Network of Bluetooth

1. Bluetooth

2. U & P U Patel Department of Computer Engineering
Introduction
• Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range communications technology.
• Intended for replacing cables connecting portable units
• Maintains high levels of security.
• Bluetooth technology is based on Ad‐hoc technology also known as Ad‐hoc
Piconets.
• Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and
medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHZ.
• Uses spread spectrum hopping, full‐duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600
hops/sec.
• Bluetooth supports 1Mbps data rate for version 1.2 and 3Mbps data rate for
Version 2.0 combined with Error Data Rate.

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Features
• Bluetooth operating range depends on the device:
• Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet
• Class 2 radios are most commonly found in mobile devices have a range of
10 meters or 30 feet
• Class 1 radios are used primarily in industrial use cases have a range of 100
meters or 300 feet.

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Connection Establishment
• Inquiry run by one Bluetooth device to try to discover
other devices near it.
• Process of forming a connection between two Bluetooth
devices.
• A device either actively participates in the network or
enters a low‐power sleep mode.

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Modes
• Actively transmitting or receiving data
Active
• Sleeps and only listens for transmissions at a set
interval
Sniff
• Power‐saving mode where a device sleeps for a
defined period and then returns back to active mode .
Hold
• Slave will become inactive until the master tells it to
wake back up.
Park

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Protocol Stack

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Baseband
• Physical layer of the Bluetooth.
• Manages physical channels and links.
• Other services include:
• Error correction
• Data whitening
• Hop selection
• Bluetooth security
• Manages asynchronous and synchronous links.
• Handles packets, paging and inquiry.

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L2CAP
• The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP).
• Layered over the Baseband Protocol and resides in the data link layer.
• Used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices.
• Provides connection‐oriented and connectionless data services to upper
layer protocols.
• Provides:
• Protocol multiplexing capability
• Segmentation and reassembly operation
• Group abstractions

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RFComm
• Radio Frequency Communications (RFCOMM).
• It is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial data
stream.
• RFCOMM provides for binary data transport .
• Emulates EIA‐232 (formerly RS‐232) control signals over the Bluetooth
baseband layer, i.e. it is a serial port emulation.
• RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP.
• Supports up to 60 simultaneous connections between two BT devices.

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Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
• Enables applications to discover available services and their features.
• Addresses the unique characteristics of the Bluetooth environment such
as, dynamic changes in the quality of services in RF proximity of devices in
motion.
• Can function over a reliable packet transfer protocol.
• Uses a request/response model.

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Piconet
• Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and communicate wirelessly
through short range networks known as Piconets.
• Bluetooth devices exist in small ad‐hoc configurations with the ability to
act either as master or slave.
• Provisions are in place, which allow for a master and a slave to switch their
roles.
• The simplest configuration is a point to point configuration with one
master and one slave.

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Piconet
• When more than two Bluetooth devices communicate with one another, it
is called a PICONET.
• A Piconet can contain up to seven slaves clustered around a single master.
• The device that initializes establishment of the Piconet becomes the
master.
• The master is responsible for transmission control by dividing the network
into a series of time slots amongst the network members, as a part of time
division multiplexing scheme.

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Features of Piconet
• Within a Piconet, the clock and unique 48‐bit address of master determines the timing
of various devices and the frequency hopping sequence of individual devices.
• Each Piconet device supports 7 simultaneous connections to other devices.
• Each device can communicate with several piconets simultaneously.
• Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth enabled devices
enter and leave piconets.
• There is no direct connection between the slaves.
• All connections are either master‐to‐slave or slave‐to‐master.
• Slaves are allowed to transmit once these have been polled by the master.
• Transmission starts in the slave‐to‐master time slot immediately following a polling
packet from the master.
• A device can be a member of two or more Piconets.

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Scatternet

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Scatternet
• A device can be a slave in one Piconet and master in another.
• It however cannot be a master in more than once Piconets.
• Devices in adjacent Piconets provide a bridge to support inner‐Piconet
connections, allowing assemblies of linked
• Piconets to form a physically extensible communication infrastructure
known as Scatternet.

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Applications
• Audio players
• Home automation
• Smartphones
• Toys
• Hands free headphones
• Sensor networks

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Z-Wave
• Z-Wave is a low-power, RF communications technology, primarily designed
for home automation.
• It is a proprietary solution, originally developed by Zen-Sys and later
acquired by Sigma Designs.
• Z-Wave offers reliable and low-latency communication with data rates up
to 100kbit/s
• operates on a single channel in the <1GHz band (868MHz band for Europe
and 915MHz band for North America and Australia).
• It supports full mesh networks without the need for a coordinator node
and is highly scalable.

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Z-Wave
• Z-Wave specifies role types to clearly define how devices/nodes should
behave within the network. A node is either a controller or a slave.
• Controllers set up and perform maintenance operations in a Z-Wave
network.
• They also control the slave nodes and can initiate transmission.
• Slaves act as end devices with general input/ output functions for carrying
out the controller’s requests.
• The Z-Wave protocol can add and remove nodes in a network through a
process called inclusion/exclusion.

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Z-Wave Features
• Operates in the <1GHz band, with unique channels in Europe and North
America. It is built upon the ITU9959 standard
• Uses frequency shift keyed physical modulation (FSK)
• Supports variable data rates from 40kbps up to 100kbps
• Supports up to 232 nodes in a Z-Wave network
• Supports a range of up to 30 meters
• Supports retransmission, checksum verification, and acknowledgment
• Uses AES-128 symmetric encryption for increased security
• Supports broadcast and multicast modes

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LPWAN
• Low power: Operates on small,
inexpensive batteries for years
Wide area: Has an operating range
that is typically more than 2 km in
urban settings
• Most LPWAN technologies can only
send less than 1,000 bytes of data
per day or less than 5,000 bits per
second.

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LPWAN Implementations
• There are several implementations of the LPWAN protocol, such as Sigfox,
NB-IoT, Weightless, RPMA and LoRaWAN.
• There are many differences between each of them in terms of
• modulation scheme,
• geographical scope,
• the amount of data transmitted and
• their encryption and authentication capabilities.

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Comparison

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Evolution of IoT in 1G/2G/3G/4G/5G
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8YkIcDVbGQ

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References
• “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)
• “Bluetooth”, Wikipedia (Online)
• https://dzone.com/articles/iot-systems-and-medium-range-radio-solutions
• https://www.iotforall.com/iot-connectivity-comparison-lora-sigfox-rpma-
lpwan-technologies
• https://mansipruthi.wordpress.com/2015/09/02/1g2g3g4g-and-5g/