The document discusses the emergence of totalitarian movements during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzes the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2. It argues that pandemic restrictions led to social isolation, anxiety, and a lack of purpose which created conditions for totalitarian formations. SARS-CoV-2 has several tricks that allow it to evade detection by the immune system and spread efficiently, such as suppressing interferons, mutating frequently, and triggering autoimmune responses. Revealing effective pandemic treatment options could help dismantle totalitarian illusions by reducing anxiety.

1. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 1
COVID-19 pandemic: an outbreak of a respiratory or psychosomatic
disease?
Origins of Totalitarianism
The masses have never thirsted after truth. They turn aside from evidence that is not to their taste,
preferring to deify error, if error seduce them. Whoever can supply them with illusions is easily
their master; whoever attempts to destroy their illusions is always their victim.– Gustave Le Bon1
Coordinated and purposeful action of the herd is essential for the control and prevention of general
infectious diseases. Herd immunity - a sufficient number of immunized individuals in the community
is an effective, potentially the only way to prevent an epidemic and pandemic. The herd immunity
can be achieved by means of sterilizing vaccine, which stops the transmission and protects against
the disease. But what happens when, instead of pursuing a legitimate goal of herd immunity, society
is abused to pursue completely different goals – unrelated to preventing an epidemic or a pandemic?
I will try to elaborate the answer to this question in this article.
A totalitarian movement is the organization of isolated and lonely individuals into a single crowd.
Compared to other movements and parties, the most striking characteristic of the totalitarian
movement is the demand for unrestricted, unconditional and irreversible loyalty of each individual
member.2
The totalitarian movement is one of the permanent mass formations, as there are other mass
formations that share common characteristics with the totalitarian movement: sects, fan communities,
parties, etc. Short-term crowd loyalty can also be achieved in everyday situations, and this can have
positive effect. For example, a teacher tries to achieve such conditions whenever it is necessary to
teach a new subject to pupils. But unlike the totalitarian movement, members of everyday mass
formations do not retain focus on the goals of the crowd because they do not become part of the mass
psychological formations. It is therefore understandable that there must be other conditions besides
the status of lonely individuals for a totalitarian movement to emerge.
When people gather in great numbers, their moral qualities disappear. People stop thinking and act
contrary to their interests, forget all sense of reason and are guided solely by their emotions. At least
that's how Freud described the mass movements observed during World War II. Freud was shocked,
but it didn't surprise him. 3
Realizing that there must be lonely individuals who, when joining a crowd,
lose their individual consciousness and follow the emotional currents of the crowd, still does not
explain why individuals retain irreversible and irrational loyalty to the crowd's illusions. Mattias
Desmet, Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Ghent, explains the missing elements
of the totalitarian movement, emphasizing the need for 4 conditions for constitution of mass
psychology formation4
:
• social isolation/lack of social bonds among the mass population;
• a lack of sense-making in the mass population;
• many people experiencing a lot of free-floating anxiety;
• a lot of free-floating psychological discontent in the population.
All of these conditions can be met by COVID-19 epidemiological precautionary measures. When the
World Health Organization declared the spread of SARS-CoV-2 a pandemic on March 11, 20205
,
countries, including Latvia, imposed travel restrictions, banned face-to-face education, public
activities, and promoted remote activities. The restrictions were intended to protect the most
1
Le Bon, G. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Dover Publications, Inc.: Mineola, New York.[1895] 2002. p.67
2
Arend, H., The Origins of Totalitarianism, A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Inc.: San Diego, New York, London, 1985. p.323
3
Jonsson, Stefan. “After Individuality: Freud’s Mass Psychology and Weimar Politics.” New German Critique, no. 119,
[New German Critique, Duke University Press], 2013, p. 53–54, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43910646.
4
WHY DO SO MANY STILL BUY INTO THE NARRATIVE? Dan Astin-Gregory Podcast of 21.09.2021. Available:
https://youtu.be/uLDpZ8daIVM
5
https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-
on-covid-19---11-march-2020

2. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 2
vulnerable members of society, the elderly and those suffering from chronic diseases, for whom
infection can be very dangerous. The aim of the restrictions was to slow down the spread of the
disease as much as possible so that the health care system could help everyone who needed it.6
The adopters of the measures hardly assessed the consequences of the restrictions: lack of social
bonds, economic activity, assuming new responsibilities and prusuing new way of life. The impact
of the effects in the molecular level was certainly not assessed by the public authorities.
Physiological stress responses can be triggered by fear or perceived threats to safety, status, or well-
being, leading to the secretion of sympathetic catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and
neuroendocrine hormones (cortisol) to promote survival and motivate success. Cortisol is a potent
anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting the activation of the immune response to inflammatory
cytokines, and cortisol acts to mobilize glucose for energy reserve and modulate inflammation. 7
Elevated cortisol levels have a beneficial effect in the short term because it helps to overcome
challenges in life. But long-term stress maintains chronically elevated levels of cortisol. The
chronically elevated cortisol is not able to be absorbed as intended, so the excess amount:
• increases the inflammatory factor, because cortisol inhibits T cell activation and proliferation,
promotes the release of mast cell inflammatory cytokines;
• increases the risk of diabetes by inhibiting insulin production and maintaining high serum
glucose;
• contributes to depression by suppressing natural neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin,
norepinephrine, oxytocin).8
Chronically elevated cortisol causes neurological inflammatory conditions that lead to depression in
some populations and free-floating anxiety disorder in others. Individuals are no longer able to
identify the cause of anxiety and anger, so dissatisfaction cannot be resolved. Professional
psychotherapy is also unable to completely resolve free-floating anxiety disorder in a pandemic
environment, as chronically elevated cortisol is maintained by constant changes in epidemiological
safety measures. Cortisol is not the only cause of psychological disorders, as children who are better
able to adapt to change suffer more from a lack of peer contact than from changing circumstances.
Individuals are unable to direct their psychological dissatisfaction against the virus, which cannot be
seen, felt and eliminated individually. The public is unable to explain why an area visited by a
vaccinated person is considered an epidemiologically safe environment while the vaccinee spreads
the infection to the same extent as the non-vaccinated one?9
Why restrict naturally symptomatic
patients after recovery10
if they have acquired lifelong immunity and contribute to herd immunity?11
Why should children be vaccinated against COVID-19 if their chances of getting a serious infection
are less than the chance of getting a side effect from a vaccine?12
The lockdown and epidemiological constraints have created all the factors for the emergence of
totalitarian formations. Even easier if some elements existed before. Then you only need to keep the
6
https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/314151-noteikti-papildu-ierobezojumi-un-aizliegumi-covid-19-izplatibas-
samazinasanai-2020
7
Hannibal KE, Bishop MD. Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: a psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress
management in pain rehabilitation. Phys Ther. 2014;94(12):1816-1825. doi:10.2522/ptj.20130597
8
Lenze EJ, Dixon D, Mantella RC, et al. Treatment-related alteration of cortisol predicts change in neuropsychological
function during acute treatment of late-life anxiety disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27(5):454-462.
doi:10.1002/gps.2732
9
Kampf, Günter. COVID-19: Stigmatising the unvaccinated is not justified. The Lancet. 20 November 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02243-1
10
Defending fundamental rights by opposing the misuse of Digital Green Certificate. Available:
https://youtu.be/yEWAb1MpRtU
11
Sivan Gazit, Roei Shlezinger, Galit Perez, Roni Lotan, Asaf Peretz, Amir Ben-Tov, Dani Cohen, Khitam Muhsen,
Gabriel Chodick, Tal Patalon. Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections
versus breakthrough infections; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415
12
Zimmermann P, Pittet LF, Finn A, et al Should children be vaccinated against COVID-19? Archives of Disease in
Childhood Published Online First: 03 November 2021. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-323040

3. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 3
focus of the crowd on a narrow topic: the threat of the virus, the effectiveness of the vaccine, etc.
Jabbing then serves as a form of involvement in the totalitarian movement, as the individual gains a
sense of security, connects with the rest of the vaccinated crowd and is able to clearly identify the
cause of anxiety and dissatisfaction – non-vaccination. Any manifestation of chronically elevated
cortisol in the form of anxiety and anger in the vaccinated population can be prevented by coping
with the unvaccinated population part. Any dissonant voice about the inability of vaccines to stop the
transmission of the virus to achieve the herd immunity; any argument for effective ways to stop
SARS-CoV-2 with micronutrients (vitamins C and D, zinc, selenium), antiviral drugs, activation of
the mucosal immune and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and suppression of inflammatory
cytokines with corticosteroids will remain, at best, unheard by the crowd or more effectively –
censored. The most important thing is to keep the crowd focused on a narrow topic (vaccine
effectiveness, number of deaths or infections, etc.) by narrowing the crowd's perception of what is
going on around them. When the crowd is in such a hypnotic situation, the inherent rights can be
taken away one after the other – you were free to go to a store before, then in the future only the
totalitarian crowd will be able to go there; previously you were free to meet your friends and relatives,
then you will not be able to do so. Because everything is done to protect the crowd and even more so
– yourself.
Is there any solution to prevent the emergence of a totalitarian movement under the slogan of
vaccination? According to professor M.Desmet, this is very difficult, perhaps impossible, because
the totalitarian crowd is in a hypnotic state, and any voice calling back to reality seeks to return the
crowd to a state of free-floating anxiety when the crowd will not able to connect the cause of the
frustration and anger to some tangible representation. Why would the individual be disconnect from
the captivating illusion of the mass psychological state when it will only cause discomfort, and the
source of anger and anxiety will no longer be known? One solution, however, there is – to reveal
effective ways to deal with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Totalitarian movements are not monotonous
formations. These movements have a central core and sympathizers who, in their efforts to maintain
a social connection with the crowd, support the totalitarian illusion, even though they are well aware
of the realities of the normal world. Without these sympathizers, it would not be possible to spread
fanatical lies to the general public.13
By convincing sympathizers, it is possible to bring the crowd
back to reality rather sooner.
Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2
Any virus that causes a human disease must know at least one trick to overcome the immune
response. – Shane Crotty14
On average, a person carries around 3.8*1013
bacteria every day15
. In addition to bacteria, the daily
human virome is made up of about 3.8*1013
viruses.16
The numbers are impressive. But even more
impressive is the human immune system, which is made up of an even larger number of immune
cells, most of which are antibodies. Every day, the human body produces 109 new B cells, which
make antibodies. And given that the human immune system is able to produce its own specific
antibodies for each pathogen (virus, bacterium, fungus, and parasite), it is estimated that the human
immune system can produce up to 1018 different antibodies, of which 1012 are maintained under
normal circumstances. 17
13
Arend, H., The Origins of Totalitarianism, A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Inc.: San Diego, New York, London, 1985. p.366-
367
14
Young Ed. Immunology Is Where Intuition Goes to Die. The Atlantic. Available:
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/08/covid-19-immunity-is-the-pandemics-central-mystery/614956/
15
Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol.
2016;14(8):e1002533. Published 2016 Aug 19. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533
16
John L Mokili, Forest Rohwer, Bas E Dutilh, Metagenomics and future perspectives in virus discovery, Current Opinion
in Virology, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2012, p.63, ISSN 1879-6257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.12.004.
17
Anthony R Rees (2020) Understanding the human antibody repertoire, mAbs, 12:1, DOI:
10.1080/19420862.2020.1729683

4. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 4
Most of the human viroma helps fight bacteria. And a lot of bacteria help a person maintain a healthy
body, for example by helping to digest food. But so far, only about 10.5 thousand viral genomes have
been genetically sequenced in humans.18
And even fewer people have managed to understand their
own immune system. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is one of the sequenced viral genomes, and since
January 2020, scientists have been able to study in various ways this virus, the second (after the 1918
flu virus) known pandemic-sized virus with such fatal consequences. What has made SARS-CoV-2
such a significant virus in human history, and what are the tricks in the virus's arsenal? In this article
I will highlight 7 viral tricks.
Trick No.1. The first “trick” of SARS-CoV-2 that is worth noting is its ability to spread in the form
of an aerosol particles without adhering to air droplets. Its virus is able to bypass both N95 standard
masks and transfer between people who have never been more than 10 minutes 2 meters away. 19
Trick No.2. With the help of the non-structural proteins NSP1 and ORF820
, SARS-CoV-2 suppresses
the initial immune response: the activity of interferons and the ability of MHC-I molecules to detect
antigen in the body. The virus is able to multiply smoothly and move deeper into the respiratory tract,
as well as infect other organs that express angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
Trick No.3. By means of glycan shields, SARS-CoV-2 supresses dendritic cell activation and
proliferation, preventing the presentation of antigen MHC molecules to T cells that activate B cells
to neutralize the virus with antibodies and destroy the virus with cytotoxic cells.21
Trick No.4. Binding of the virus to ACE2 prevents this protein from performing its normal function
(regulating blood pressure and inflammatory processes), so COVID-19 increases inflammatory
stimulants and increases the risk of myocardial fibrosis and cardiovascular disease due to ACE2
dysfunction.22
Trick No.5. SARS-CoV-2 has an unstable and short genomic structure and constantly mutates. The
virus consists of 6 open reading frames (ORFs), of which 2 (ORF1a and ORF1b) are leading. During
coding, ribosomes can switch from ORF1a to ORF1b until they are exposed to an unstable sequence,
so mutations in either non-structural proteins or glycan shields occur in each individual.23
Trick No.6. SARS-CoV-2, when present in a humoral environment and looking for ways to attach
to cell surfaces, disrupts the natural humoral state and damages cell surfaces24
(by impairing sialic
acid), which turns its “own” cells into “foreign” cells25
, triggering an autoimmune reaction and
promoting long covid.26
18
Liang, G., Bushman, F.D. The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 19, 514–
527 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00536-5
19
Lee BU. Minimum Sizes of Respiratory Particles Carrying SARS-CoV-2 and the Possibility of Aerosol Generation. Int
J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):6960. Published 2020 Sep 23. doi:10.3390/ijerph17196960
20
Khateeb, J., Li, Y. & Zhang, H. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and potential intervention approaches. Crit
Care 25, 244 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03662-x
21
Runhong Zhou, Kelvin Kai-Wang To, Yik-Chun Wong, Li Liu, Biao Zhou, Xin Li, Haode Huang, Yufei Mo, Tsz-Yat
Luk, Thomas Tsz-Kan Lau, Pauline Yeung, Wai-Ming Chan, Alan Ka-Lun Wu, Kwok-Cheung Lung, Owen Tak-Yin
Tsang, Wai-Shing Leung, Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Zhiwei Chen; Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs
Dendritic Cell and T Cell Responses, Immunity, Volume 53, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 864-877.e5, ISSN 1074-7613,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.026.
22
Bian J, Li Z. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): SARS-CoV-2 receptor and RAS modulator. Acta Pharm Sin B.
2021 Jan;11(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.006. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PMID: 33072500; PMCID: PMC7553008.
23
Jungreis I, Sealfon R, Kellis M. SARS-CoV-2 gene content and COVID-19 mutation impact by comparing 44
Sarbecovirus genomes. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2642. Published 2021 May 11. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22905-7
24
Wang, E.Y., Mao, T., Klein, J. et al. Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19. Nature 595, 283–
288 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03631-y
25
Wang, Huiru & Chen, Qiuchi & Hu, Yue & Wu, Xiancong & Dai, Lin & Zhang, Yuekai & Li, Fang & Lu, Jinfeng &
Chen, Yuxing & Liu, Xiaoling. (2021). Pathogenic antibodies induced by spike proteins of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
viruses. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-612103/v2.
26
Khamsi R. Rogue antibodies could be driving severe COVID-19. Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7844):29-31. doi:
10.1038/d41586-021-00149-1. PMID: 33469204.

5. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 5
Trick No.7. SARS-CoV-2 is able to multiply in animal reservoirs. Therefore, by eliminating the virus
in the human population, the virus will remain endemic until the immunization of animal reservoirs
is sufficient.27
As a result of these tricks, SARS-CoV-2 can move freely from the upper respiratory tract deeper into
the terminal respiratory tract. SARS-CoV-2 infected lung cells induce activation of interleukin-1 (IL-
1), which further causes the release of histamine from mast cells in the terminal airways and reversibly
causes additional IL-1 levels. IL-1 also stimulates mast cells to secrete more IL-6. High
concentrations of IL-1 and IL-6 can be fatal28
. Histamine and high concentrations of IL-1 cause
cytokine storms, leading to extensive tissue and cell damage29
. The alveolar and lung tissues affected
by inflammatory cytokines no longer exchange gases and supply them to the bloodstream, so the
body suffocates in the inflamed lungs.30
Because SARS-CoV-2, which is not affected by the immune response, is able to travel deeper into
the terminal airways, the greater the risk of death for the patient. The earlier the body's immune
response is able to stop the virus in the upper airways, the more likely it is that the body will develop
an appropriate adaptive immune response and eliminate the virus. Even better, the innate immune
response neutralizes and eliminates the virus. This is seen in children who are able to deal with the
virus even asymptomatically with natural antibodies and NK cells, given that children have a higher
number of ACE2 proteins with less affinity, so the renin-angiotensin system is not disturbed.31
Effective prevention of COVID-19
Understanding the question is half the answer. – Socrates32
It is clear how SARS-CoV-2 tricks the immune system. It is clear that a delayed immune response
causes an excessive immune response in the form of cytokine storms. And it is clear that better innate
immunity can defeat SARS-CoV-2 more effectively than adaptive immunity. So the question is: how
best to help the immune system deal with the SARS-CoV-2 tricks so that this respiratory virus is no
more significant than the other 3.8*1013
viruses that are with humans on a daily basis? The European
Union has decided that vaccination against the viral S-protein is the best helper for the immune
system. It is worth considering whether such vaccination has any effect on viral tricks.
Trick 1 - Does the vaccination with currently available vaccines stop the transmission of the virus?
Scientists say that vaccination does not affect the levels of the virus in the upper airways from which
the virus is transmitted33
. This is due to the fact that intramuscularly administered jab primarily
27
Sharun K, Tiwari R, Saied AA, Dhama K. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for domestic and captive animals: An effort to counter
COVID-19 pandemic at the human-animal interface [published online ahead of print, 2021 Nov 6]. Vaccine. 2021;S0264-
410X(21)01386-4. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.053
28
Conti P, Caraffa A, Tetè G, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Kritas SK, Frydas I, Younes A, Di Emidio P, Ronconi G. Mast cells
activated by SARS-CoV-2 release histamine which increases IL-1 levels causing cytokine storm and inflammatory
reaction in COVID-19. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 Sep-Oct,;34(5):1629-1632. doi: 10.23812/20-2EDIT. PMID:
32945158.
29
Conti P, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Kritas SK, Frydas I, Younes A, Ronconi G. Coronavirus-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
induces acute severe lung inflammation via IL-1 causing cytokine storm in COVID-19: a promising inhibitory strategy.
J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 Nov-Dec;34(6):1971-1975. doi: 10.23812/20-1-E. PMID: 33016027.
30
Hentsch L, Cocetta S, Allali G, Santana I, Eason R, Adam E, Janssens J, -P: Breathlessness and COVID-19: A Call for
Research. Respiration 2021;100:1016-1026. doi: 10.1159/000517400
31
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying
the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Arch Dis Child. 2020 Dec 1:archdischild-2020-320338.
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33262177.
32
Kirov, Blago, Socrates: Quotes & Facts. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 1st edition. (February 26, 2015)
33
Singanayagam A, Hakki S, Dunning J, Madon KJ, Crone MA, Koycheva A, Derqui-Fernandez N, Barnett JL, Whitfield
MG, Varro R, Charlett A, Kundu R, Fenn J, Cutajar J, Quinn V, Conibear E, Barclay W, Freemont PS, Taylor GP, Ahmad
S, Zambon M, Ferguson NM, Lalvani A; ATACCC Study Investigators. Community transmission and viral load kinetics
of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective,
longitudinal, cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 29:S1473-3099(21)00648-4. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-
4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34756186; PMCID: PMC8554486.

6. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 6
induces circulating monomeric antibodies and T cells, whereas secretory polymeric antibodies and
tissue-resident T cells predominate in the upper respiratory tract to provide an immune response.34
Trick 2 - Does the vaccination with currently available vaccines promote interferon activity?
Theoretically, there may be a possibility that B cells induced by a vaccinal immune response may
replace SARS-CoV-2-suppressed interferons and present the presence of antigen to other immune
cells.35
But this possibility is theoretical, and the greater chance of a vaccine immune response is to
produce only 3-5 days of functioning plasma cells that produce circulating antibodies for 6-8 weeks36
,
while the predominant immune response will be the cross-activity of other seasonal coronavirus-
induced T and B cells against SARS-CoV-2.37
Trick 3 - Does the vaccination with currently available vaccines promote dendritic cell activity?
Similar to trick 2, in the case of trick 3, the vaccinal induced response may replace the suppressed
dendritic cell function of the virus by presenting viral MHC-I molecules to T cells. But such activity
has downsides, as higher B cell activity leads to elevated IL-6 levels and the possibility of cytokine
storms.38
Trick 4 - Does the vaccination with currently available vaccines reduce ACE2 dysfunction? Evidence
suggests that vaccination directly contributes to ACE2 dysfunction in the form of hypertension and
inflammation.39
Trick 5 - Does the vaccination with currently available vaccines reduce SARS-CoV-2 mutations?
The data do not suggest a jab-promoting effect on the viral mutation, but only on the selection of
variants. Vaccination with currently available vaccines selects for more contagious viral strains that
bypass the vaccinal immune response for further spread.40
Trick 6 - Does vaccination with currently available vaccines reduce the disruption of the humoral
environment and the risks of long coward? Studies show that vaccination reduces these risks as long
as the vaccinal antibody titre is high.41
Trick 7 - Does the vaccination with currently available vaccines reduce the transmission of the virus
from animal tanks? Vaccination does not stop the transmission of the virus to humans, animals or
animals.
34
Bleier BS, Ramanathan M, Lane AP. COVID-19 Vaccines May Not Prevent Nasal SARS-CoV-2 Infection and
Asymptomatic Transmission. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2021;164(2):305-307.
doi:10.1177/0194599820982633
35
Upasani V, Rodenhuis-Zybert I, Cantaert T. Antibody-independent functions of B cells during viral infections. PLoS
Pathog. 2021 Jul 22;17(7):e1009708. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009708. PMID: 34293057; PMCID: PMC8297758.
36
Khodadadi L, Cheng Q, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. The Maintenance of Memory Plasma Cells. Front Immunol. 2019 Apr
5;10:721. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00721. PMID: 31024553; PMCID: PMC6464033.
37
Aguilar-Bretones M, Westerhuis BM, Raadsen MP, de Bruin E, Chandler FD, Okba NM, Haagmans BL, Langerak T,
Endeman H, van den Akker JP, Gommers DA, van Gorp EC, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD, Fouchier RA, Rockx
BH, Koopmans MP, van Nierop GP. Seasonal coronavirus-specific B cells with limited SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity
dominate the IgG response in severe COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2021 Nov 1;131(21):e150613. doi: 10.1172/JCI150613.
PMID: 34499051; PMCID: PMC8553556.
38
Upasani V, Rodenhuis-Zybert I, Cantaert T. Antibody-independent functions of B cells during viral infections. PLoS
Pathog. 2021 Jul 22;17(7):e1009708. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009708. PMID: 34293057; PMCID: PMC8297758.
39
Angeli F, Zappa M, Reboldi G, et al. The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection: One year
later. Eur J Intern Med. 2021;93:28-34. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2021.09.007
40
Van Egeren D, Novokhodko A, Stoddard M, Tran U, Zetter B, Rogers M, Pentelute BL, Carlson JM, Hixon M, Joseph-
McCarthy D, Chakravarty A. Risk of rapid evolutionary escape from biomedical interventions targeting SARS-CoV-2
spike protein. PLoS One. 2021 Apr 28;16(4):e0250780. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250780. PMID: 33909660; PMCID:
PMC8081162.
41
Antonelli M, Penfold RS, Merino J, Sudre CH, Molteni E, Berry S, Canas LS, Graham MS, Klaser K, Modat M, Murray
B, Kerfoot E, Chen L, Deng J, Österdahl MF, Cheetham NJ, Drew DA, Nguyen LH, Pujol JC, Hu C, Selvachandran S,
Polidori L, MayA, Wolf J, ChanAT, Hammers A, Duncan EL, Spector TD, Ourselin S, Steves CJ. Risk factors and disease
profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective,
community-based, nested, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 1:S1473-3099(21)00460-6. doi:
10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00460-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34480857; PMCID: PMC8409907.

7. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 7
There are some benefits and disadvantages of vaccination with currently available vaccines. Given
the evidence that the virus is able to mutate and bypass the vaccine immune response, and considering
correlation of the vaccination to the original antigenic sin, the benefits of vaccination are short-lived.
Vaccination with currently available vaccines lacks a long-term positive effect. The main
disadvantages of the currently available vaccines are the inability to stop the transmission and the
inability to activate the suppressed immune cells. But these shortcomings can be eliminated by other
means, if you get to know a little bit more of the lymphocytes that make up 2*1012
human bodies,
which occupy as much in volume as the human brain or spleen.42
The main site of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is the upper respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract
is covered by the mucous membrane, which is the largest component of the immune system in terms
of both volume and immune cells. It will not be possible to overcome SARS-CoV-2 by ignoring
mucosal immunity or focusing only on serum lymphocytes.
The number and type of lymphocytes that make up mucosal immunity exceed the number of all other
lymphocytes in the body. And mucosal immune lymphocytes are the most diverse. Secretory
immunoglobulin A (SIgA) exists in three molecular forms: secreted, monomeric, and polymeric. It is
also found in various glycoforms. While circulating IgA is predominantly in monomeric form, the
polymeric IgA from circulation is not effectively transported into secretions.43
This explains why
vaccination with currently available vaccines does not stop the transmission of the virus.
Until intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are available44
that would elicit a rapid adaptive
immune response to the virus and prevent it from advancing deeper into the terminal airways, there
are other safe, widely available and effective antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. Two nasal sprays
of hypertonic solution4546
and polysaccharides4748
have been widely described.
The second major shortcoming of vaccines, inactivation of interferons, dendritic cells and T cells,
can also be solved effectively, safely and universally. It has a complex solution that includes several
elements.
First, dendritic cells and T cells help to activate sufficient serum vitamin D3. Vitamin D reduces the
delayed response of interferons to SARS-CoV-249
, promotes dendritic cell activity and T cell
formation50
, activity and division. When a T cell is exposed to a foreign pathogen, it expands a
signalling device or 'antenna', known as the vitamin D receptor, through which it searches for vitamin
D. And if the body does not have enough vitamin D, then the T cell does not even start to mobilize.
42
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
Lymphocytes and the Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26921/
43
Russell MW, Moldoveanu Z, Ogra PL, Mestecky J. Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect
of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol. 2020;11:611337. Published 2020 Nov 30. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.611337
44
Chavda VP, Vora LK, Pandya AK, Patravale VB. Intranasal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: From challenges to potential in
COVID-19 management [published online ahead of print, 2021 Jul 29]. Drug Discov Today. 2021;S1359-6446(21)00331-
7. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.021
45
Machado RRG, Glaser T, Araujo DB, Petiz LL, Oliveira DBL, Durigon GS, Leal AL, Pinho JRR, Ferreira LCS, Ulrich
H, Durigon EL, Guzzo CR. Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication by Hypertonic
Saline Solution in Lung and Kidney Epithelial Cells. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2021 Sep 3;4(5):1514-1527. doi:
10.1021/acsptsci.1c00080. PMID: 34651104; PMCID: PMC8442612.,
46
Huijghebaert S, Hoste L, Vanham G. Essentials in saline pharmacology for nasal or respiratory hygiene in times of
COVID-19 [published correction appears in Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Apr 24;:]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol.
2021;77(9):1275-1293. doi:10.1007/s00228-021-03102-3
47
Figueroa JM, Lombardo ME, Dogliotti A, et al. Efficacy of a Nasal Spray Containing Iota-Carrageenan in the
Postexposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Hospital Personnel Dedicated to Patients Care with COVID-19 Disease. Int J
Gen Med. 2021;14:6277-6286. Published 2021 Oct 1. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S328486
48
Moakes RJA, Davies SP, Stamataki Z, Grover LM. Formulation of a Composite Nasal Spray Enabling Enhanced Surface
Coverage and Prophylaxis of SARS-COV-2. Adv Mater. 2021;33(26):e2008304. doi:10.1002/adma.202008304
49
Gauzzi MC, Fantuzzi L. Reply to Jakovac: COVID-19, vitamin D, and type I interferon. Am J Physiol Endocrinol
Metab. 2020;319(2):E245-E246. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2020
50
Weir EK, Thenappan T, Bhargava M, Chen Y. Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19?. Clin
Med (Lond). 2020;20(4):e107-e108. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0301

8. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 8
In other words, adequate vitamin D is critical for activating T-cells from their inactive state51
. The
effect of vitamin D is increased by taking it together with magnesium, which also has an anti-
asthmatic effect, preventing muscle spasms.52
Secondly, decreased zinc levels reduce NK cell activity, cytotoxic effects on antigen, and the
efficiency of the innate immune system. Zinc deficiency causes a decrease in the number of T and B
cells. In addition to zinc deficiency, decreased T lymphocyte proliferation, T cell immunological
memory and cytotoxic properties have been observed53
. Zinc has antiviral activity against certain
viruses, including coronaviruses, in an intercellular manner54
. Co-administration of zinc with
selenium has complementary activity because zinc has antiviral activity while selenium removes the
pathogen from the cells.55
Third, aspirin has antiviral and antithrombotic effects.56
There have been differing views on the
effectiveness of aspirin in reducing the severity and fatal outcome of COVID-1957
. Recent studies,
however, favour the use of this therapeutic agent.58
Fourth, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway activating strategies have an immunomodulatory and
anti-inflammatory effect. Stimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway activates the liver
and thymus to produce Band T cells, which inhibit both the concentration of inflammatory cytokines
and the conversion of T cells to T cytotoxic cells. The two most effective drugs in this strategy are
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as fluvoxamine59
) and nicotine.60
Fifth, severe COVID-19 is caused by excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines in the terminal
airways. Medium-dose corticosteroids61
are an effective way to suppress cytokines, given that they
consume large amounts of calcitriol, preventing other immune cells from activating due to a lack of
vitamin D, preventing the virus from being removed from the body. Therefore, corticosteroids should
be used in combination with calcitriol or other micronutrients increasing serum vitamin D and
calcium concentration. 62
51
Von Essen MR, Kongsbak M, Schjerling P, Olgaard K, Odum N, Geisler C. Vitamin D controls T cell antigen receptor
signaling and activation of human T cells. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(4):344-349. doi:10.1038/ni.1851
52
Tam, M., Gómez, S., González-Gross, M. et al. Possible roles of magnesium on the immune system. Eur J Clin Nutr 57,
1193–1197 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601689
53
Dardenne M. Zinc and immune function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S20-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601479.
PMID: 12142956.
54
Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):696-710.
doi:10.1093/advances/nmz013
55
Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms
to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012;16(7):705-743. doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4145
56
Chow JH, Yin Y, Yamane DP, Davison D, Keneally RJ, Hawkins K, Parr KG, Al-Mashat M, Berger JS, Bushardt RL,
Mazzeffi MA, Nelson SJ. Association of prehospital antiplatelet therapy with survival in patients hospitalized with
COVID-19: A propensity score-matched analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Nov;19(11):2814-2824. doi:
10.1111/jth.15517. Epub 2021 Sep 15. PMID: 34455688.
57
Kow, C.S., Ramachandram, D.S. & Hasan, S.S. Use of aspirin for primary prevention in patients with diabetes during
the COVID-19 pandemic. Ir J Med Sci (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02787-w
58
Garg SS, Sharma A, Gupta J. Immunomodulation and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19. Clin Immunol. 2021
Oct;231:108842. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108842. Epub 2021 Aug 27. PMID: 34461289; PMCID: PMC8393504.
59
Berwanger O. Fluvoxamine for outpatients with COVID-19: where do we stand? Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Oct
27:S2214-109X(21)00501-5. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00501-5. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34717819; PMCID:
PMC8550914.
60
Qin Z, Xiang K, Su DF, Sun Y, Liu X.Activation of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic
Strategy for COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021 Feb 8;11:595342. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595342. PMID: 33633726;
PMCID: PMC7901247.
61
Matthay MA, Wick KD. Corticosteroids, COVID-19 pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest.
2020 Dec 1;130(12):6218-6221. doi: 10.1172/JCI143331. PMID: 32976118; PMCID: PMC7685752.
62
Zoe E. Davidson, Karen Z. Walker, Helen Truby, Do Glucocorticosteroids Alter Vitamin D Status? A Systematic Review
with Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 97, Issue
3, 1 March 2012, Pages 738–744, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2757

9. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 9
Only a few commonly available therapeutic agents are mentioned here63
. Emphasis on alternative
pathways to SARS-CoV-2 is needed because vaccination with a sterilizing immune-inducing vaccine
(which stops transmission and protects against the disease) is not the only way to end a pandemic.
Gathering restrictions in combination with chemoprophylaxis may also stop the spread of the virus
in an immunologically naive population.
Conclusion
Either help or do no harm to the patient. – Hippocrates
Informed consent is one of the mandatory elements in the treatment of patients. Vaccination is a form
treatment. When vaccination is prescribed by a physician, immune intervention cannot take place
without informed consent. If the government adopts a mandatory obligation to vaccinate by law,
informed consent is not enforced. According to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights,
treatment without informed consent may be in line with the European Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms64
, at least for epidemic diseases. COVID-19 exceeds
the scale of an epidemic infectious disease, so other criteria than that used for assessment of an
epidemic viral infection should be used to evaluate it. The European Court of Human Rights or
another jurisdictive body is unlikely to understand the significant difference between an epidemic
and a pandemic infectious disease, as the court does not usually analyse immunology, virology and
molecular epidemiology and relies solely on official authorities. The European Medicines Agency
also does not pay particular attention to the need for different approaches to immunity interventions
for epidemic and pandemic infections. It can therefore be assumed that the European Court of Human
Rights will assess the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic according to the same criteria as measures to control
HIV or tuberculosis infections, for which the viral evolution quickly undermined newly discovered
interventions.
So far, only scientists in the field of molecular epidemiology65
, virology66
and vaccination67
and a
non-EU national authority68
have emphasized the need to assess population-level virus dynamics with
the vaccine effectiveness. Without such an assessment, vaccines used for wider population that solely
risk groups during pandemic cannot be approved because the vaccine has not been tested under the
conditions in which it is intended to be used. It would be valuable if one of the currently available
vaccines against COVID-19 had been assessed by the European Medicines Agency not only by how
effective the vaccine is against the circulating variant during clinical trials, but also by how effective
it shall be against the new variants that will inevitably arise in an increasingly rapid way, by extending
vaccination directed against specific epitopes of one (out of 29 entirely) viral protein during the
pandemic. Without such an assessment of the dynamics of the virus and vaccinal immune response
at the population level, it is not possible to validate the approval/registration of vaccines. Such
vaccines will in essence continue to be experimental immune interventions. However, the fact-
63
Ziņojums par esošo medikamentu efektivitāti Covid-19 ārstēšanā un komplikāciju novēršanā vai mazināšanā.
https://lzp.gov.lv/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/VPP_veidlapa_rezultati_6.4_02022021.pdf
64
Judgment of the ECHR of 8 April 2021 “Case Of Vavřička And Others V. The Czech Republic” (applications nos.
47621/13 and 5 others). Available: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-209039
65
Kennedy DA, Read AF. Monitor for COVID-19 vaccine resistance evolution during clinical trials. PLoS Biol.
2020;18(11):e3001000. Published 2020 Nov 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001000
66
Grenfell BT, Pybus OG, Gog JR, Wood JL, Daly JM, Mumford JA, Holmes EC. Unifying the epidemiological and
evolutionary dynamics of pathogens. Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):327-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1090727. PMID:
14726583.
67
Vanden Bossche, Geert. Why can’t C-19 vaccine mandates be taken seriously? Available:
https://www.geertvandenbossche.org/post/why-are-the-current-covid-19-mass-vaccinations-to-be-considered-a-public-
health-experiment
68
International vaccination: Potential impact on viral evolution and UK public health, 21 July 2021. Available:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-vaccination-potential-impact-on-viral-evolution-and-uk-
public-health-21-july-2021/international-vaccination-potential-impact-on-viral-evolution-and-uk-public-health-21-july-
2021

10. © Jānis Kļumels 2021 10
checkers have contributed to this question of experimentation and have found that no experimentation
is taking place.69
An active proponent of vaccination will see it as a conspiracy, a fact-checker – as a false or partially
false statement, a scientist – as a hypothesis, an antivaxxer – as a truth. The assumption is that general
vaccination of the population against COVID-19 with currently available vaccines will only lead to
SARS-CoV-2 becoming more infectious and able to attach to cells more quickly with a much shorter
time spent in an extracellular domain, leading to a return of the population to the situation faced in
the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, however, with a much more contagious virus that will affect
more broader public, not just seniors and people with co-morbidities, then the vaccination is not used
to prevent against the viral disease, but to gain a sense of security and reduce free-floating anxiety;
to end social isolation and establish social bonds with other vaccinees; to rely on at least one solution
for the fight against the virus, while the physician are prevented from recommending effective
immunotherapies against SARS-CoV-2. It is then in medial reasoning obvious that the purpose of the
vaccination is to address psychosomatic problems caused by epidemiological restriction, not
immunological issues.
69
RE:Check. Vakcināciju pret Covid-19 veic tikai ar piekrišanu, un tā nav pretrunā ar Nirnbergas kodeksu. Available:
https://rebaltica.lv/2021/07/vakcinaciju-pret-covid-19-veic-tikai-ar-piekrisanu-un-ta-nav-pretruna-ar-nirnbergas-
kodeksu/