3. 15 TOP PREDATORS
OF THE OCEAN
1. Orca
2. Walrus
3. Pinniped
4. Penguin
5. Great White Shark
6. Barracuda
7. Blue Marlin
8. Torpedo
Ray
9. Sea Snake
10. Leopard
Seal
11. Lion Fish
12. Bull
Shark
13. Polar
Bear
14. Moray Eel
14. Oyster Tod
Fish
4. TYPES OF PREDATION
CARNIVORY- is usually the first
type of predation that comes to mind
when thinking about relationships
between predator and prey.
Obligatory carnivores-cannot
survive without meat in their diet.
Hypercarnivores are an extreme
example of obligatory carnivores
and are able to eat only meat due to
restricted digestive capabilities.
HERBIVORY-is a type of predation
in which animals/organisms
consume autotrophs such as plants,
algae, and photosynthesizing
bacteria
Monophagous-exclusively eat one
plant species
Polyphagous-feed on more than
one type of plant
20XX 4
PARASITISM-takes place when one
organism (parasite) benefits at the
expense of another (host)
5. 5
IMPORTANCE OF PREDATION
Predation provides energy to prolong the life and
promote the reproduction of the organism that does
the killing, the predator, to the detriment of the
organism being consumed, the prey. Predation
influences organisms at two ecological levels. At the
level of the individual, the prey organism has an
abrupt decline in fitness, as measured by its lifetime
reproductive success, because it will never
reproduce again. At the level of the community,
predation reduces the number of individuals in the
prey population.
8. 8
FOOD WEB
A food web consists of
all the food chains in a
single ecosystem. Each
living thing in an
ecosystem is part of
multiple food chains. Each
food chain is one possible
path that energy and
nutrients may take as they
move through the
ecosystem.
9. FOOD WEB
PRODUCERS: At the
bottom of the food chain,
plants are natural
producers and provide
food and nutrients to
consumers.
HERBIVORES:
Herbivores nourish on
plants and insects.
PREDATORS: Predators
prey on herbivores or
other predators.
DECOMPOSERS: When
an animal dies,
scavengers and
decomposers break them
down.
10. The method to
determine the
trophic level of
a consumer is
to add one
level to the
mean trophic
level of its
prey.
Trophic
level
the position of
an organism
in the food
chain
ranges from a
value of 1 for
primary
producers to 5
for marine
mammals and
humans
10 percent of the energy at any trophic level is transferred to the next level
11. 20XX Presentation title 11
•Mutualism: both organisms benefit.
•Commensalism: one organism benefits while the other is
neither helped nor harmed.
•Amensalism: neither organism benefits, but one is harmed.
•Parasitism: the parasitic organism benefits at the expense of
the host.
•Competition: neither organism benefits.
