Running Head Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health .docx

Running Head: Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health
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Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health
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Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
Abstract
Having a good nutrition habit, healthy body weight, and
physical activities are essential aspects of good health and
wellness. The combination of all three factors is critical in
reducing the chances of getting severe health complications
such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, cancer, stroke,
and heart complications. Managing a good health condition also
relies on how one adhere to regular physical exercises, a well-
maintained body weight, and a healthy diet. However, according
to (Healthy People 2020), most Americans don't check their
menu and are lazy in taking apart in physical activities to the
required levels as a way of maintaining proper health.
According to CDCP (2013), fruit consumption among adults is
1.1 times in a day, and the use of vegetables on a daily scale is
1.6, with adolescents recording the lowest use of both fruits and
vegetables. The statistic shows that the average daily
consumption of both fruits and vegetables among Americans
doesn't meet the recommended intake of fruits and vegetables.
About 81.6% and 81.8% of American adults and adolescents
respectively don't take part in physical activities on a
recommended daily scale. These behaviors are among the
leading factors that contribute to the rising cases of Obesity.
Approximately 1 out of 3 US adults, which represents 34 % and
1 out of 6 adolescents and children, which is 16.2 %, are obese.
Obesity-related complications include stroke, heart disease, and
type two diabetes. The current in death cases is as a result of
the obesity-related complications. Besides the death cases,

obesity-related diseases cots this country millions of money
annually, making it one of the most significant burdens that this
country is struggling with regards to the health care system.
Introduction
Maintaining a healthy diet is an essential factor that determines
how healthy our bodies become. We must retain less sugar, salt,
and fats diet daily. Cases associated with obesity are not
causing deaths but also taking so much of this country's
financial resources. Every year both the federal, state, and
county governments invest million into the health sector as a
way of improving the infrastructures required to deal with
obesity-related complications. Any healthy combines a variety
of foods such as cereals, legumes, proteins, fruits, and
vegetables. Research shows that obesity is gradually grown into
a global crisis with WHO initiating campaigns aimed at
establishing the importance of maintaining a healthy diet
(Abidin, 2014).
The love for foods prepared away from homes is another
challenging factor in dealing with obesity complications. Fast
foods contain high saturated fats and energy density and high
sugar levels. Public health studies indicate that frequent
consumption of meals prepared away from home leads to an
increase in weight and BMI (Body Mass Index), leading to the
development of obesity. Use of high fats, cholesterol, and sugar
have a reduced IQ. On the other hand, improved intelligence
associated with maintaining right food proportions. Based on
the changing culture concerning a healthy diet, cases of obesity
among children are now frequent and increasing at alarming
rates (Abidin, 2014).
Based on the fact that obesity is a gradual process with very
long-term adverse effects on various aspects of life, the method
of preventing obesity should preferably start by focusing on
children. According to NHS (2015), cases of overweight among
children in the US increases gradually since 1995, increasing
the number of children diagnosed with obesity. Although the US

government invests a lot annually in the health care sector,
factors associated with diet is still a challenge.
Obesity and Healthy Ageing
Forest Hill, Toronto, is one of the most affluent neighborhoods
of the Canadian city, offering unique scenery and filled with
expensive mansions. It is not all rosy; however, since at least a
third of all children who go to school are obese. Obesity is the
existence of excess fats in one's body, and this is an issue of
health concern since statistics show that the average Canadian
has at least three times more calorie intake than is
recommended by health authorities and most of it attributed to
unhealthy food choices (Burwell, 2016). This factor is similar
to most other modern countries today and is the story of the
urban North American adult. The average person living in the
city and having poor dietary habits is not uncommon, and this is
partly due to mainstream media propagating the narrative of
unhealthy foods being fresh for the mass population (Pi-Sunyer,
1993).
According to Whitaker (1997), at least 97 million people in
America are battling obesity and its effects. The result is an
entire population in the future that is characterized by unhealthy
aging. Its connection to adult life and childhood, however,
draws some interesting findings. It is a well-known fact, for
example, that obesity at youth can most likely cause obesity in
adulthood. However, how a child becomes obese as a result of
one or both parents being obese is unknown. There is a low risk
for children under the age of three to become obese if they did
not have any obese parents (Whitaker, 1997). However, among
older children, they might most likely be overweight in
adulthood if one was overweight in childhood. This factor exists
even though none of the parents may be obese.
Poor food choices have contributed in no small part of the urban
adult and youth population being overweight, as stated above.
The average number of residents in the city asks for a burger

instead of a fruit. The medical hazards of obesity are
highlighted (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). The potential dangers of obesity
highlighted as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus,
hypertriglyceridemia, decreased levels of high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, increased levels of low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol. Mentioned as being linked with the
disease of the gallbladder and various types of cancer. The other
illnesses linked with obese conditions in the article are sleep
apnea, chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia, and degenerative joint
disease. When it comes to coronary heart disease, obesity
termed as an independent risk factor (Pi-Sunyer, 1993).
Literature Review
An article by Jura & Kozak (2016) covers the condition of
obesity and the related consequences of aging. Authors view
obesity as a severe issue of concern amongst the aging
population because it is associated with increased abdominal
obesity that contributes to insulin resistance and metabolic
syndrome. The authors state that recent advancements in public
health care and medical science have led to a significant
extension of life expectancy, and the ability to stay longer for
people aged above 65 years has risen. Fighting the issue of
obesity that shortens life expectancy, the healthcare industry
should first consider addressing other chronic diseases that are
age-related like stroke, diabetes, and heart attacks. As such,
changes in lifestyle for the aging population as they enter
retirement deemed to cause severe positive energy balance state
and consequently accumulation of excess fat tissue that leads to
the development of many elderly-associated diseases like
Obesity and cardiovascular disease.
The other journal article by Rao & Wendy (2018) is quantitative
research on obesity and its impact on healthy aging based on
social, mental well-being, and functional factors. Primary
research conducted by the authors of this article demonstrates
that participants reported being adversely affected by the
condition of obesity. Those with obesity reported a lower multi-

morbidity rate when compared to those living without obesity.
The findings of this study depict that sexes amongst the aging
Canadian population not impacted exists independently because
everyone was at risk of developing the ailment. As such, they
both reported functional impairments in health. In this regard,
obesity hurts the aging process of an individual.
Another article by Salvestrini & Lorenzini (2019) validates the
statement that'obesity may accelerate the aging process' The
authors mentioned some pathophysiological changes that are
influenced by obesity among the elderly. The fact that obesity is
contributing to increased death rates is validated using the
prevalent issues of disability. Currently, obesity is expanding at
a very worrying rate amongst adults and the elderly due to the
changing lifestyles and dieting styles. Obesity is a risk factor
for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and work disability hence
contributing to poor health status and morbidity rates.
Ethical Issues in Research
Ethical issues that could occur in my research study of obesity
and healthy eating include the general safety of the people used
in conducting the research, advocating for the sale of healthy
foods and avoiding snacks, and general issues of governance
against the whole topic of study (Whitaker, 1997). As regards
the public safety of the people involved in the research, the
ethical issues that could occur are unconsciously body-shaming
the people involved in the study. An example is if the research
targets a group of people that would be most likely considered
obese, then the chances are high that it may expose them to
even more body shaming. It also works negatively for their self-
esteem and may affect the research results (Whitaker, 1997).
The other psychological aspect of body shaming that may
occur in this regard is segregate discrimination (Pi-Sunyer,
1993). If the experiment involves different groups of people

with different body sizes, you may find the group that has the
socially accepted body size, which is, in most cases, skinny
body types, start to shame the other group of people. The actual
act of separating them for research can also affect them
negatively. The solution would be to have the experiment done
in a way that each group does not know about the other one (Pi-
Sunyer, 1993).
The psychological aspect of body shaming is a serious
ethical issue that arises when researching obesity and healthy
aging. This aspect is even more crucial for ladies who are
subjected to various elements of body shaming due to their
obese conditions and strive, therefore, to achieve a perfect look.
The society through empowering men has led them to impose
strict conditions for the so called'beautiful' physique that the
modern woman should have. This problem has led to an
emergence of a vast cosmetics surgery industry and countless
other women suffering daily psychological torture, among other
effects. A non-intrusive or unique way of doing the research
would, therefore, be more suitable (MacDiarmid, 2013).
Another ethical issue that could occur during this
research is advocating for the sale of healthy products while
using unhealthy products to carry out research. The research
critics could argue that the basis of the study is to support
healthy aging and healthy food options, but the actual research
process can involve the consumption of snacks to highlight how
they affect the human body. It would be a serious ethical issue
that could present itself and, if not handled well, could lead to
people avoiding the research altogether. The obese generation is
the largest consumers of unhealthy snacks from the snack
industry, and statistics show that it is one of the most profitable
trades in America today (Whitaker, 1997). The average
working-class citizen is most likely to eat a snack as opposed to
a healthy food option like fruit, and the fact that there exists
Macdonald's food store at almost every street corner in America

does not help only adds to the problems of the snacking culture.
The ethical issues that would present themselves, in
this case, is critics saying that the snack producing companies
are an integral part of the American economy (Pi-Sunyer,1993).
This factor could be because the companies pay their taxes well
and have corporate social responsibility projects. They would
also add that they do their part to solve the problem of
unemployment, which is an integral part of development. This
problem overlooked by the research and would be a severe issue
of contention. The result might even include actual resistance
by government or governing authorities against carrying out the
research. The experiments involved should, therefore, advocate
for the safety of the individuals affected by making the subjects
consume only healthy foods (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). This aspect is
due to mainstream media propagating the narrative of unhealthy
foods being fresh for the mass population.
Research Design and Methodology
There are various types of research design, including
experimental, comparative, observational, survey, and case
study. The three main models relevant to the study of obesity
and healthy eating are case study, comparative, and
observational research designs. A case study refers to a research
strategy applied to investigate a phenomenon within a real-life
context. Case studies consider an in-depth investigation of a
particular individual, group, or an event to explore the causes of
underlying principles (Hopwood, 2004). Comparative research,
on the other hand, refers to a design utilized primarily in the
social sciences to make comparisons of an issue across various
nations or cultures. Besides, an observational study is a
research technique that entails the direct examination of
phenomena in their natural setting. In this research, I will use a
mixed method of data collection. Obesity and healthy habits are
a sensitive and essential topic that requires both the statistical
data and opinions of people on the causes of the condition and

perspectives of individuals on what some have done to help
address the situation (Hopwood, 2004).
The mixed method of data collection is vital since it will help in
the collection of both the numerical data and people's opinions.
The quantitative techniques offer objective measurements,
statistical, mathematical, and numerical analysis of the
information obtained, and this will involve data collection using
questionnaires, and surveys or through various computational
techniques (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). On the other hand,
qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups, and visual
analysis will get used to collect opinions of individuals. The
technique is essential to understand the underlying reasons and
views. Thus, in addition to the statistical and numerical
illustrations, the method will offer insights into the problems
and aid in developing ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). the reason
mixed research would be vital in this study.
Since the research entails using a mixed method of data
collection, it will also use various tools to collect data. The
various tools will include the surveys, questionnaires to collect
the quantitative data and interviews, and visual analysis to
gather qualitative analysis. The discussions help best
understand and explore the research subjects, experiences, and
opinions, and aid retrieves in-depth information (Gill, &
Chadwick, 2008). Surveys, on the other hand, will be integral to
reach out to a large population, and this will ensure a more
accurate sample to collect targeted results to help draw
conclusions and make vital decisions on the research subjects.
Internal and external validity represents the concepts that offer
a reflection of whether or not the results of a research project
are trustworthy and meaningful or not. The internal validity
relates to the manner or how well a study conducted while the
external validity refers to how applicable the findings are to the
real world (McDermott, 2011). The two concepts ensured

through a focus on the accuracy and string research methods,
control of the extraneous variables, elimination of the
alternative explanations, and also ensuring that the conclusions
are warranted.
Data Collection Tool: Family Diet Research
Part 1
In today's families, we have experienced many cases among
families linked to nutrition. I set up a study focusing on
determining the relationship that exists between family and
food. Going deep into the areas including breastfeeding and
baby healthcare and the social benefits of family settings and
concerns on home eating habits and home-cooked meals. Our
expectation based on the family setting and all the nutrition-
based links and practices that may exist. Our society today is
faced with many diseases linked to food and drinks consumed.
Hence research on this sector
Collection of figures and numbers in the family on their
conditions and cases of the nutrition-based disease. Quantitative
data made of characters of family members and their state in
terms of any nutrition-based ill health will need to be collected
(Moon et.at 2017). The size of the family and the number of
people will also be quantified to help in the study. For useful
research on this concern, we will collect data in figures. Data
will give a more accurate determination of conclusions
concerning the topic of study. Numbers will provide a better
understanding of the actual situation in the research area of
families (Moon et.at 2017).
To comprehensively collect the required information,
randomized family interviews were chosen to be received.
Meetings provide flexibility to the interviewers. It is to interact
much with maximum data. Discussions will also give a better
response and more valid information in comparison to mailed
questionnaires and other data collection methods. It is better to

conduct thorough research hence the reason for using
interviews. Matters concerning families and are always subject
to the privacy, and people hate to share in-depth information,
especially when dealing with health, nutrition, and family
concerns. Face to face interviews will play a significant role in
this task. Winning trust is required since this topic is
susceptible. This can only be achieved by using face to face to
win the interviewee's trust easily (Moon et.at 2017).
One problem when conducting this research will be time. To
avoid time wastage, our interview will involve all the family
members at a go. However, some matters will require one on
one interviews, especially about issues that should not include
young children. Therefore, a fast interview should be conducted
on the general family then break down to the parents. Public
discussion will cover all matters that the children can handle
since some information is too sensitive to them. On putting the
interview question, an extra precaution taken on the items that
asked in this case. The study population will be a random
twenty homesteads in the area. Family, according to our
research, will be all persons in that house at the time of
conducting the research. The study will involve all the family in
the house at the time of the field research (Moon et.at 2017).
Part 2
This is research on the families to identify the link between
family and cases of nutrition and nutrition-related disease. The
study will cover all areas from the standard type of food
consumed by the family to the water and all other snacks and
fruits consumed by the family. Also, for families that have
small breastfeeding kids and families who have patients within
the family. The research generally intends to find the
relationship between nutrition and family health. Our focus will
be on eating habits, types of food consumed, and cases of food
and nutrition-related diseases (Campbell & Campbell, 2016) On

those that have babies and sick family members, we intend to
determine the composition of food they consume every day.
This research conducted because of the many upcoming issues
of malnutrition and food-related diseases. Determine the links
to come up with a solution on how to deal with it.
The research participation will take three nights. We shall
research in the evening when all the members are home.
Comprehensively collect all the information, a maximum of two
hours for each family shall be taken. A minimum of seven
families will be cover each day for the three nights. To avoid
sampling bias, a border in which the research will cover shall be
drawn (Campbell & Campbell, 2016). All families that will fall
within that area will stand a chance of being interview. There is
no form on which family will be interviewed or which will be
left behind. This simple random sampling within the drawn
border will be the most effective. All the families will the
research zone will be selected by chance.
To conduct a successful interview, the nature and types of
questions will matter. All questions asked must be relevant and
understandable. As the plan is to split the family into two, the
relevancy of the problem will be taken keenly. All questions
must be credential and free of any form of prejudice (Campbell
& Campbell, 2016).
General family questions
1. How would you describe the family diet?
2. What are some of the best meals and the worse meal the
family members like? How is the eating habits in term quality
when dealing with the food?
3. What does a healthy diet look like to you?

4 How many fruits and vegetables do the family take in a day?
What are some of the common fruits the family eats?
5 Do we have a member that always complains about the food
and why? How is the family reaction to help?
Questions to ask the parents
1. What is the definition of a balanced diet and eating healthy?
2. Has there been any form of diet deficiency in the family?
3. Is there anyone in the family taking medications or food
supplements?
4. Does the family have any strict dietary specifications?
5. What are the challenges of maintaining an excellent
nutritional aide in the family?
Data Analysis Plan
Checking for Data Accuracy
Data accuracy checking will incorporate various measures for
efficacy. The first method will include using reliable data
sources. The data sources are critical to successful data
collection as well as further analysis. Therefore, I will ensure
the credibility and reliability of the systems as well as
personnel responsible for information and data generation.
Another significant measure will be aligning the key parameters
and factors. It entails analyzing and sifting through the features
that contribute to data communication, by figuring out the most
relevant settings that are needed for the performance report of
the specific operations or developing the feasibility (Cole &
Trinh, 2017). Then, I will design a set of essential and

necessary parameters and formulate a plan for the data
collection.
Equally, maintaining neutrality is essential for checking data
accuracy since claims and exaggerations create a negative
balance to data sets. Therefore, by ascertaining that data is
neutral, it becomes easy to justify the completeness of data.
Importantly, I will use computerized and automated programs.
There is always room for more mistakes as well as a human
error with the use of manual mechanisms during information
recording and data entry (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Besides, there
can be higher risks of inaccuracy and compromised data entries
based on personal favors and biases that wholly affect data
results and inferences, leading to loss of portability and efficacy
of data accuracy and analysis. However, the data collection
through automated and smart systems makes it easier for
focusing on parameters and factors, while the system records
accurate data and real-time in a perfect manner (Cole & Trinh,
2017).
Level of Measurement
The significant degree of measurement for my research project
is the nominal level of analysis. The analysis is essential to the
research since it uses elements such as letters, words, numbers,
and alpha-numeric (Ekinci, 2017). In the study, the hypothesis
is establishing the difference in performance between private
and public schools. Specifically, the hypothesis is"private
schools perform better than public schools" Therefore, one of
the elements will be a comparison of performance by gender. In
this case, female students will be classified as F, and male
students will be classified as M. The nominal level of
measurement is equally essential in this research since it only
possesses the description of the character meaning the unique
label for identifying values to subjects (Ekinci, 2017). In this
case, it is used to identify male and female students and utilizes

a one-on-one correlation between the objects and letters
assigned. The letters are merely for determining the gender of
the students and not their capabilities in the learning process.
Besides, the nominal level of measurement is essential in the
research since it does not involve quantitative variables.
Specifically, the study looks at the degree of performance
across each school based on three selected items. 1= Higher
Performance, 2= Moderate Performance, 3= Poor Performance.
The number still is only a representation of tags and not a
value. Therefore, the nominal level measurement will apply to
the different research elements utilized in the research while
comparing performance results between public and private
schools (Ekinci, 2017).
Dependent Variables
I will collect dependent variables since performance influenced
by a lot of factors. The dependent variable, in this case, is
performance and is controlled by an independent variable such
as curriculum. Learners have a similar curriculum, but
performance will change based on the dependent factors
(Ekinci, 2017). In this way, one of the variables I will collect
concerning performance is how much study time allocated for
students in private schools versus those in public schools.
Getting a difference in this variable will highlight the factors
that contribute to the difference in performances. Also, I will
look at the qualification of tutors among the schools.
Specifically, it will involve looking at the institution with the
most qualified personnel. In this way, it becomes easier to
establish the impact of tutors on student's performance in these
different learning settings (Ekinci, 2017).
Besides, another essential dependent variable I will measure is
the availability of learning resources in public and private

schools. It entails the identification of the learning institution
with the most support as well as the least resources. Usually,
schools with more resources will have better performances
(Ekinci, 2017). Besides, another dependent variable to measure
will include the social backgrounds of learners in each
institution. The unfortunate social environment is associated
with deprived learning incentives that generally affect a
student's performance. Overall, by focusing on performance as
the dependent variable, there are correlated variables that will
result in an investigation in the research (Ekinci, 2017).
T-test
The statistical test I would use it a T-test. It is essential since it
will be used as an inferential statistic to determine the critical
distinction between the means of two classes (the schools),
which may be related to given features. The t-test is used to
test the hypotheses and allows the testing of the assumption
appropriate to the population (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017).
The t-test will take a sample from every two sets as well as
ascertaining the problem statement by assuming that the null
hypotheses are equal. Therefore, based on the relevant formulas,
specific values are compared and calculated against the average
costs, and the theory is rejected or accepted accordingly
(Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017).
Therefore, this statistical analysis is essential since the
outcomes of the test produce at-value. The t-value compared
alongside the value acquired from the critical value table. The
comparison helps in the determination of the results of the
changes only on the variation, and whether the dissimilarity is
outside the chance range (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017).
Hence, the t-test questions whether disparities between the
groups correspond to the actual difference in the research or a
worthless random difference. Besides, the t-test works when
there is one independent variable with two categories, and there
accompanying one dependent variable. Moreover, the

independent variable for the t-test is nominally scaled as
established on the level of measurement.
Consulting an Expert
I will ask an expert since data analysis, specifically on the t-
test. The data analysis and comparison of results should have
higher accuracy, implying the involvement of an expert would
be necessary. Besides, the expert can be essential in choosing
the right data accuracy measure. Overall, an expert would be
useful in the data analysis process by identifying the usefulness
of the variable measurement and the level of sizes based on the
research hypothesis. In most cases, an expert can offer an
alternative research approach that fits the theory based on the
established variables and measurements mentioned
(Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). Importantly, the expert is a
guide towards remaining on the right track in data analysis,
since he or she can offer the correct insights when there are
errors or omissions in a section of the report.
Conclusion
Obesity is a condition of grave concern among the elderly since
it causes early death due to severe complications in human
health. Obesity is a risk factor for other chronic diseases like
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes that accelerate the
aging process and death rate. The government and other
stakeholders should focus on all health-related issues but give
special attention to Obesity as a way of fighting other health
complications associated with obesity (Abidin, 2014).
References
Abidin, N. Z., Mamat, M., Dangerfield, B., Zulkepli, J. H.,
Baten, M. A., & Wibowo, A. (2014). Combating Obesity
through healthy eating behavior: a call for system dynamics
optimization. Plus One, 9(12).
Burwell, S. (2016) United to Reduce Childhood Obesity in
North America. Revisit Pan Americana De Salud Publica = Pan
American Journal of Public Health, 40(2), 78–79. Retrieved

from
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&AN=27982360&site=eds-live
Campbell, T. C., & Campbell II, T. M. (2016). The China
Study: Revised and Expanded Edition: The Most Comprehensive
Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling
Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-Term Health. Ben
Bella Books, Inc.
Cole, A. P., & Trinh, Q. D. (2017). Secondary data analysis:
techniques for comparing interventions and their
limitations. Current opinion in urology, 27(4), 354-359.
Ekinci, Y. (2017). Measurement of variables. Research methods
for leisure, recreation, and tourism. (Ed. 2), 77-95.
Gill, P., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in
qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British dental
journal, 204(6), 291-295.
Hopwood, N. (2004). Research design and methods of data
collection and analysis: researching students' conceptions in a
multiple‐method case study. Journal of Geography in Higher
Education, 28(2), 347-353.
Jura, M., & Kozak, L. P. (2016). Obesity and related
consequences to aging. Age, 38(1), 23. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005878/
Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Food systems: A healthy diet sustains
the environment too. (Report)(Author abstract). Nature, (7556),
287. https://doi.org/10.1038/522287b
Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Is a healthy diet an environmentally
sustainable diet?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 72 (1),
13-20.
McDermott, R. (2011). Internal and external validity.
Cambridge handbook of experimental political science, 27-40.
Moon, J. H., Roh, E., Oh, T. J., Kim, K. M., Moon, J. H., Lim,
S., & Choi, S. H. (2017). Increased risk of metabolic disorders
in healthy young adults with
Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). How Should We Reduce Obesity in
America? [Ashland, Oregon]: National Issues Forums Institute.

Retrieved from
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AN=1362437&site=eds-live
Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). Medical hazards of Obesity. Annals of
internal medicine, 119(7), 655-660.
Rao & Wendy, T. (2018). Original quantitative research,
Obesity, and healthy aging: social, functional, and mental well-
being among older Canadians. Health promotion and chronic
disease prevention in Canada: research, policy, and
practice, 38(12), 437. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329578/
Salvestrini, V., & Lorenzini, A. (2019). Obesity may accelerate
the aging process. Frontiers in endocrinology, 10, 266.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00266
Schabenberger, O., & Gotway, C. A. (2017). Statistical methods
for spatial data analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., &
Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting Obesity in young adulthood
from childhood and parental Obesity. New England journal of
medicine, 337(13), 869-873.
Graph 1: Los Angeles Climate Information
Two line graphs, one representing the average high temperature
and one representing the average
low temperature, and one bar graph representing average
precipitation are positioned between two
vertical axes. The vertical axis on the left is measured in
degrees Fahrenheit, starting with 40
degrees Fahrenheit and ending with 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The
vertical axis on the right is

measured in inches, starting with 0 inches and ending with 6
inches of precipitation. The horizontal
(x) axis is measured in months from January to December, with
equal spacing between months.
The bar graph, representing precipitation, identifies a maximum
value in February, of just over 5
inches of precipitation and minimum values in July and August
of 0 inches of precipitation.
The line graph representing average high temperatures has a
maximum value of about 79 degrees
Fahrenheit between July and August and a minimum average
high temperature of about 67 degrees
Fahrenheit from January to March, and again in December. The
average high temperature gradually
increases from January until July/August and then decreases
more steeply from July/August to
December.
The line graph representing average low temperatures has a
maximum value of about 62 degrees
Fahrenheit that remains constant from the beginning of July to
the middle of September. The
minimum average low temperature is about 51 degrees
Fahrenheit, and the minimum temperature
is constant from January to the middle of March before
increasing steadily to the maximum low
temperature. From the middle of September to December, the
average low temperature steadily
decreases until again reaching an average low temperature of 51
degrees Fahrenheit in December.
Graph 2: United States Unemployment Rates 2008-2018

A single line graph models the United States unemployment rate
from 2008 to 2018. The
horizontal (x) axis spans from the year 2006 to 2020. The
vertical (y) axis represents the percent
unemployment, beginning with 4% and ending with 11%.
The unemployment rate in 2008 is 7.3% and increases sharply to
a maximum unemployment
rate in 2009 of 10%. There is a slight decline in the line graph
to 9.9% in 2010, and then a
gradual, but continuous decline until the year 2018, where the
unemployment rate reached
4.1% (the minimum value on this graph).
Graph 3: Global Under-five, Infant and Neonatal Mortality
Rates,
1990-2016
The graphic displays three distinct line graphs, all of which
follow a similar downward trajectory.
None of the line graphs intersect. Additionally, each line graph
has been created based on nine
distinct points, corresponding to nine years ranging from 1990
to 2016. The bottom line graph
represents neonatal mortality rate. The middle line graph
represents infant mortality rate, and
the top line graph represents under-5 mortality rate. The
horizontal (x) axis spans from the year

1990 to 2018. The vertical (y) axis increases by 10, from 0 to
100.
The bottom line graph (neonatal mortality rate) has a maximum
value of 36.8 in the year 1990
and a minimum value of 18.6 in 2016. The neonatal mortality
rate declines gradually from 1990
to 2016.
The middle line graph (infant mortality rate) has a maximum
value of 64.8 in the year 1990 and
a minimum value of 30.5 in 2016. The infant mortality rate
declines gradually from 1990 to
2016.
The top line graph (under-5 mortality rate) has a maximum
value of 93.4 in the year 1990 and a
minimum value of 40.8 in 2016. The under-5 mortality rate
declines gradually from 1990 to
2016, though the largest decline is seen between the years 1996
and 2006.
Graph 1: Los Angeles Climate InformationGraph 2: United
States Unemployment Rates 2008-2018Graph 3: Global Under-
five, Infant and Neonatal Mortality Rates,1990-2016

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