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[PPT] _ 1.3 Bluetooth.pptx
1. UNIT I : Wireless Communication
By
Mr.S.Selvaraj
Asst. Professor (SRG) / CSE
Kongu Engineering College
Perundurai, Erode, Tamilnadu, India
Thanks to and Resource from : Wireless communication by Jochen H. Schiller, 2nd Edition, Pearson, 2009.
18CST63 โ Mobile Communication and IoT
2. Unit I : Contents
1. Wireless transmission
โ Frequencies for radio transmission
โ Signals
โ Antennas
2. GSM
3. GPRS
4. Satellite Systems
5. Wireless LAN
โ Infrared Vs Radio Transmission
โ Infrastructure Networks and Adhoc Networks
โ IEEE 802.11
โ Bluetooth
โ Introduction to 3G, 4G and 5G.
5/16/2022 2
1.3 _ Bluetooth
3. Bluetooth
โข Bluetooth is also called as ad-hoc piconets, which
are local area networks with a very limited
coverage and without the need for an
infrastructure.
โข This is a different type of network is needed to
connect different small devices in close
proximity (about 10 m) without expensive wiring
or the need for a wireless infrastructure.
โข The envisaged gross data rate is 1 Mbit/s,
asynchronous (data) and synchronous (voice)
services should be available.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 3
4. IrDA
โข Many of todayโs devices offer an infra red data association
(IrDA) interface with transmission rates of, e.g., 115 kbit/s
or 4 Mbit/s.
โข There are various problems with IrDA:
โ its very limited range (typically 2 m for built-in interfaces),
โ the need for a line-of-sight between the interfaces, and,
โ it is usually limited to two participants, i.e., only point-to-point
connections are supported.
โ IrDA has no internet working functions, has no media access,
or any other enhanced communication mechanisms.
โข The big advantage of IrDA is
โ its low cost, and
โ it can be found in almost any mobile device (laptops, PDAs,
mobile phones).
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 4
5. Bluetooth
โข In spring 1998 five companies (Ericsson, Intel,
IBM, Nokia, Toshiba) founded the Bluetooth
consortium with the goal of developing a
single-chip, low-cost, radio-based wireless
network technology.
โข In 2001, the first products hit the mass
market, and many mobile phones, laptops,
PDAs, video cameras etc. are equipped with
Bluetooth technology today.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 5
6. WPAN
โข wireless personal area networks (WPAN) under the
following five criteria:
โ Market potential: How many applications, devices, vendors,
customers are available for a certain technology?
โ Compatibility: Compatibility with IEEE 802.
โ Distinct identity: Originally, the study group did not want to
establish a second 802.11 standard. However, topics such as,
low cost, low power, or small form factor are not addressed in
the 802.11 standard.
โ Technical feasibility: Prototypes are necessary for further
discussion, so the study group would not rely on paper work.
โ Economic feasibility: Everything developed within this group
should be cheaper than other solutions and allow for high-
volume production.
โข IEEE founded its own group for WPANs, IEEE 802.15, in
March 1999.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 6
7. Bluetooth Architecture
โข Like IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth operates in the 2.4
GHz ISM band.
โข Bluetooth operates on 79 channels in the 2.4 GHz
band with 1 MHz carrier spacing.
โข Each device performs frequency hopping with
1,600 hops/s in a pseudo random fashion.
โข Bluetooth applies FHSS for interference
mitigation (and FH-CDMA for separation of
networks).
โข A very important term in the context of Bluetooth
is a piconet and scatternet.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 7
8. Piconet
โข A piconet is a collection of Bluetooth devices
which are synchronized to the same hopping
sequence.
โข One device in the piconet can act as master (M),
all other devices connected to the master must
act as slaves (S).
โข Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern.
โข The master determines the hopping pattern in
the piconet and the slaves have to synchronize to
this pattern.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 8
10. Piconet
โข Two additional types of devices are shown:
โ parked devices (P) can not actively participate in the piconet (i.e., they do not
have a connection), but are known and can be reactivated within some
milliseconds
โ Devices in stand-by (SB) do not participate in the piconet.
โข Each piconet has exactly one master and up to seven simultaneous
slaves.
โข More than 200 devices can be parked.
โข The reason for the upper limit of eight active devices, is the 3-bit address
used in Bluetooth.
โข If a parked device wants to communicate and there are already seven
active slaves, one slave has to switch to park mode to allow the parked
device to switch to active mode.
โข The hopping pattern is determined by the device ID, a 48-bit worldwide
unique identifier.
โข The phase in the hopping pattern is determined by the masterโs clock.
โข All active devices are assigned a 3-bit active member address (AMA).
โข All parked devices use an 8-bit parked member address (PMA).
โข Devices in stand-by do not need an address.
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12. Scatternet
โข All users within one piconet have the same
hopping sequence and share the same 1 MHz
channel.
โข As more users join the piconet, the throughput
per user drops quickly
โ a single piconet offers less than 1 Mbit/s gross data
rate.
โ Only having one piconet available within the 80 MHz
in total is not very efficient.
โข This lead to the idea of Scatternet.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 12
14. Scatternet
โข one device can participates in two different piconets.
โข Both piconets use a different hopping sequence, always
determined by the master of the piconet.
โข Bluetooth applies FH-CDMA for separation of piconets.
โข Adding more piconets leads to a graceful performance degradation
of a single piconet because more and more collisions may occur.
โข Before leaving one piconet, a slave informs the current master that
it will be unavailable for a certain amount of time. The remaining
devices in the piconet continue to communicate as usual.
โข A master can also leave its piconet and act as a slave in another
piconet. It is clearly not possible for a master of one piconet to act
as the master of another piconet as this would lead to identical
behavior.
โข As soon as a master leaves a piconet, all traffic within this piconet
is suspended until the master returns.
โข However, scatternets are not yet supported by all devices.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 14
16. Bluetooth Core Protocol
โข Radio: Specification of the air interface, i.e., frequencies,
modulation, and transmit power
โข Baseband: Description of basic connection establishment, packet
formats, timing, and basic QoS parameters.
โข Link manager protocol: Link set-up and management between
devices including security functions and parameter negotiation.
โข Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP): Adaptation of
higher layers to the baseband (connectionless and connection-
oriented services).
โข Service discovery protocol: Device discovery in close proximity plus
querying of service characteristics.
5/16/2022 1.3 _ Bluetooth 16