hazardous facilities, proper siting of chemical plants away from cities, and measures to reduce human errors.

1. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

2. Definition :
 A disaster can be defined as : “ Any
occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life or
deterioration of health and health services
on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the
affected community or area”. BY - World Health
Organisation (WHO)
 “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence
either nature or manmade that causes human
suffering and creates human needs that
victims cannot alleviate without assistance”. BY-

3. When and Where it occurs ?
 Anytime and anywhere, not confined to any
part of the world.
 Some disasters can be predicted and
whereas some cannot be predicted.
 Warfare is a special category, because it is
well planned and damage is the intended goal
of action.

4. Factors affecting Disaster :
• Age
• Immunization status
• Degree of mobility
• Emotional stability
Host factors
• Physical Factors
• Chemical Factors
• Biological Factors
• Social Factors
• Psychological Factors
Environmental
factors

5. Effects of disaster :
 Population displacement
 Injury or Death
 Risk of epidemic of diseases
 Damage to infrastructure
 Psychological problems
 Food shortage
 Socioeconomic losses
 Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.

6. Types of Disasters :
Natural
Disasters
Earthquake
Floods
Cyclones
Tsunami
Landslide
and
Avalanches
Manmade
Disasters
Chemical
Disaster
Nuclear
Disaster
Biological
Disaster
Examples
• Natural disasters :
Earthquakes, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, floods
and cyclones
• Man-made disasters :
Stampedes, fires,
transport accidents,
industrial accidents, oil
spills and nuclear
explosions/radiation. War
and deliberate attacks
may also be put in this
category.

9. Severity of the impact :
 The severity of the impact depends upon many
factors :
1. Predictability : Some of the disasters such as
cyclones, floods can be predicted and the
degree of preparedness will be high.
2. Type of Disaster : In Earthquakes, the mortality
is high because the people get crushed below
the falling objects and collapsed buildings
3. Density and population distribution.
4. Opportunity of warning.
5. Condition of the environment.

10.  The scale is a normalized function whose
variables are scope (S), topography (T), and
rate of change (D), expressed as :
Rohn Emergency Formula :
E = EMERGENCY = f(S,T,D)
Measuring the severity :

11. Morbidity and Mortality :
 Earthquakes : Unpredictable, People get crushed because they
cannot escape and if it occurs in night, the people may even have
fracture pelvis, thorax or spine because they are lying in bed
 Volcanic eruptions : Mudslides and glowing clouds
of ash.
Bodies buried in volcanic
ash

12. Morbidity and Mortality (contd..)
:
 Floods : Collapsed dam or tidal waves.
 Droughts : Protein-calorie malnutrition and vitamin
deficiencies (Particularly Vit.A) leading to
Xerophthalmia and blindness. Even dehydration and
diarrhoea may occur.

13. India’s Vulnerability to Disasters
:
 57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is vulnerable to severe
earthquakes.
 68% land is vulnerable to drought.
 12% land is vulnerable to floods.
 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.
 Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India are also vulnerable to chemical and
industrial disasters and man-made disasters.
 Northern mountain region prone to land slides, snow–storms , earthquakes
 Eastern coastal area prone to severe floods ,cyclones
 Western desert prone to draughts

14. Who will work ?
 Usually military force, police, BSF, volunteers from other region.
 Disaster management is a specialised training & is provided by
local, state, federal and private organizations.
 Undergraduate and Graduate degrees in disaster management or
a related field are provided. (Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal, M.P and
Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmadabad,Gujarat).
 Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) the most important degree.
The National Emergency Management Association and the
International Association of Emergency Managers are twoexamples
of these professional organizations.

15. Principles of disaster
management
 Comprehensive – disaster managers
consider and take into account all hazards, all
phases, and all impacts relevant to disasters.
 Progressive – anticipate future disasters and
take preventive and preparatory measures
 Risk-driven – use sound risk management
principles (hazard identification, risk analysis,
and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and
resources.
 Integrated – ensure unity of effort among all
levels of government and all elements of a
community.

16. Contd...
 Collaborative – create and sustain broad and
sincere relationships among individuals and
organizations .
 Coordinated – synchronize the activities to
achieve a common purpose.
 Flexible – use creative and innovative
approaches in solving disaster challenges.
 Professional – value a science and
knowledge-based approach for continuous
improvement.

17. Phases of Management :
 Disaster Response
 Disaster Rehabilitation
 Disaster Reconstruction
 Disaster Mitigation
 Disaster Preparedness
Recovery phase after
disaster
Risk reduction phase
before a disaster

18. Impact & Response :
 Greatest need for emergency care is in 1st few hours
after the impact.
 The management of mass casualties are divided into :
Search and Rescue
First Aid
Field care
Triage
Tagging
Identification of Dead

19. Search and Rescue & First-Aid
:
 For search and rescue the team should be organised and
work as one. Even with a good team the search may be a
small fraction in major disasters.
 The immediate help is usually obtained from the uninjured
survivors.

20. Field care :
 The injured people are brought to nearest health care
immediately by available means of transport and
people converge into health facilities.
 The hospitals must get ready to deal with mass input
of injured with new priorities for bed availability and
surgical services.
 Provision for food, shelter should be done.
 A centre to respond for the enquiries from patient’s
relatives and friends.
 Priority is given to :
a. victims identification and
b. adequate mortuary space.

21. Triage :
 It consists of rapidly classifying the injured on
the basis of the severity of their injuries and their
likelyhood of their survival with prompt medical
intervention.
 The principle of “First come, first serve” is NOT
FOLLOWED.
 High priority is given to those whose immediate or
long term prognosis can be changed dramatically
with simple intensive care.
 It is the only approach that can provide maximum
benefit to large population in a major disaster.

22. Colour coding in a Triage :
Internationally
accepted four
colour coding
system :
 Red – High
priority treatment
or transfer.
 Yellow –
Medium priority.
 Green –
Ambulatory
patients.
 Black – Dead or
Moribound
patients.
Triage should be carried out
at the site of the disaster.
Local health workers should
be taught the principles of
triage as a part of disaster
training.
People with minor injuries
should be treated in their
homes to avoid social
dislocation and drain the
resources which are needed
by severely injured person.
All persons should be
tagged with details – name,
age, place of origin, triage,
initial diagnosis and

23. MAN-MADE DISASTERS
By : Chidanand

24. “Humansaregoodat creating
disasters, and throughout history
we’verarely beenafraid toprove it”.

25. Definition :
 Man-made disasters are the
threats having an element of
human intent, negligence, or error
; or involving a failure of a
human-made system.
 Human causation may be
accidental or intentional

26. Types of man made disasters
 Sudden disasters : such as Chernobyl disaster
and Bhopal gas tragedy,
 Insidious disasters : Chemical and radiation
exposure, global warming

27. Classification :
Sociological disasters
Terrorism
War and civil
conflicts
Technological
disasters
Industrial disasters
Structural collapse
and fire
CBRN disaster
Transportation
disasters

28. Sociological hazards
 Terrorism : The primary objective of a
terrorism is to create widespread fear.
 E.g. : On 11 September 2001 the World Trade
Centre in New York City was destroyed by
crashing American airlines and killed 2,752.

29. War :
 It is a conflict between relatively large groups of
people, which involves physical force by the
use of weapons .
 Warfare has destroyed entire cultures,
countries, economies and inflicted great
suffering on humanity.
 E.g. : World war I and II. Since world war II there
have been about 127 wars and
22 million war related deaths
have occurred

30. Civil conflicts (riots):
Any incident that disrupts a community,
where intervention is required to maintain
public safety.
 eg: 1984 Sikh massacre, a riot against the
Sikhs in response to assassination of
Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards
 More than 11,000 people were killed

31. Technological hazards
: Industrial disasters :
 E.g.-The Nuclear Power
Plant Explosion in Chernobyl,
Russia : On April 26th 1986,
which resulted in the
atmospheric release of
radioactive material four
hundred times more
radioactive than Hiroshima.
 Structural collapse :often
caused by engineering
failures E.g.: recently building
collapse in Bangladesh
,Kolkata and thane

32.  Fire : mainly forest fire , mine fire.
 E.g. : In 2003, fire at Iraqi sulphur
plant releasing Sulphur dioxide
which killed people by causing
respiratory problems and also
creates acid rain which destroys
crops.
 Transportation disaster: air, Rail,
and Space disasters and traffic
collisions
 E.g.: Mangalore air crash on
22 May 2010. Only eight
passengers survived in 160.

33. CBRN Disasters :
CBRN (chemical , biological , radiation and
nuclear ) disasters : release of CBRN hazardous
material into air, soil, water leads to serious
hazards
 E.g. : Fukushima nuclear disaster on march
2011 which was triggered by earthquake and
tsunami in nearby Tohoku region.

34. Worst disasters in India
Bhopal Gas Tragedy :1984
 Worlds worst man made disaster in which methyl
isocyanate gas was leaked at Union Carbide Pesticide
Plant
 More than 20,000 people have been killed till date
 Today, in Bhopal 1,20,000 people are suffering from
chronic diseases like Emphysema, Cancer etc.

35. Worst disasters in
India(cont…)
 In 1999, Orissa had super cyclone ,in which
thousands lost their lives
 In 2001, Gujarat had a severe earthquake in
which 16500 people died and lakhs became
homeless
 In 2004, Indian ocean earthquake and
Tsunami killed more than 200,000 people in
December 2004
 In 2008 ,terror attack in Mumbai

36. Prevention of man made
disaster
 Tighter regulation of chemical plants and other
hazardous facilities
 Chemical plants be built away from the dense
populous areas
 Appropriate engineering and technological
measures
 Early warnings and protection against human
errors