Running Head: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDER 1 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS 5 Internal and External Stakeholders Student’s Name University Affiliation Internal and External Stakeholders 1. Identify the Internal and External Stakeholders. Internal stakeholders in this issue are individuals within the criminal justice system who directly contribute to this issue (Baugh, 2015). They include police officers, correctional officers, probation officers, parole officer, judges as well as inmates. The external stakeholders include the government and society in general. They are the individuals who do not make up the criminal justice system but in one way or another affect it (Baugh, 2015). 2. Discuss how internal or external stakeholders have influenced the situation in a positive or negative way? The influence of the external stakeholders on this issue is mostly negative. The government, on one hand, has negatively influenced this issue by allowing it to go on for so long and even to grow in two main ways. The first way is through lack of proper policy formulation and implementation. The government is in charge of running the prisons and the overall criminal justice system. They have failed in terms of not having good enough policies in place that can first and foremost reduce the level of delinquency in our society and consequently the number of offenders and also policies to help solve the issue of overcrowding given the fact that this is an issue that has persisted on for such a long time. Government efforts have obviously not been successful in bringing the number of offenders down and also reducing the level of overcrowding and this is a major reason why this problem has really persisted on (Dandurand & Griffiths, 2006). The government has also failed in terms of funding since they have not been able to adequately fund the prisons to meet the needs of the big population of inmates or build more prison facilities to accommodate the growing numbers. The society, on the other hand, has influenced this issue negatively in the simple sense that offenders come from the society. The level of moral degradation in the society is the source of this negative influence alongside the lack of proper values, systems and role models among other social issues. This has seen more and more individuals get into crime and as a result, there are large numbers of offenders being arrested who end up overcrowding the prisons. The influence of the internal stakeholders is both negative and positive. Some internal stakeholders such as parole officers and probation officers have contributed positively. This is because there are a lot of efforts from the parole and probation department to give alternative sentences for prisoners who have shown positive changes by allowing them to serve in parole in probation and consequently easing the population in the prisons (Dandurand & Griffiths, 2006). Courts, however, have had a negative influence becaus ...

1. Running Head: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDER
1
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS
5
Internal and External Stakeholders
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Internal and External Stakeholders
1. Identify the Internal and External Stakeholders.
Internal stakeholders in this issue are individuals within the
criminal justice system who directly contribute to this issue
(Baugh, 2015). They include police officers, correctional
officers, probation officers, parole officer, judges as well as
inmates. The external stakeholders include the government and
society in general. They are the individuals who do not make up
the criminal justice system but in one way or another affect it
(Baugh, 2015).
2. Discuss how internal or external stakeholders have
influenced the situation in a positive or negative way?
The influence of the external stakeholders on this issue is
mostly negative. The government, on one hand, has negatively
influenced this issue by allowing it to go on for so long and

2. even to grow in two main ways. The first way is through lack of
proper policy formulation and implementation. The government
is in charge of running the prisons and the overall criminal
justice system. They have failed in terms of not having good
enough policies in place that can first and foremost reduce the
level of delinquency in our society and consequently the number
of offenders and also policies to help solve the issue of
overcrowding given the fact that this is an issue that has
persisted on for such a long time. Government efforts have
obviously not been successful in bringing the number of
offenders down and also reducing the level of overcrowding and
this is a major reason why this problem has really persisted on
(Dandurand & Griffiths, 2006). The government has also failed
in terms of funding since they have not been able to adequately
fund the prisons to meet the needs of the big population of
inmates or build more prison facilities to accommodate the
growing numbers.
The society, on the other hand, has influenced this issue
negatively in the simple sense that offenders come from the
society. The level of moral degradation in the society is the
source of this negative influence alongside the lack of proper
values, systems and role models among other social issues. This
has seen more and more individuals get into crime and as a
result, there are large numbers of offenders being arrested who
end up overcrowding the prisons.
The influence of the internal stakeholders is both negative and
positive. Some internal stakeholders such as parole officers and
probation officers have contributed positively. This is because
there are a lot of efforts from the parole and probation
department to give alternative sentences for prisoners who have
shown positive changes by allowing them to serve in parole in
probation and consequently easing the population in the prisons
(Dandurand & Griffiths, 2006). Courts, however, have had a
negative influence because they sometimes give unreasonably
long sentences. Correction officers in the prisons have further
had a negative influence in the sense that they have failed to

3. effectively impart positive behaviour change among inmates
whether it’s their fault or the fault of the system and therefore
individuals persist being prisons for long. Most inmates in the
same sense go to prison and start engaging in bad activities
which keep them in prison longer by denying them a chance to
parole or probation. Police officers finally influence this
problem negatively by engaging in unfair arrest acts for
example against the minority and hence filling up prisons with
individuals who should not be there in the first place. 3. How
will you consider stakeholders in your solution to the problem?
From the above discussion, this problem is obviously not the
doing of only one party. Each of the stakeholders mentioned
above influences this issue in one way or another. In making
consideration of the stakeholders in the solution to the problem,
it is important to first be aware of the role that each of these
stakeholders plays in bringing forth this problem. This is
important to help understand how each of these parties will
contribute to the solution. This is because the solution cannot
be holistic unless there is buy-in from each of these
stakeholders. The solution to this problem requires a collective
effort. Beyond even considering the role that each of these
stakeholders, I will also consider their input. To be able to
develop a comprehensive solution, it is important to listen to
the different perspectives around the issue for one to fully
understand the different factors that come to play in regards to
this issue. It is therefore important to consider the input of the
stakeholders in the solution to avoid bias in the solution that
one develops.
4. How will you motivate individuals to buy into your
solution?
The first way to motivate individuals to buy into the solution is
finding a way to engage them in coming up with the solution.
Engaging individuals even in the smallest of ways in developing
the solution will help them develop a sense of ownership of the
solution and therefore making it a lot easier for them to buy into
it (Baugh, 2015). When they feel like they were part of

4. developing it, they will most likely also want to be part of
implementing it. The second way to motivate individuals to buy
into the solution is by showing them the value in the solution
(Freeman, 2014). The value in the solution, in this case, would
mean demonstrating to them how effective the solution will be
in solving the problem. Prison overcrowding is a problem whose
impact people already know and one which they already know
they need a solution to. Bringing to the table a solution that
gives them hope that the problem can be resolved will lead them
to easily buying into the solution.
References
Baugh, A. (2015). Stakeholder engagement: the game changer
for program management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Dandurand, Y. & Griffiths, C. (2006). Handbook on restorative
justice programmes. New York Vienna: United Nations United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Freeman, R. (2014). Strategic management: a stakeholder
approach. Boston: Pitman.
Running Head: IDENTIFYING THE CHALLENGE
1
IDENTIFYING THE CHALLENGE

5. 2
Identifying the Challenge
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Identifying the ChallengeIntroduction
The area chosen for this final project is prisons/corrections.
Inmates in prisons are in the receiving end of a lot of problems
and challenges. This paper, however, will focus on one of the
most common and popular problems in prisons and that is the
overcrowding of prisons and correction centres.
Outline the context of the problem or challenge, including the
history and any policy decisions that have contributed to the
situation.
The prison system in the country is the most overpopulated in
the globe. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there
are about 2.2 million individuals behind bars in the United
States (Enns, 2018). To put this in a more understandable
context it means that 655 individuals out of a group of every
100000 individuals are behind bars (Enns, 2018). The problem,
however, has not been the fact that too many people are
incarcerated but it is the fact that too many people are
incarcerated without enough resources and capacity to handle
the numbers. Most prisons in the country are forced to operate
way above 100% capacity.
This is a problem that arose in the 19th century. This is because
in the 18th-century jails only served the purpose of holding
individuals temporarily before they were taken to trial. During
this period, punishment was in the form of corporal as well as
capital punishment (Morris & Rothman, 2008). However, people
started becoming uncomfortable with this form of punishment
and hence started seeking alternatives. This led to the
introduction of the prison system first in West Jersey and
Quakers. This problem did not arise as a result of policy but
rather as a result of the population boom that took place in the

6. 19th century as the mortality rate of individuals lowered and
immigration became high (Morris & Rothman, 2008). With 4
decades the population of the country had doubled and this
resulted in more strain on the resources, decency as well as
infrastructure in the prison system. This led to overcrowding
and ineffectiveness of the system ever since.
Why is it important that the problem be addressed?
The one main reason why this problem needs to be solved is to
help ease the financial strain that it is causing to our
government at to the taxpayers. Maintaining so many people in
the prisons is costing our government so much money and the
problem is passed down to the taxpayers (Travis, Western &
Redburn, 2014). Easing this tension would be important as it
would also ensure that the money is put to more productive
uses. It is also important to address this problem because it
makes the correction system ineffective as it becomes hard for
it to serve its purpose and denies inmates of basic rights while
in prison.
Who is impacted internally and externally?
From the description above, it is easy to see the parties that are
impacted by this problem. Internally, this problem affects the
inmates in they lack the resources and infrastructure they need
and the result of this is high gang activities, violence, disease
spread rates, mental health problems and violence (Enns, 2018).
The problem also affects the prison staff by causing work stress
since they are understaffed. Externally this affects the society in
general since more burden is imposed on them as taxpayers and
the fact that the ineffective system does very little to enhance
safety and security. The government is also impacted since more
resources are demanded from it.
Why do you feel the problem hasn’t already been solved?
Over time a lot of effort has been to try and resolve this
problem, especially in the recent past. However, the reason why
the problem has not been solved yet is because this is a problem
that has built up over time and therefore it will also take a long
time to completely solve it. This is a problem that has persisted

7. over decades and centuries and therefore one would not expect
efforts put over a few years to correct the whole issue.
References
Enns, P. (2016). Incarceration nation: how the United States
became the most punitive democracy in the world. New York
NY: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, N. & Rothman, D. (2008). The Oxford history of the
prison: the practice of punishment in western society. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Travis, J., Western, B. & Redburn, S. (2014). The growth of
incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and
consequences. Washington, District of Columbia: National
Academies Press.