The document discusses sustainable development in the Indian economy. It explains that economic growth often damages the environment through activities like industry, mining, and infrastructure development. Sustainable development aims to address challenges to both the environment and economy. The document outlines several major environmental problems India faces, such as water and air pollution, land degradation, and deforestation. It also discusses issues like global warming, ozone depletion, and the need to balance social, economic and environmental objectives through sustainable development.

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Indian Economy - Sustainable Development
Indian Economy - Sustainable Development
Introduction
Introduction
The economic growth that a country and its people achieve over a period of time, is achieved at the cost of the environment.
The economic growth that a country and its people achieve over a period of time, is achieved at the cost of the environment.
Environment is badly damaged because of various economic activities — industrial activities, mining activities, and infrastructure
Environment is badly damaged because of various economic activities — industrial activities, mining activities, and infrastructure
development, etc.
development, etc.
Sustainable development is the need of the hour. It has the potential to address the challenges of the environment and also of the
Sustainable development is the need of the hour. It has the potential to address the challenges of the environment and also of the
economy.
economy.
All
All biotic
biotic and
and abiotic
abiotic factors collectively constitute environment.
factors collectively constitute environment.
All living organisms, such as animals, human beings, plants, birds, insects, and all other single cell and multi-cell organisms are biotic
All living organisms, such as animals, human beings, plants, birds, insects, and all other single cell and multi-cell organisms are biotic
elements.
elements.
All other non-living things, such as air, water, land, etc. are abiotic elements.
All other non-living things, such as air, water, land, etc. are abiotic elements.
Significance of Environment
Significance of Environment
Environment plays a significant role in every aspect of life. The contributions of the environment are varied: It provides resources (both
Environment plays a significant role in every aspect of life. The contributions of the environment are varied: It provides resources (both
renewable and non-renewable resources).
renewable and non-renewable resources).
It has the capacity to assimilate wastes.
It has the capacity to assimilate wastes.
It provides diversity, essential for the sustenance of life.
It provides diversity, essential for the sustenance of life.
It provides aesthetic services.
It provides aesthetic services.
Environment has the
Environment has the carrying capacity
carrying capacity, i.e., it re-generates some sorts of resources provided the rate of exploitation is lesser than the
, i.e., it re-generates some sorts of resources provided the rate of exploitation is lesser than the
rate of re-generation; if the rate of exploitation increases, the resources get exhausted.
rate of re-generation; if the rate of exploitation increases, the resources get exhausted.
Environment has the capacity to expel impurities (various pollution in the environment); it has limited capacity (
Environment has the capacity to expel impurities (various pollution in the environment); it has limited capacity (absorption capacity
absorption capacity);
);
hence, if the rate of pollution is more than the rate of purification, then it is a threat to the environment (i.e.
hence, if the rate of pollution is more than the rate of purification, then it is a threat to the environment (i.e. environmental crisis
environmental crisis)
)
Major Problems
Major Problems
The environmental crisis creates many problems such as
The environmental crisis creates many problems such as depletion of Ozonelayer
depletion of Ozonelayer and
and Global Warming
Global Warming at the global level.
at the global level.

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Environment has a major impact on the life and living of people; it may cause health issues, natural calamities (floods, earthquakes,
Environment has a major impact on the life and living of people; it may cause health issues, natural calamities (floods, earthquakes,
droughts, etc.).
droughts, etc.).
India has abundant natural resources (both renewable and non-renewable resources).
India has abundant natural resources (both renewable and non-renewable resources).
An exponential increase in population threatened led to over-exploitation of the natural resources which thereby threatened the
An exponential increase in population threatened led to over-exploitation of the natural resources which thereby threatened the
environment.
environment.
Some problems with the exploitation of resources in India are −
Some problems with the exploitation of resources in India are −
Water pollution
Water pollution
Air pollution
Air pollution
Land degradation
Land degradation
Deforestation
Deforestation
Desertification,
Desertification,
Wildlife extinction, etc.
Wildlife extinction, etc.
The per capita forest land in India is about 0.08 hectare, while the requirement is 0.47 hectare.
The per capita forest land in India is about 0.08 hectare, while the requirement is 0.47 hectare.
India has about 17% of the world’s total human population and 20% of the world’s total animal population, whereas, it has only 2.5% of
India has about 17% of the world’s total human population and 20% of the world’s total animal population, whereas, it has only 2.5% of
world’s total geographical area.
world’s total geographical area.
The number of vehicles in India increased from 3 lakhs (in 1951) to 67 crores in 2003.
The number of vehicles in India increased from 3 lakhs (in 1951) to 67 crores in 2003.
The use of motor vehicles is one of the major sources of air pollution in India.
The use of motor vehicles is one of the major sources of air pollution in India.
The
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India has identified 17 categories of polluting industries.
of India has identified 17 categories of polluting industries.
Environmental crisis also leads to economic crisis.
Environmental crisis also leads to economic crisis.
Global Warming
Global Warming
Global warming is a human-induced impact on the environment, under which the temperature of the lower atmosphere is increasing.
Global warming is a human-induced impact on the environment, under which the temperature of the lower atmosphere is increasing.
In the last two centuries, because of increasing industrial activities, burning
In the last two centuries, because of increasing industrial activities, burning
of fossil fuels, deforestation, etc. emission of some of the greenhouse
of fossil fuels, deforestation, etc. emission of some of the greenhouse
gasses (i.e. carbon dioxide, methane, CH4, etc.) have been increasing
gasses (i.e. carbon dioxide, methane, CH4, etc.) have been increasing
beyond the limit of environment’s absorbing capacity. The increased amount
beyond the limit of environment’s absorbing capacity. The increased amount
of greenhouses disrupted the cycle of heat budget; resultantly, the
of greenhouses disrupted the cycle of heat budget; resultantly, the
temperature of the lower atmosphere is increasing.
temperature of the lower atmosphere is increasing.
The major consequences of global warming are — melting of polar ice, sea level rise, coastal floods, extinction of various organisms,
The major consequences of global warming are — melting of polar ice, sea level rise, coastal floods, extinction of various organisms,
ecological imbalances, natural calamities, etc.
ecological imbalances, natural calamities, etc.
To arrest this alarming trend, international efforts have been made. The first attempt of that sort is the
To arrest this alarming trend, international efforts have been made. The first attempt of that sort is the Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol, which was the result
, which was the result
of the UN Conference held in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. The Kyoto Protocol set parameters to control the impacts of global warming by reducing
of the UN Conference held in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. The Kyoto Protocol set parameters to control the impacts of global warming by reducing
the emission of greenhouse gases globally.
the emission of greenhouse gases globally.

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Ozone Depletion
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion is the phenomenon of reduction of the ozone layer. Ozone layer is a Stratospheric layer of Ozone (O
Ozone depletion is the phenomenon of reduction of the ozone layer. Ozone layer is a Stratospheric layer of Ozone (O ) that filters the sun’s
) that filters the sun’s
ultraviolet rays and protects us from many diseases including skin cancer, cataract, and sunburn.
ultraviolet rays and protects us from many diseases including skin cancer, cataract, and sunburn.
But because of the excessive emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used as cooling substances in air-conditioners and refrigerators, or as
But because of the excessive emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used as cooling substances in air-conditioners and refrigerators, or as
aerosol propellants and bromofluorocarbons (halons), used as fire extinguishers, ozone layer is getting depleted (as shown in the above
aerosol propellants and bromofluorocarbons (halons), used as fire extinguishers, ozone layer is getting depleted (as shown in the above
image – through a time period).
image – through a time period).
The
The Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol was brought into existence to restrain the use of CFC compounds along other ozone depleting agents including
was brought into existence to restrain the use of CFC compounds along other ozone depleting agents including
carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), and halons (bromine compounds).
carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), and halons (bromine compounds).
Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
The notion of
The notion of “
“Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development”
” was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
Sustainable Development is defined as
Sustainable Development is defined as “
“the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generation to meet their own needs
generation to meet their own needs”
”.
.
The
The Brundtland Commission
Brundtland Commission suggested that meeting the needs of the future depends on how well we balance social, economic, and
suggested that meeting the needs of the future depends on how well we balance social, economic, and
environmental objectives, or needs, when making decisions today.
environmental objectives, or needs, when making decisions today.
Using the non-conventional sources of energy (such as Hydro power, wind power, geothermal energy, tidal power, etc.) is one the best
Using the non-conventional sources of energy (such as Hydro power, wind power, geothermal energy, tidal power, etc.) is one the best
strategies to protect the environment.
strategies to protect the environment.
In rural India, a good number of people still use wood and other biomass products for cooking, and it has a great negative impact on the
In rural India, a good number of people still use wood and other biomass products for cooking, and it has a great negative impact on the
environment as the process involves cutting of trees; hence, providing them LPG as an alternative strategy would help save the
environment as the process involves cutting of trees; hence, providing them LPG as an alternative strategy would help save the
environment.
environment.
Promoting the use of CNG for motor vehicles is another important alternative.
Promoting the use of CNG for motor vehicles is another important alternative.
Solar power is very handy to use; a solar power plant can be established either for a single household and also for a big factory.
Solar power is very handy to use; a solar power plant can be established either for a single household and also for a big factory.
Promoting the use of traditional knowledge practices is also environmental friendly and also good for the human health.
Promoting the use of traditional knowledge practices is also environmental friendly and also good for the human health.
Organic farming
Organic farming also needs to be promoted at large scale to improve the environmental condition, as conservation of the environment is
also needs to be promoted at large scale to improve the environmental condition, as conservation of the environment is
the major objective of sustainable development.
the major objective of sustainable development.
Pollution Control Boards
Pollution Control Boards − Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), established in 1974, aims to address the environmental concerns
− Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), established in 1974, aims to address the environmental concerns
especially, water and air pollution.
especially, water and air pollution.
The CPCB is responsible to investigate, collect, and provide information related to water, air, and land pollution across the country. It also
The CPCB is responsible to investigate, collect, and provide information related to water, air, and land pollution across the country. It also
sets a standard for the sewage/trade effluent and emissions of various industrial pollutants.
sets a standard for the sewage/trade effluent and emissions of various industrial pollutants.
Chipko
Chipko or
or Appikco
Appikco Movement
Movement
The meaning of
The meaning of Chipko
Chipko is ‘to hug’. This movement was started A similar movement, known as ‘
is ‘to hug’. This movement was started A similar movement, known as ‘Appiko
Appiko’, was
’, was started
started in
in Salkani jungle of
Salkani jungle of
Sirsi district of
Sirsi district of Karnataka (one of the southern states of India).
Karnataka (one of the southern states of India).
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