RUNNING HEAD ROUGH DRAFT OF FINAL PORTFOLIO Roug.docx

RUNNING HEAD: ROUGH DRAFT OF FINAL PORTFOLIO
Rough Draft of Final Portfolio
Jadah Arrington
ENG130-2
Colorado State University – Global Campus
Dr. Stone Meredith
November 15, 2019

Portfolio Project Outline and Specified Cultural Analysis
Introduction
Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart” is a culturally healthy
book that depicts numerous
themes of the African communities in the early twentieth
century. The book focuses on
Okonkwo who was an individual with pride and stuck to the
traditional ways without any
thought and tolerance of changes. Chinua depicts that an
individual that wants it all at the end
loses it all because of the various virtues such as pride, the fact
that he does not want to accept
other people’s opinions that made it a challenge for him to
learn. The book depicts betrayal and
colonialism and faith all that occur because the people believe
in their gods and the reduction in
the harvest [pushes them to believe that they have angered the
gods and changing to the
Christianity would be an abomination. The fact that the society
was wealthy with culture makes
it an interest works because numerous foreigners enjoy it

because they learn a lot about the ways
of the people in the previous century.
Struggling between change and tradition
The community was staunch into their traditional practices that
makes it important for
them to maintain their customs. The fact that Okonkwo was
working so hard to appease the
elders and the gods so that they will grant him the ascension
into the lordship. The measure made
him so stuck to the ways of the community and when it was
time for him to kill his adopted son
because he did not want to appear weak among the other
community members. The fact that the
White man was introducing Christianity into the traditional
community was more of interfering
with the people’s problems and norms (Parmentier & Fischer,
2015). It is evident that the
external pressure in the society was a way to revolutionize
without giving the people the chance
to lead their lives without condemnation that is not appropriate.

It is evident in the actual world
that the west being forwards tends to forcefully impose their
ways on those of the others without
thinking that their ways might be wrong or the people should
lead their lives the way they want.
Pride
It is evident in the book that Okonkwo was the proudest
individual looking down upon
the others and ignoring the fact that they were from the same
community. The pride did not
allow him to sit down and interact with others thus making him
look like he was the pillar for the
society because of his achievements with several women that
objectify him, children and the fact
that he was a successful wrestler. It is evident in the world that
there are wealthy billionaires that
would prefer to live large while there are others that would
prefer eating and initiating projects to
help others. Individuals such as Bill Gates has funded numerous
projects independently and
through his charity foundation that does a lot for the
community. The individual does not boast
about their achievements to the people instead they focus on
how to work together with the

people and aid them without the need to show off and despise
others.
Different appreciation of masculinity
Okonkwo was a skillful warrior in the community and this gave
him a reputation in the
society that made it a challenge for any individual to come
forward to fight them. However,
Okonkwo did not understand how to use the masculinity for
good instead he became a villain at
the same time he was trying to become good. It is evident in the
current society that men are
stronger and dominant compared to the women and thus the
society tends to lean towards the
men and leaving the women out to dry. Men will boast over the
women and push them towards
some of the weak assumptions that society places on women
“girly” where they might not work
or endure the same levels of pressure at work (Yékú, 2017).
However, it is not quite true,
especially in the current decade where women and men have

similar access to resources and
education thus can compete for the same opportunities losing
the need to argue with the muscles.
Language: the sign of cultural difference
Language variations in the current world is a major problem
because of the increase in
the segregation and differentiation on the basis of the cultural
variations. For instance, the United
States has numerous communities that include the Asian,
African Americans, Latinas among
others. The variations in the language implies that one has to be
careful on what they say and
how to say it without offending the others. It is evident that
some of the most offensive words
should not arise at any given time when interacting with African
Americans. It is essential to
understand that the community is making a major significance
on the matter, especially because
there is an increase in cultural awareness but it is still taking
time but it is better compared to the
previous century. Achebe implies that the Igbo language was the
most resourceful to the people
that kept them together and a slight variation of translation
would change the meaning which

shows the importance of taking time to understand the content
before the words (Nnoromele,
2000).
Divide among generations
The 20th century had men and generally people that left their
homes in the morning went
in to work the manual labor for 8hrs before ending their days. It
was a tough generation because
sometimes they had two or three shifts at different jobs to help
them make ends meet and provide
for their families. The generation like Okonkwo views the
current 21st century generation as
weak and failures because they tend to eat from their brightness
and making through innovations
such as computer programs and apps. The difference emanates
from the technology and era that
the two generations come from such as Okonkwo’s father whom
he despised and kept working
harder to make sure that he does not have his reputation as lazy.
The father was making it

through music which was a talent and it is present in most
societies now of whom which parents
from previous generations would not approve.
Repression
The current society would disagree with Chinua Achebe’s
portrayal of Okonkwo because
he chose to always act and appear tough in the society and
among the people. Most people in the
current cultures choose to speak through their feelings. People
prefer vulnerable people because
they believe that they can easily interact and socialize with and
connect with on the human level
other than those that are hiding their feelings (Korang, 2011). It
is all about feelings in the
current generation which Okonkwo would have related to his
father and son because he saw such
traits as weaknesses and not eligible to an individual like him
who was seeking to become a
leader.
Ethnographic distance

The device is evident in the book because Chinua Achebe is
distancing himself from the
book that leaves the reader thrilled and curious. The measure is
evident in the society because
culture is depleting in the society because numerous people are
currently not living within the
confinement of the culture. People interact and live openly in
the world and this tends to make
them lead straight lives without thinking that they have a
connection with their societies. In the
western countries, there are no measures of people interacting
and understanding the need of
cultures instead they lead open lives with no connection to their
cultural norms.
Conclusion
The society comprises of different people with varied customs
and approaches to life that
makes it different. People lead a social life without having to
communicate and interact but they
cannot directly inflict pain and bad vices on others thus it is
essential to come to the
understanding that people are different but they can lead proper
lives. Chinua Achebe manages

to combine a whole cultural filled activity into a single book
and a story from a single
community that face numerous negative perceptions. The
society comprises of indifferences in
terms of gender, race, levels of equality among others all that
make us unique but it requires
people to act mature and learn to live together as one
community. Okonkwo’s village understood
him and they all had to live with him taking advantage of some
of his strengths and downplaying
some of the weaknesses.
References
Korang, K. L. (2011). Making a Post-Eurocentric Humanity:
Tragedy, Realism, and Things Fall
Apart. Research in African Literatures, 42(2), 1–29.
https://doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.42.2.1
Nnoromele, P. C. (2000). The Plight of a Hero in Achebe’s

Things Fall Apart. College
Literature, 27(2), 146.
Parmentier, M.-A., & Fischer, E. (2015). Things Fall Apart: The
Dynamics of Brand
Audience Dissipation. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(5),
1228–1251.
https://doi.org/10.1086/678907
Yékú, J. (2017). ‘Thighs Fell Apart’: online fan fiction, and
African writing in a digital age.
Journal of African Cultural Studies, 29(3), 261–275.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2016.1201652
Family and Sexual Violence
Nursing and U.S. Policy
Kathryn Laughon, Angela Frederick Amar
“If the numbers we see in domestic violence were applied to
terrorism or gang violence, the entire
country would be up in arms, and it would be the lead story on
the news every night.”
Rep. Mark Green, Wisconsin
Our society is steeped in violence. In the most recent national
statistics, more than 26 per 1000
people aged 12 years or older will be the victims of a violent
crime (Truman, Langton, & Planty,
2013). Most of our violence prevention strategies prepare
potential victims to ward off violent

attacks from strangers; yet, someone known to the victim
perpetrates most violence against women,
children, and older adults. The intimate nature of this violence,
often perpetrated behind closed
doors, has made these forms of violence less visible. However,
the toll of violence on individuals
and societies is substantial. The World Health Organization has
framed violence as a significant
public health problem (Truman, Langton, & Planty, 2013). A
public health approach suggests an
interdisciplinary, science-based approach with an emphasis on
prevention. Effective strategies draw
on resources in many fields, including nursing, medicine,
criminal justice, epidemiology, and other
social scientists.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of state,
federal, and health sector policies
regarding violence against women in the United States, briefly
discuss policies related to violence
against children and older adults, and outline the resulting
implications for nurses and directions
for future work.
1357
Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Against Women
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is physical, sexual, or
psychological harm inflicted by a current or
former partner (same sex or not) or a current or former spouse
(Black et al., 2011). Almost one third
of American women experience being hit, slapped, or pushed by
an intimate partner, and nearly a
quarter will experience serious forms of IPV during their
lifetimes. Additionally, nearly one in five
women will experience a completed or attempted rape in their
lifetimes. Men experience IPV and
rape as well, although at far lower rates than do women. About
a quarter of men will experience

IPV (about 12% serious forms of violence) and nearly 1.5% a
completed or attempted rape.
Although more than half of women reporting rape report that the
assailant was an intimate partner
and 40% that the assailant was an acquaintance, men report that
half of rapes were by
acquaintances and 15% by strangers; the number raped by an
intimate partner was too small to
estimate.
The health effects of IPV and sexual violence are substantial
and cost as much as $8.3 billion in
health care and mental health services for victims (Max et al.,
2004). Violence is associated with a
wide range of health problems, including chronic pain recurring
central nervous system symptoms,
vaginal and sexually transmitted infections and other
gynecological symptoms, and diagnosed
gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders (Black et al., 2011).
Mental health symptoms include
depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol
and drug use (Black et al., 2011;
Campbell, 2002).
1358
State Laws Regarding Intimate Partner and Sexual
Violence
State laws address a number of issues important for nurses to
understand. Most often, crime of IPV
and sexual violence are addressed through state laws. Most,
although not all, states have laws
specifically providing enhanced penalties for assault and battery
that occurs between intimate
partners. (It worth noting that most laws refer to domestic
violence or family abuse rather than
IPV.) For example, at least 23 states have some form of
mandatory arrest for IPV (Hirschel, 2008).
Research findings are mixed on whether mandatory arrest laws

reduce reassault (Felson,
Ackerman, & Gallagher, 2005; Hirschel et al., 2007), although
findings from at least one study
suggest that the overwhelming majority of victims support
mandatory arrest laws (Barata &
Schneider, 2004). Additionally, states may have enhanced
penalties, such as escalating third
offenses to felonies.
Until 1975, all states provided what is called the marital rape
exemption under which it was
legally impossible to commit rape against one's wife. Beginning
in the mid-1970s, based in part on
nursing research, these laws began to change (Campbell &
Alford, 1989). Although all states now
recognize marital rape as a crime, in some states it is still
treated differently from rape by a
nonspouse (Prachar, 2010).
Nonlethal strangulation of women is a significant but often
overlooked threat to public safety.
Most (80%) strangulations of women are committed by intimate
partners (Shields et al., 2010). They
can result in significant physical health problems for victims
(Taliaferro et al., 2009) and
substantially increase risk of later lethal violence (Glass et al.,
2008). These cases can be difficult to
charge and prosecute commensurate with the severity of the
crime (Laughon, Glass, & Worrell,
2009); therefore, a growing number of states have strengthened
laws related to strangulation.
All states provide for civil protective orders in cases where
victims have a reasonable fear of
violence from an assailant (Carroll, 2007). States vary widely,
however, in who is eligible to obtain
an order and how the orders are obtained. For example, in some
states minors or dating partners
may not be able to obtain orders of protection. Most states

provide for civil protection orders
against assailants who are accused of sexual assault, but the
procedures may be different from those
for protective orders against intimate partners. Studies of the
effectiveness of these orders are mixed
(Logan & Walker, 2009; Prachar, 2010).
In addition to these criminal justice remedies, state laws may
address other issues related to IPV
and sexual violence. As of 2010, 26 states had established
intimate partner fatality review teams
(Durborow et al., 2010). Fatality review teams use a
multidisciplinary, public health approach to
reviewing fatalities and identifying risk factors (Websdale,
1999). A handful of states require health
care providers to report domestic violence against competent
adults. It is important to understand
that in most states, IPV and sexual assault are not mandatory
reports unless there are other factors
present.
1359
Federal Laws Related to Intimate Partner and Sexual
Violence
There are two significant federal laws that address violence
against women. The Family Violence
Prevention and Services Act was first authorized in 1984. It was
most recently authorized through
2015 (Public Law [PL] 111-320 42 U.S.C. 10401, et seq.). It is
the primary federal funding source for
domestic violence shelters and service programs in the United
States. It also funds the work of state
coalitions on domestic violence, community-based violence
prevention efforts, and a number of
smaller training and assistance programs.
The Violence against Women Act (VAWA) was first authorized
in 1994 (Title IV, sec. 40001-40703
of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of

1994, HR 3355, signed as PL 103-322). As
states began creating the protective order and criminal statutes
discussed earlier, the limitations of
this patchwork of remedies became apparent. The VAWA was
therefore created to address the gaps
in state laws; create federal laws against domestic violence,
including protection for immigrant
women and enhanced gun control provisions; and fund a variety
of violence-related training and
other local programs (Valente et al., 2009). The law originally
included a provision making crime
motivated by gender a civil rights offense. This provision was,
however, found unconstitutional in
2000 (Brzonkala v. Morrison, 2000).
The VAWA represented a significant turning point in public
policy related to violence against
women. Previously, women who received a protective order
might find that violations that
occurred in other states could not be enforced. The full faith
and credit provision of the VAWA
requires that protective orders be recognized and enforced
across jurisdictional, state, and tribal
boundaries within the United States. Likewise, by creating
federal crimes of domestic violence and
stalking, criminal acts that cross jurisdictional boundaries can
now be more easily charged and
prosecuted. Under the VAWA, it is illegal for individuals
subject to certain types of protective
orders or convicted of even misdemeanor domestic violence
offenses to possess a firearm. Given
that risk of intimate partner homicide increases dramatically
when firearms are available to the
assailant, this represents an important safeguard for women
(Campbell et al., 2003). The VAWA
addressed the significant hardships faced by both legal and
illegal immigrant women experiencing

abuse from their partners. The VAWA additionally funds a wide
range of victim advocacy and
training programs, with the goal of ensuring that victims of
violence receive consistent, competent
services in all communities.
Each subsequent renewal of the VAWA has strengthened these
provisions. The latest renewal in
2013 expanded its definitions to explicitly include gay, lesbian,
and transgender victims; expanded
the safeguards available to women assaulted in tribal territories;
expanded housing provisions to
prohibit discrimination against victims of IPV in all forms of
subsidized public housing;
strengthened protections for immigrant women; and, for the first
time, specifically addressed
violence on college campuses (Violence against Women Act,
2013).
1360
Health Policies Related to Intimate Partner and Sexual
Violence
As discussed earlier, the health consequences of violence are
significant for women. Additionally,
women who have experienced violence have significantly higher
health care costs than women
without a victimization history (Bonomi et al., 2009; National
Center for Injury Prevention and
Control, 2003). There is now a consensus that these health care
settings offer a unique opportunity
to identify and support women living with the effects of
violence (Family Violence Prevention
Fund, 2002; World Health Organization [WHO], 2013). The
U.S. Preventative Services Taskforce
recommends “clinicians screen women of childbearing age for
IPV such as domestic violence, and
provide or refer women who screen positive to intervention
services.” The Institute of Medicine

identified screening and brief counseling for interpersonal
violence as an essential and evidencebased
practice necessary to ensure the well-being of women (National
Research Council, 2011). A
wide variety of medical and nursing professional organizations
also recommend routine screening
for violence (Amar et al., 2013). Significant evidence now
exists for safety planning strategies to
prevent homicide for women in abusive relationships. The
Danger Assessment Instrument, for
example, has been shown to have good predictive value and can
assist women with making a
realistic appraisal of their likelihood of experiencing lethal
violence (Campbell, Webster, & Glass,
2008). Health care institutions should also have the appropriate
capacity to provide care to women
in the acute period after a physical or sexual assault (WHO,
2013).
Nurses and other health professionals have a role to play in
community responses to violence.
Many localities have created sexual assault response teams.
These interdisciplinary teams work to
ensure consistent, trauma-informed, and effective care for
victims of sexual assault. Despite scant
research on the effectiveness of these teams, they are a
promising practice (Greeson & Campbell,
2013). Likewise, intimate partner/domestic violence fatality
review teams review cases of intimate
partner homicide with a public health approach. As with sexual
assault response teams, there are
little data on the effectiveness of these teams that have also
been labeled a promising practice
(Wilson & Websdale, 2006).
1361
Child Maltreatment
Child maltreatment includes physical, sexual, and emotional

abuse, as well as neglect. Actual
prevalence of maltreatment is unknown, but there are more than
3 million referrals for more than 6
million children to child protective agencies annually, with
nearly a quarter of these cases
substantiated. An estimated 1570 children nationally died from
abuse or neglect in 2011
(Administration on Children, Youth, and Families Children's
Bureau, 2011; U.S. Government
Accountability Office, 2011), a number that is believed to be
undercounted. The estimated annual
cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008
was $124 billion (Fang et al. 2012). Child
maltreatment results in lifelong adverse physical and mental
health consequences such as
posttraumatic stress disorder, increased risk of chronic disease,
lasting impacts or disability from
physical injury, and reduced health-related quality of life
(Corso et al. 2008).
1362
State and Federal Policies Related to Child Maltreatment
Because minors are considered to need additional protection as
a result of their age, states not only
have laws making the acts of abuse and neglect criminal
offenses but also have laws requiring that
certain adults must report suspected maltreatment to appropriate
authorities. In some states, all
adults are mandated reporters. In most states, specific
professionals, teachers, health care
professionals, social workers, law enforcement personnel, and
others are mandated reporters (Child
Welfare Information Gateway, 2011). At the federal level, the
Child Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Act (CAPTA) provides funding to states to support
prevention, assessment,
investigation, prosecution, and treatment activities related to

child maltreatment and funding for
research activities (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2011,
2013).
1363
Health Policies Related to Child Maltreatment
Children's Advocacy Centers coordinate investigation and
intervention services for maltreated
children by bringing together social work, legal, health care,
and other professionals and agencies in
a multidisciplinary team to create a child-focused approach to
child abuse cases. Home visitation is
another strategy that shows promise for improving child health
and preventing child maltreatment
(Avellar & Supplee, 2013).
1364
Older Adult Maltreatment
Best estimates indicate that 1 to 2 million Americans over the
age of 65 years are abused, neglected,
or exploited, most often by caregivers (National Center on Elder
Abuse, 2005). Precise numbers are
not available, attributable to differences in definitions of abuse,
lack of a comprehensive national
data system, and different state system reporting and data
collection. Further, only a small fraction
of abuse comes to the attention of Adult Protective Services
(Dong & Simon, 2011). The U.S. aging
population is rapidly increasing with projections for individuals
65 years and older to increase from
40.2 million in 2010 to 54.8 million in 2020 and to 72.1 million
in 2030 (Dong & Simon, 2011).
Legislation has been effective in bringing about reform.
1365
State and Federal Legislation Related to Older Adult
Maltreatment
As with child maltreatment, state laws provide for criminal
charges related to the abuse of older

adults (the definition of which varies from state to state, but
may be as young as 55 years of age).
Most (but not all) states define certain individuals as mandated
reporters of abuse of older adults as
well. At the federal level, the Older American Act of 2006
developed and maintains the National
Center on Elder Abuse, which provides funding for prevention
activities, research, data collection,
and long-term planning for elder justice. The Elder Justice Act
(EJA) of 2010, which was part of the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010), is the first
comprehensive strategy to address
older adult abuse, neglect, and exploitation. It is important to
note that the authorized funding has
not been appropriated at this time and that the EJA is set to
expire in 2014. Funding for older adult
maltreatment is significantly less than for other types of
violence and a national database has yet to
be established.
1366
Health Care Policies Related to Older Adult
Maltreatment
Recent efforts have focused on using the primary care setting to
identify and respond to older adult
abuse (Perel-Levin, 2008). Case management strategies can be
effective in providing consistency in
monitoring of adult patient and caregiver behavior (Choi &
Mayer, 2000). Research on effective
intervention strategies in this area lags behind that of other
areas of violence and is an area where
nursing can make an impact.
1367
Opportunity for Nursing
Nurses have the skills and education to take a leadership role in
addressing violence and abuse on
multiple levels, as providers, researchers, policy analysts,

educators, and advocates. Efforts to
address violence against children, women, and older adults have
met with impressive successes
over the past decades. These forms of violence, seen as largely
justifiable and perhaps even
necessary in the past, are now recognized as both crimes and
important public health problems. The
evidence base for interventions to prevent these forms of
violence, end them when they start, and
mitigate the related health consequences is growing. It is clear,
however, that we still have
important gaps in our understanding of both effective violence
interventions and policies. Although
we work to address these gaps in knowledge, we can continue to
move forward on numerous
fronts. Educators should ensure that curriculums at all levels
include content on violence and
abuse. Given the high rates and significant health effects of
violence, all nurses should have basic
clinical knowledge of how to assess for, competently respond
to, and appropriately refer all patients
with a history of violence or abuse. Nurses can serve as
powerful advocates for victims of violence,
ensuring that state and federal laws meet the highest standards.
Violence and crime unite two powerful systems, health care and
criminal justice, and involve
multiple professionals including physicians, nurses, social
services, police, lawyers, and judges.
Prevention and intervention strategies require efforts at the
individual, community, institutional,
and public policy levels. Nurses can have a significant voice in
ensuring the best possible
prevention and advocacy services at the local, state, and federal
levels. Nursing research and the
testimony of nurses has been foundational for federal and state
laws and resulting public policy

related to violence.
1368
Discussion Questions
1. Consider the differences in the treatment of violence across
states and what federal provisions
might be advantageous to address the discrepancies.
2. How might nursing research help to fill the gaps in the
knowledge?
3. It is apparent in the chapter that different strategies exist for
violence against women, child
maltreatment, and older adult abuse. Could the same strategies
work across populations and abuse
types? What might be the advantages/disadvantages to having
similar strategies?
1369
References
Administration on Children, Youth, and Families Children's
Bureau. Child abuse and neglect
fatalities 2011: Statistics and interventions. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services,
Administration for Children and Families: Washington, DC;
2011.
Amar A, Laughon K, Sharps P, Campbell J. Screening and
counseling for violence against
women in primary care settings. Nursing Outlook.
2013;61(3):187–191.
Avellar SA, Supplee LH. Effectiveness of home visiting in
improving child health and
reducing child maltreatment. Pediatrics. 2013;132(10, Suppl.
2):S90–S99.
Barata PC, Schneider F. Battered women add their voices to the
debate about the merits of
mandatory arrest. Women's Studies Quarterly. 2004;32(3–
4):148.
Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, et
al. The national intimate partner

and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report.
National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention: Atlanta, GA; 2011.
Bonomi AE, Anderson ML, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. Health
care utilization and costs
associated with physical and nonphysical-only intimate partner
violence. Health Services
Research. 2009;44(3):1052–1067.
Brzonkala v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 627. 2000.
Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence.
Lancet. 2002;359(9314):1331–
1336.
Campbell JC, Alford P. The dark consequences of marital rape.
American Journal of Nursing.
1989;89(7):946–949.
Campbell JC, Webster D, Koziol-McLain J, Block C, Campbell
D, et al. Risk factors for
femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multisite case
control study. American
Journal of Public Health. 2003;93(7):1089–1097.
Campbell JC, Webster DW, Glass N. The danger assessment:
Validation of a lethality risk
assessment instrument for intimate partner femicide. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence.
2008;24(4):653–674.
Carroll CA. Sexual assault civil protection orders (CPOs) by
state. American Bar Association
Commission on Domestic and Sexual Violence: Washington,
DC; 2007.
Child Welfare Information Gateway. About CAPTA: A
legislative history. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Children's Bureau: Washington,
DC; 2011.
Child Welfare Information Gateway. Long-term consequences
of child abuse and neglect. U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services.: Washington, DC;
2013 [Retrieved from]
www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/long_term_consequences
.cfm.
Choi NG, Mayer J. Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation: Risk
factors and prevention
strategies. Journal of Gerontological Social Work.
2000;33(2):5–25.
Corso PS, Edwards VJ, Fang X, Mercy JA. Health-related
quality of life among adults who
experienced maltreatment during childhood. American Journal
of Public. 2008;98(6):1094–
1100.
Dong XQ, Simon MA. Enhancing national policy and programs
to address elder abuse. JAMA:
The Journal of the American Medical Association.
2011;305(23):2460–2461.
Durborow N, Lizdas KC, O’Flaherty A, Marjavi A.
Compendium of state statutes and policies on
domestic violence and health care. Family Violence Prevention
Fund: San Francisco, CA; 2010.
Family Violence Prevention Fund. National consensus
guidelines on identifying and responding to
domestic violence victimization in health care settings. Author:
San Francisco; 2002.
Fang X, Brown DS, Florence CS, Mercy JA. The economic
burden of child maltreatment in the
United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse &
Neglect. 2012;36(2):156–165.
Felson RB, Ackerman JM, Gallagher CA. Police intervention
and the repeat of domestic
assault. Criminology. 2005;43(3):563–588.
Glass N, Laughon K, Campbell J, Block CR, Hanson G, et al.
Non-fatal strangulation is an
important risk factor for homicide for women. Journal of
Emergency Medicine. 2008;35(3):329–

335.
Greeson MR, Campbell R. Sexual assault response teams
(SARTs): An empirical review of
their effectiveness and challenges to successful implementation.
Trauma, Violence and Abuse.
2013;14(2):83–95.
1370
Hirschel D. Domestic violence cases: What research shows
about arrest and dual arrest rates.
National Institute for Justice: Washington, DC; 2008.
Hirschel D, Buzawa E, Pattavina A, Faggiani D. Domestic
violence and mandatory arrest laws:
To what extent do they influence police arrest decisions?
Journal of Criminal Law &
Criminology. 2007;98(1):255–298.
Laughon K, Glass N, Worrell C. Review and analysis of laws
related to strangulation in 50
states. Evaluation Review. 2009;33(4):358–369.
Logan T, Walker R. Civil protective order outcomes: Violations
and perceptions of
effectiveness. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.
2009;24(4):675–692.
Max W, Rice DP, Finkelstein E, Bardwell RA, Leadbetter S.
The economic toll of intimate
partner violence against women in the United States. Violence
and Victims. 2004;19(3):259–
272.
National Center on Elder Abuse. Fact sheet: Elder abuse
prevalence and incidence. National Center
on Elder Abuse: Washington, DC; 2005.
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Costs of
intimate partner violence against
women in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention: Atlanta; 2003.
National Research Council. Clinical preventive services for
women: Closing the gaps. The National

Academies Press: Washington, DC; 2011.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 42 U.S.C. § 18001.
2010.
Perel-Levin S. Discussing screening for elder abuse at primary
health care level. World Health
Organization: Geneva; 2008.
Prachar M. The marital rape exemption: A violation of a
woman's right of privacy. Golden Gate
University Law Review. 2010;11:717.
Shields LB, Corey TS, Weakley-Jones B, Steward D. Living
victims of strangulation: A 10-year
review of cases in a metropolitan community. American Journal
of Forensic Medicine and
Pathology. 2010;31:320–325.
Taliaferro E, Hawley D, McClane G, Strack GB. Strangulation
in intimate partner violence.
Mitchell C, Anglin D. Intimate partner violence: A health-based
perspective. Oxford University
Press: New York; 2009.
Truman J, Langton L, Planty M. Criminal victimization, 2012
No. NCJ 243389. US Department of
Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics:
Washington, DC; 2013.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. Child maltreatment:
Strengthening national data on child
fatalities could aid in prevention (GAO-11-599). U.S.
Government Accountability Office:
Washington, DC; 2011.
Valente RL, Hart BJ, Zeya S, Malefyt M. The violence against
women act of 1994: The federal
commitment to ending domestic violence, sexual assault,
stalking, and gender-based crimes
of violence. Renzetti CM, Edelson JL, Bergen RL. Sourcebook
on violence against women. 1st ed.
Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA; 2009.
Violence against Women Act, Public Law 113–4.

Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013. 2013.
Websdale N. Understanding domestic homicide. Northeastern
University Press: Boston, MA;
1999.
Wilson JS, Websdale N. Domestic violence fatality review
teams: an interprofessional model
to reduce deaths. Journal of Interprofessional Care.
2006;20(5):535–544.
World Health Organization [WHO]. Responding to intimate
partner violence and sexual violence
against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines. World
Health Organization: Geneva; 2013.
1371
Online Resources
Child Welfare Information Gateway.
www.childwelfare.gov.
Futures without Violence.
www.futureswithoutviolence.org.
National Center of Elder Abuse.
www.ncea.aoa.gov.
Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network.
www.rainn.org.
.
1372
C H A P T E R 8 7
1373
Human Trafficking
The Need for Nursing Advocacy
Barbara Glickstein
“I freed a thousand slaves. I could have freed a thousand more
if only they knew they were slaves.”
Harriet Ross Tubman, nurse abolitionist
Human trafficking is a serious crime of forced labor or
enslavement. As defined under U.S. federal
law, victims of human trafficking include children involved in
the sex trade, adults age 18 years or

over who are coerced or deceived into commercial sex acts, and
anyone forced into different forms
of labor or services, such as domestic workers held in a home or
farm workers forced to labor
against their will. A victim does not have to be physically
transported from one location to another
for the crime to fall under the definition of human trafficking
(U.S. Department of State, 2013a).
Trafficking not only violates human rights but also contributes
to harmful social, health, and
economic conditions for the persons who are trafficked. Persons
who are trafficked can experience
intense psychological trauma, infectious disease (most notably
HIV/AIDS), extensive physical
injury, drug addiction, unwanted pregnancy, and malnutrition.
Human trafficking also poses a
significant public health problem.
Victim identification is the critical first step in stopping this
crime. Nurses are well placed in
every community to identify trafficking victims. They also
bring a public health lens to this human
rights issue, which contributes to their having a better
understanding of the complexity of the issues
a survivor faces. Nurses can focus on developing and
implementing a victim-centered approach.
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security Blue Campaign
defines a victim-centered approach to
combating human trafficking as one that places equal value on
the identification and stabilization of
victims, with the investigation and prosecution of traffickers
(U.S. Department Homeland Security,
2013).
1374
Encountering the Victims of Human Trafficking
Many nurses have treated victims of human trafficking without
realizing it. Encountering modernday

slavery can provoke a strong visceral response, often followed
by the urge to distance oneself.
These feelings make it hard to imagine what you, one nurse,
could possibly do to stop it. However,
nurses are uniquely situated to make a difference.
Nurses should ask themselves one question: “What role can
nurses have in stopping human
trafficking?” (See Box 87-1.)
Box 87-1
What Can You Do About Human Trafficking?
• Be well informed. Start with investigating what policy and
protocols are in place at your health
institution and if the issue of human trafficking is being
addressed in the nursing curriculum in
courses at your university or college.
• If there are no policies in place, start an interdisciplinary task
force to develop policies and pursue
a plan to implement them.
• Assess and educate community stakeholders, such as shelters,
victim-assistance agencies,
advocacy groups, and law enforcement agencies, and
collaborate with them.
• Become familiar with services and hotlines so that you can
refer people who have been trafficked.
Build a resource list, and keep it current. Access to reporting at
the national level includes the
National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC). The
NHTRC is a national, toll-free
hotline that operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a
year. The NHTRC can be reached
by calling 1-888-3737-888 or text BeFree (233733).
• Bring the issue of human trafficking to the public's attention
in their local communities through
public speaking in schools, places of worship, and social action
groups. Use both traditional
media and social media to launch campaigns and increase

pressure on local authorities to act to
stop human trafficking.
1375
Advancing Policy in the Workplace
Does your place of employment have a policy on nursing's role
in human trafficking? Does it have
an action plan or protocol to follow when a person who is
trafficked is identified? Networks of
health care providers, law enforcement, lawyers, and
nongovernmental organizations are
developing evidence-based multisectored policies and protocols
on how to proceed when a person
has been identified as being trafficked. If your place of work
does not have a policy, you can take
the lead and get this process in motion to ensure that people
who have been trafficked are given
proper care, treated with respect, protected from harm, and
directed to social and legal services.
Resources that can provide support to develop a protocol are the
Polaris Project (2014), which offers
training and technical assistance, and the International
Organization for Migration handbook on
Caring for Trafficked Persons (International Organization on
Migration, 2009).
1376
Role of Professional Nursing Associations
Historically, nursing organizations have played a critical role in
developing and advancing policies
on human rights issues. The International Council of Nurses'
(ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses
position statement, Nurses and Human Rights, requires nurses to
safeguard and promote human
rights (ICN, 2006a, 2006b). This statement as well as other ICN
advocacy and lobbying position
statements cover a wide range of health issues where nurses
must act to enforce human rights and

to promote and protect health as a fundamental human right and
a social goal (ICN, 2010).
In 2008, the New York State Nurses Association (NYSNA)
invited me to deliver an address
entitled Nurses Working to Stop Human Trafficking at their
annual convention. The NYSNA board's
response was immediate. They drafted and submitted an action
proposal on human trafficking to
the American Nurses Association (ANA), which was passed by
the ANA House of Delegates in
2008. The resolution states that it will advocate legislation to
reduce the incidence of human
trafficking and will work to ensure that nurses know how to
identify and assist victims. This is a
commendable action by the ANA to educate nurses nationally
and support stronger enforcement of
the federal laws (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2008).
Investigate to see whether your state nurses' association and
specialty nursing association has a
position statement on nurses' role in human trafficking. You can
be the person who takes the lead
on this initiative if nothing exists to date. A good place to start
would be to identify one or two state
nurses' associations that have already developed a policy and
ask for guidance from them on
strategy and language for your state nurses' association.
1377
Advocating for State Legislation and Policy on Human
Trafficking
Nurses can become part of a national network of health
providers and advocacy groups challenging
the lack of services available to victims of human trafficking by
advocating for the allocation of
resources on both the federal level and state level to address
this void. They can also use their
influence and leadership to advocate for better enforcement of

existing antitrafficking laws in their
state.
In 2000, the federal law Victims of Trafficking and Violence
Protection Act (TVPA) was enacted,
making human trafficking a federal crime. The TVPA includes a
provision that each state could
pass their own legislation to strengthen the work of the federal
government and coordinate a
partnership with local and federal law enforcement. The Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and
agents of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), a
division under Homeland Security, are
the main federal agencies involved in investigating human
trafficking cases. Because states are
enacting legislation and strengthening laws to prosecute
traffickers and training law enforcement,
we have an increase in investigating human trafficking. To date,
not every one of the 50 states has
done so. The website of the Center for Women Policy Studies
(2014), an advocacy organization,
provides an interactive map to learn about individual states and
their statutes on human trafficking.
If your state has legislation and an interagency antitrafficking
task force working on a
comprehensive plan to provide services for persons who have
been trafficked, ask if there is a nurse
on the task force. Once identified, ask how you can help. If
there is no nurse on the task force, work
toward getting a nurse appointed, or nominate yourself. If your
state is one of the remaining states
without antitrafficking laws, identify local and national
advocacy organizations working toward
this goal and work with them to pass this legislation. Contact
and engage your state nurses'
association to lobby to pass these comprehensive laws.
1378

Advancing Policy Through Media and Technology
The media, both traditional media and digital media, is the
single most powerful tool to educate,
effect social change, and influence policies. Like most
Americans, nurses' knowledge about human
trafficking has been shaped by the media. A study by
researchers Johnston, Friedman, and Scaefer
(2012) evaluated print and broadcast media reports on human
trafficking beginning in 2008 through
2012. They found that stories on the crime of sex trafficking
dominated the coverage, while stories
of survivors or the impact on public policy were less common.
Dramatization of human trafficking
appears more frequently in story lines on popular crime series
on television and in movie plots in
theaters. The news media have been the primary source of
national policy and legislative issues
about human trafficking.
Coverage of the issue about the health of the victims and the
public health implications of human
trafficking has been missing. A recent study on the dominant
issues covered in the media on the
issue of sex trafficking reported that only 1% of the news
coverage addressed the issue of public
health. When nurses become educated on the health implications
of human trafficking they can
become resources for the media's coverage on trafficking and
shape the public's understanding of
human trafficking beyond the issue that it is a crime. When the
public is aware of the indicators of
human trafficking and whom to contact if they see such
indicators, victims can more readily be
identified and helped.
Technologies are now being used for antitrafficking efforts. The
Global Human Trafficking
Hotline Network shares and analyzes data from hotlines to find

and help victims and identify
trafficking locations. One of them, the National Human
Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) in
the United States, answers calls from anywhere in the country
and has started accepting text
messages. Texting can be a safer form of connecting with
victims and those seeking to report
suspected human trafficking activities. When a text is received,
a live, trained specialist receives the
text and responds immediately. Texting provides secrecy that
phone lines cannot provide if the
person reporting feels threatened by others near them (Polaris
Project, 2014).
1379
Trafficking as a Global Public Health Issue
There are more than 13 million nurses worldwide providing up
to 80% of the health services in
most countries (ICN, 2010). In every community where a nurse
provides care, there are people who
are vulnerable and could be targeted by traffickers. For nurses,
trafficking in persons can be best
understood as a very serious health risk, because trafficking,
like other forms of violence, is
associated with physical and psychological harm (International
Organization on Migration, 2009). It
has serious public health implications related to the spread of
infectious diseases such as
tuberculosis, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections.
Victims of trafficking are highly prone
to social, economic, and legal issues that further put them at
risk for a variety of mental health
issues, including substance abuse, addiction, posttraumatic
stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and
even suicide (Hynes & Raymond, 2002). Common abuses
experienced by trafficked persons include
rape, torture, and other forms of physical, sexual, and

psychological violence (Zimmerman et al.,
2008). Paradoxically, these victims who desperately require
health services are less likely to have
access as a result of discrimination, social stigma, fear of law
enforcement, and other factors. Nurses
can contribute their expertise by conducting research on human
trafficking as a global public health
issue.
Nurses are also at risk for being trafficked. As poorer nations
prepare nurses for export to other
countries, questionable recruiting practices have led some
migrating nurses to be threatened with
criminal charges and deportation when they object to
exploitative working conditions. Raising
nurses' awareness about human trafficking can lower their own
risk.
1380
The World of the Victims
Without recruiters and criminals, human trafficking would not
exist. Poverty, unemployment,
economic collapse, war, natural disasters, and the lack of a
promising future are compelling factors
that facilitate the ease with which traffickers recruit people, but
they are not the cause of trafficking.
Traffickers take advantage of poverty, unemployment, and the
desire to emigrate to recruit people
and traffic them into dangerous situations. Tragically, recruiters
often know their victims. A
common way that many victims are recruited is through a friend
or acquaintance (e.g., a cousin,
neighbor, or boyfriend) or by an individual recommended to
them by someone they trusted.
Finally, traffickers can be anyone. Traffickers brazenly operate
in our neighborhoods. They
advertise in our newspapers and on Craigslist. They are men and
women of all ages. They run legal

employment agencies. They are diplomats who often get
diplomatic immunity when caught, and
they work in all types of professions (General Accounting
Office [GAO], 2008). They act alone or
they may be members of international crime rings (Table 87-1).
TABLE 87-1
Myths and Facts of Human Trafficking
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's antitrafficking
plan, called the Blue
Campaign, provides a list of six myths and misconceptions
about human trafficking:
Myth #1
Human trafficking does not occur in the United States. It only
happens in other
countries.
Fact
Human trafficking exists in every country, including the United
States. It exists
nationwide, in cities, suburbs, and rural towns, and possibly in
your own community.
Myth #2
Human trafficking victims are only foreign-born individuals and
those who are poor.
Fact
Human trafficking victims can be any age, race, gender, or
nationality: young children,
teenagers, women, men, runaways, U.S. citizens, and foreign-
born individuals. They
may come from all socioeconomic groups.
Myth #3
Human trafficking is only sex trafficking.
Fact
You may have heard about sex trafficking, but forced labor is
also a significant and
prevalent type of human trafficking. Victims are found in
legitimate and illegitimate

labor industries, including sweatshops, massage parlors,
agriculture, restaurants,
hotels, and domestic services. Note that sex trafficking and
forced labor are both forms
of human trafficking, involving exploitation of a person.
Myth #4
Individuals must be forced or coerced into commercial sex acts
to be a victim of human
trafficking.
Fact
According to U.S. federal law, any minor under the age of 18
years who is induced to
perform commercial sex acts is a victim of human trafficking,
regardless of whether he
or she is forced or coerced.
Myth #5
Human trafficking and human smuggling are the same.
Fact
Human trafficking is not the same as smuggling. “Trafficking”
is exploitation-based
and does not require movement across borders. “Smuggling” is
movement-based and
involves moving a person across a country's border with that
person's consent, in
violation of immigration laws.
Although human smuggling is very different from human
trafficking, human
1381
smuggling can turn into trafficking if the smuggler uses force,
fraud, or coercion to hold
people against their will for the purposes of labor or sexual
exploitation. Under federal
law, every minor induced to engage in commercial sex is a
victim of human trafficking.
Myth #6
All human trafficking victims attempt to seek help when in

public.
Fact
Human trafficking is often a hidden crime. VictVictims may be
afraid to come forward and
get help; they may be forced or coerced through threats or
violence; they may fear
retribution from traffickers, including danger to their families;
and they may not be in
possession or have control of their identification documents.
Retrieved from www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/myths-
misconceptions.
International Policy
The first international statement to use the term human rights
was the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly in Paris in 1948. The
UDHR states that human rights are rights inherent to all human
beings, whatever our nationality,
place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color,
religion, language, or any other status.
Among several protections covered by the UDHR, Article 4 of
the UDHR states: “No one shall be
held in slavery or servitude: slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.” The
UDHR made history and is used by human rights activists
globally (General Assembly of the
United Nations, 1948).
The first international legal instrument to address human
trafficking as a crime and to define
trafficking was passed in 2000, when the United Nations Office
on Drugs and Crime (2000) passed
the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in
Persons. As of 2009, 136 Member States
have signed the Protocol. It defines trafficking in persons as
follows:
The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of

persons, by means of the threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud,
of deception, of the abuse of power or
of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the
consent of a person having control over another person, for the
purpose of exploitation. Exploitation
shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution
of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices
similar to slavery, servitude or the removal
of organs. (United Nations, 2000)
This International Protocol established the standard approach
for governments developing
policies on trafficking: the 3P Paradigm—prevention,
prosecution, and protection of victims.
In 2007, the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human
Trafficking (UN.GIFT) was
established to coordinate global efforts to adopt the Protocol. In
addition to working with
governments, the UN.GIFT works with businesses, academia,
civil society, and the media to
develop effective tools to fight human trafficking (United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
[UNODC], 2009).
1383
U.S. Response to Human Trafficking
The U.S. Department of State began monitoring trafficking in
persons in 1994, when the issue began
to be covered in the Department's Annual Country Reports on
Human Rights Practices. During the
Clinton administration, the United States passed the TVPA of
2000. This Act established the
standard for federal policy on trafficking, and responses to the
Act were all based on the 3P
Paradigm.

More recently, advocacy organizations globally are launching
campaigns that focus on the
demand side of slavery as a means of stopping this crime. These
laws would take the focus off the
women and children in prostitution and put it on the end user or
customer. Another demandreduction
strategy is an education and awareness campaign that is aimed
at boys and young men
and focuses on the negative consequences of purchasing sex:
from public and private health
problems such as the spread of HIV and other sexually
transmitted infections to the grim facts
about who runs the sex trade and how customers are helping
traffickers flourish and hurting those
who have been trafficked.
The 2013 Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report (U.S. Department
of State, 2013b) outlines major
forms of human trafficking including forced labor, bonded
labor, debt bondage among migrant
laborers, involuntary domestic servitude, forced child labor,
child soldiers, sex trafficking, and child
sex trafficking and related abuses. The 2013 report focuses on
victim identification as a top priority
in the global movement to combat trafficking in persons. It
details training and techniques that
make identification efforts successful, and areas that need
further focus such as culturally sensitive
health services for all victims and better understanding in
identifying boys, men, and lesbian, gay,
bisexual, and transgender people who are trafficked. The 2013
TIP report stated that 47,000 victims
of human trafficking were identified globally in 2013, a small
percentage of the estimated 27 million
women, men, and children being trafficked at any time. Global
convictions of human traffickers
increased by almost 20% from 2012 with 4746 convictions in

2013.
In January 2014, the White House released the 5-year federal
strategic action plan Coordination,
Collaboration, Capacity: Federal Strategic Action Plan on
Services for Victims of Human Trafficking
in the United States, 2013-2017. The Plan is a collaborative
project involving 15 agencies across the
federal government and nonprofits. This strategic plan includes
significant input from survivors of
trafficking. Development of the Plan was a collaborative,
multiphase effort across a number of
federal agencies, led by co-chairs from the U.S. Departments of
Justice, Health and Human Services,
and Homeland Security.
The Plan outlines a strategic coordinated effort with specific
goals, objectives, and action items to
better identify and provide services to victims of trafficking in
the United States.
1384
Conclusion
Although there is much work that needs to be done to
understand and end human trafficking, great
progress has been made since 2000. The international
community has taken decisive action to end
human trafficking. Greater research related to trafficking is a
prerequisite for ending the abuse.
Lack of data and failure to grasp the complexities that underlie
human trafficking worldwide must
be addressed. The media treatment of trafficking does not
present the true dimensions of the
problem, and we should work toward better reporting to help
shatter the myths about human
trafficking. Nongovernment agencies and advocacy groups
dedicated to creating public awareness
campaigns and developing victim services programs should be
supported by volunteering your

nursing expertise, time, and resources. Whether nurses are
engaged in clinical care, advocacy,
policy, or program activities, they can monitor human
trafficking and have an impact on preventing
it. Most activists agree that to stop human trafficking, global
awareness of the problem must
increase. Nurses can add their voices through advocacy and help
build the global capacity needed
to stop human trafficking.
1385
Discussion Questions
1. There is a clear need to develop, implement, and evaluate
high-quality education and training
programs that focus on human trafficking for nurses and other
health care providers. How can you
contribute to this unmet need?
2. What skills do you already have as a nurse when it comes to
working with a patient who has
experienced violence and trauma that can inform your work
going forward advancing the health
care needs of people who have been victims of human
trafficking?
3. Consider researching a current news item on human
trafficking and conduct a media analysis of
how human trafficking is reported. Is this news item a blame
narrative? Is the language sensitive to
the victim or exploitive? Does it provide a health lens or public
health lens? If not, consider a
response pointing these issues out with a letter to the editor. Be
sure to identify yourself as a
registered nurse.
1386
eferences
American Nurses Association [ANA]. RN delegates to ANA
biennial meeting take action to work toward greater nurse
retention, address public health issues. [Retrieved from]

www.nursingworld.org/FunctionalMenuCategories/MediaResour
ces/PressReleases/2010 PR/ANAs-Delegates-Take-Action.pdf;
2008.
Center for Women Policy Studies. U.S. policy advocacy to
combat trafficking (US PACT). Cente for Women Policy
Studies: Washington, DC; 2014 [Retrieved from]
www.centerwomenpolicy.org/programs/trafficking/default.asp.
General Accounting Office [GAO]. Human rights: U.S.
government's efforts to address alleged abuse of household
workers by foreign diplomats with immunity could be
strengthened. [Retrieve from]
www.gao.gov/new.items/d08892.pdf; 2008.
General Assembly of the United Nations. Universal declaration
of human rights. [Retrieved fro www.un.org/en/documents/udhr;
1948.
Hynes P, Raymond JG. Put in harm's way: The neglected health
consequences of sex trafficking in the United States. Stillman J,
Bhattacharjee A. Policing the national body: Sex, race and
criminalization. South End Press: Cambridge, MA; 2002.
International Council of Nurses [ICN]. ICN code of ethics for
nurses. [Retrieved from]
www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/about/icncode_english.pd
f; 2006.
International Council of Nurses [ICN]. Nurses and human
rights. [Retrieved from]
www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/publications/position_sta
te ments/C06_Nurse_Retention_Migration.pdf; 2006.
International Council of Nurses [ICN]. About ICN. [Retrieved
from] www.icn.ch/about- icn/about-icn; 2010.
International Organization on Migration. Caring for trafficked
persons. International Organization for Migration: Geneva,
Switzerland; 2009 [Retrieved from]
http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/CT_Handbook.pdf.
Johnston A, Friedman B, Shafer A. News framing of the
problem of sex trafficking: Whose problem? What remedy?
Feminist Media Studies. 2012 [Retrieved from]

dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.740492.
Polaris Project. Tools for service providers and law
enforcement. [Retrieved from]
www.polarisproject.org/resources/tools-for-service-providers-
and-law-enforcement; 201
United Nations [UN]. Protocol to prevent, suppress, and punish
trafficking in persons, especially women and children,
supplementing the United Nations Convention Against
Transnational Organized Crime. [Retrieved from]
www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_document
s_ 2/convention_%20traff_eng.pdf; 2000.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC]. Global
report on trafficking in persons. [Retrieved from]
www.unodc.org/documents/human-
trafficking/Global_Report_on_TIP.pdf; 20
U.S. Department Homeland Security. Blue campaign. [Retrieved
from] www.dhs.gov/blue- campaign/about-blue-campaign; 2013.
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in persons report.
[Retrieved from]
www.state.gov/documents/organization/210737.pdf; 2013.
U.S. Department of State. Federal strategic action plan on
services for victims of human trafficking the United States
2013–2017. [Retrieved from]
www.state.gov/documents/organization/210737.pdf; 2013.
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act [TVPA] of
2000, 22 U.S.C. § 7102(8). Zimmerman C, Hossain M, Yun K,
Gajdadziev V, Guzun N. The health of trafficked wome
A survey of women entering post trafficking services in Europe.
American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98(1):55–59.
1387
Online Resources
General HEAL Trafficking Listserv. HEAL Trafficking.
Health Professional Education, Advocacy, Linkage. Because

Human Trafficking is a Health Issue.
The purpose of the HEAL Trafficking Listserv is to discuss
issues at the intersection of healt and human trafficking.
Although we recognize the value of learning about the breadth
of antitrafficking efforts, please reserve nonhealth-related
conversations for another forum. Please do not solicit funding
on this Listserv and at no time discuss any protected health
information, including identity, about any potential victim.
[To post to this group, send an e-mail to] [email protected].
[Visit this group at] groups.google.com/group/human-
trafficking-and-health-care.
[For more options, visit] groups.google.com/d/optout. ECPAT
USA.
www.ecpatusa.org/home. Polaris Project.
www.polarisproject.org.
U.S. Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Human
Trafficking.
www.state.gov/j/tip.
.
1388

RUNNING HEAD ROUGH DRAFT OF FINAL PORTFOLIO Roug.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from jeanettehully

More from jeanettehully (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

RUNNING HEAD ROUGH DRAFT OF FINAL PORTFOLIO Roug.docx