Chapter 1

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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background Study
Often referred to as the modern plague, the pandemic
caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is unlike
any other biological threat our species has faced. It is
responsible for 2.8 million deaths in a single year and
relentless suffering in its 38.6 million present victims
(Geneva, 2006). HIV subversively undermines our immune
system, crippling the physiological defenses designed to
protect us from this very type of threat. But the terrible
effects of HIV take time to manifest into Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), allowing an unwary host to
further spread infection. There is no known vaccine. There
is no known cure. Once HIV/AIDS affects population, its grave
consequences begin to emerge. The most productive age groups
are hardest hit—destabilizing the area’s economy and leaving
millions of orphaned children (UNAIDS 2006). Some regions
are so adversely affected by the epidemic that the term
‘undeveloping country’ has been coined to describe nations
smothered by HIV/AIDS (Berger 2002). HIV/AIDS is most
prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa where, exacerbated by the

2
presence of other common conditions such as malnutrition and
opportunistic infections, it is wreaking devastation on
families, communities, and nations. Just as epidemics vary by
country, so do national a responses to this complex
nutritional and micronutrient deficiency play an important
additive role in immune degradation and impaired development
in children. Careful implementation of antiretroviral drugs,
complemented by simultaneous efforts to ensure proper
nutrition among HIV-infected children and adults are
essential components of an effective response to the HIV/AIDS
pandemic in Africa and elsewhere (Taylor K et al, 2006).
The first cases of HIV were diagnosed among sex workers
in Chennai in 1986. Since then, the country has evolved from
“low” to “concentrated” epidemic. In 2009, an estimated 2.4
million people (aged 15-49) were living with HIV, slightly
lower than the 2.5 million reported in 2001. However, India
remains just behind South Africa and Nigeria in numbers of
persons living with HIV (UNAIDS 2010).
A medical crisis as socially complex and far-reaching as
the HIV/AIDS pandemic stirs much controversy about what
strategy will best forestall disaster. Epidemiologically,

3
there are two approaches to managing widespread disease—
prevention and treatment. Many public health programs have
emphasized prevention measures over treatment provision in
developing countries primarily because they are less
expensive. While prevention is absolutely vital in the fight
against HIV/AIDS, especially where resources are limited,
this uneven focus may have promoted the appallingly
inadequate medical care available to the same populations.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects cells of the
immune system, destroying or impairing their function.
Infection with the virus results in the progressive
deterioration of the immune system, leading to "immune
deficiency." The immune system is considered deficient when
it can no longer fulfill its role of fighting infection and
disease. Infections associated with severe immunodeficiency
are known as "opportunistic infections", because they take
advantage of a weakened immune system.
HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual
intercourse (vaginal or anal), and oral sex with an infected
person; transfusion of contaminated blood; and the sharing of
contaminated needles, syringes or other sharp instruments. It
may also be transmitted between a mother and her infant during

4
pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Antiretroviral
therapy (ART) can slow the disease progression by preventing
the virus replicating and therefore decreasing the amount of
virus in an infected person’s blood (known as the ‘viral
load’). The length of time can vary widely between
individuals. Left without treatment untreated, the majority
of people infected with HIV will develop signs of HIV-related
illness within 5–10 years, although this can be shorter. The
time between acquiring HIV and an AIDS diagnosis is usually
can be 10–15 years, but sometimes longer (WHO).
With these, the researchers are highly motivated to
conduct this study to determine the extent of awareness of
4th year high school students on HIV Infection.
Theoretical Framework
The concept of psychosexual development, as envisioned
by Sigmund Freud at the end of the nineteenth and the
beginning of the twentieth century, is a central element in
the theory of psychology. It consists of five separate phases:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. In the development
of his theories, Freud's main concern was with sexual desire,
defined in terms of formative drives, instincts and appetites

5
that result in the formation of an adult personality. The
genital stage starts at puberty, allowing the child to develop
opposite sex relationships with the libidinal energy again
focused on the genital area. According to Freud, if any of
the stages are fixated on, there is not enough libidinal
energy for this stage to develop untroubled. To have a fully
functional adulthood, the previous stages need to be fully
resolved and there needs to be a balance between love and
work (Uriarte, et.al 2004).
Freud also believed that the libido developed in
individuals by changing its object. He argued that humans are
born "polymorphous perverse," meaning that any number of
objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that
as humans developed they fixated on different, and specific,
objects—first oral (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in
nursing), then anal (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in
controlling his or her bowels), then phallic. Freud argued
that children then passed through a stage where they fixated
on the parent of the opposite sex. Freud sought to anchor
this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Each
stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity,
characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay need

6
gratification. Freud believed that humans were driven by two
instinctive drives, libidinal energy/Eros and the death
instinct/thanatos. Freud's description of Eros/Libido
included all creative, life-producing instincts. The Death
Instinct represented an instinctive drive to return to a state
of calm, or non-existence and was based on his studies of
protozoa.
This model is an attempt to meaningfully reduce
psychosexual development to its essential elements in order
to facilitate learning, and, ultimately, the developments of
nursing interventions that are evolved from a theoretical
base produced out of a holistic view of psychosexual
development and arise from a conception of sexuality as a
healthy, normal phenomenon. It certainly possesses
limitations. No model can replace the nurse-client
relationship upon which knowledge and insight into the
client's unique character and needs are based. However,
utilizing a model as a foundation for learning and nursing
practice can become the first step in determining successful
client service. Using a psychosexual development model in
concert with our overall view of human beings serves to
strengthen our commitment to treating individuals as

7
integrated wholes. "Human sexuality, that dimension of
maleness and femaleness in one's personality, is expressed in
every human act; it is inseparable from the maintenance of
one's health.
Conceptual Framework
The study will be made based on the awareness of the 4th
high school students on HIV infection. This study will be
conducting a survey on 4th year high school students at the
Rosales National High School. Using the independent and
dependent variables model, the independent variables are the
self – report of the respondents on (a) age (b) sex (c)
religion. The dependent variables are consists of (a) causes
(b) manifestations (c) complications (d) Management.

8
Independent Variables Dependent Variable
Profile of the
Respondents
a. Age
b. Sex
c. religion
Extent of awareness
on HIV infection
a. Causes
b. Manifestations
c. Complications
d. management
Figure 1.The Paradigm shows the Independent and Dependent
Variables of the Study.

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Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to study the extent of awareness of 4TH
year high school students on HIV Infection at the Basic
Education of Panpacific University North Philippines.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the profile and extent of awareness of the
respondents in terms of:
a. age;
b. sex; and
c. Religion?
2. What is the extent of awareness of the respondents on
HIV infection along:
a. causes;
b. manifestations;
c. complications; and
d. management?
3. Is there any significant difference on the extent of
awareness of 4th year high school students across their
profile variable?

10
Hypothesis
1. The null hypothesis states that there is no significant
difference on the respondents’ extent of awareness on
HIV Infection across of their profile variables.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study focused on the awareness of the high school
students on the HIV infection and attempted to determine the
level of awareness on the factors that contributes HIV
infection among 48 fourth year high school students. The
survey was conducted in the Basic Education of the Panpacific
University North Philippines, Urdaneta City. Data were
gathered during the month of September 2014.
Definition of terms
For the better understanding of the study, the following
terms were defined lexically and operationally:
Awareness. It is the state or ability to perceive, to
feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory
patterns. In biological psychology, awareness is defined as
a human's or an animal's perception and cognitive reaction to
a condition or event. In this study, awareness is being
investigate of how much aware the respondents will have on
HIV infection.

11
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is the epidemic
disease that has a large impact on the life of every
individual which was used as main problem by the researcher
to determine the extent of awareness of the high school
students on acquiring HIV/AIDS infection.
High School. The respondents were in 4th year level of
education and high school students of the Basic Education of
the Panpacific University North Philippines, Urdaneta City.
Students. They were the respondents used for this
research study. They were given questionnaires as their guide
to answer the survey on our study entitled awareness on HIV
infection among 4th year high school students.
Causes. This is to determine how much knowledge the
respondents will have about the causes of HIV infection.
Complications. It is a condition where in the other parts
of the body have been infected by the HIV virus. The disease
can become worse in its severity or show a higher number of
signs, symptoms or new pathological changes, become
widespread throughout the body or affect other organ systems.
Manifestations. This is a condition in which the body
reacts in the invasion of HIV virus in the organ systems.
Management. It is the manner on how to treat HIV
infection. It is a practice of managing diseases.

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Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods and procedures
utilized in the present study that includes the research
design, subjects of the study, data gathering instrument,
collection of data and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
The descriptive method of research was employed in this
study to gather information to describe and interpret the
extent of awareness of the 4th year high school students of
the Basic Education, Panpacific University North Philippines
on HIV infection. Descriptive research was used, because it
provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a
particular individual, situation, or group. (Jackson, S.L.
2009) These studies are a means of discovering new meaning,
describing what exists, determining the frequency with which
something occurs, and categorizing information. The goal is
the acquisition of factual, accurate and systematic data that
can be used in averages, frequencies and similar statistical
calculations. Descriptive studies seldom involve
experimentation, as they are more concerned with naturally
occurring phenomena than with the observation of controlled

13
situations. It can be used at the initial stage of
investigation to identify the variables that exist in a given
situation and to describe the relationship that exists
between these variables.
Population and Locale of the Study
The study focused on the awareness of the high school
students on the HIV infection and attempts to determine the
level of awareness on the factors that contributes HIV
infection. The survey was conducted in the Basic Education of
Panpacific University North Philippines, Urdaneta City,
Pangasinan.
Data Gathering Instrument
The researchers used a guided questionnaire – checklist
as the main tool in gathering data which is especially
designed and formulated for the purpose of the study. The
questionnaire was divided in two functional areas as follows:
Part I covers the profile of the respondents along age, sex,
and religion. The second part of the instrument deals on the
extent of awareness of 4th year high school students along
causes, manifestations, complications, and management.

14
Data Gathering Procedure
After validation of the questionnaire the researcher
made a letter to the Principal of the Basic Education to allow
us to float the questionnaire to their students. After
securing approval of the Principal, the researchers started
to float the questionnaires to the students. After they
answered the questionnaire, the researcher gathered it for
tallying, analysis, and presentation and interpretation
purposes.
Statistical Treatment of the Data
The statistical treatment of data involved in this study
was percentage and ranking system. In addition, Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the differences of the
data and Chi-square formula was used in order to determine
the relationships of the data.
1. The number of respondents made to the survey
questionnaires is interpreted through the use of frequencies.
2. The frequency is expressed in terms of percentage.
To get the percentage:

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P =
𝑛
𝑁
x 100
Where:
P = number of percentage
n = number of respondents
N = total number of respondents
100 = defined as constant
1. The weighted mean will use to compute for the average of
the frequency.
5 – Highly Aware
4 – Aware
3 – Moderately Aware
2 – Slightly Aware
1 – Not Aware
To compute for the weighted mean:
AWM= ∑ fx
N

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Where:
AWM = the average weighted mean
∑fx = the total frequencies
N = the number of cases
Interpretations of Weighted mean:
Range Description Symbol
4.20 – 5.00 Highly Aware HA
3.40 – 4.19 Aware A
2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Aware MA
1.80 – 2.59 Slightly Aware SA
1.00 – 1.79 Not Aware NA
In response to the significant difference on the extent
of awareness of 4th year high school students across their
profile variable, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
employed.

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Source of
variation
Sum of
squares
Degrees
of
freedom
Mean square Computed
f
Treatments SSR k-1 S2
1 = SSA/k-1 S2
1 / s2
Error SSE k(n – 1) S2
= SSE/ k(n –
1)
Total SST kn – 1
Where:
SSR= ∑ 𝑛𝑖( 𝑦𝑖.̅̅̅− 𝑦. .̅̅̅̅)𝑘
𝑖=1
2
=”sum of squares between treatment groups”
SSE= SST – SSR
=”sum of squares within treatment groups”
SST= ∑ ∑ (𝑦𝑖𝑗 − 𝑦. .̅̅̅̅𝑛𝑖
𝑗=1
𝑘
𝑖=1 )2
k= number of treatments
n= number of data

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Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter deliberated the data gathering, analysis
and interpretation of the findings on the basis of the problem
outstretched. Precisely, it presents the Extent of Awareness
of 4th Year High School Students.
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 on the next page represents the frequency and
percentage of the profile of the respondents along with their
level of awareness, thus answering problem one.
Age. As perceived in the table 1 on the next page, the
respondents’ ages were 14, 15, 16 and 17. Sixty two point
five percent (62.5 %) respondents were on age 15. Ages 14 and
16 years old, have the same population of eight (8) both
having a percentage of sixteen point seven (16.7%) percent.
Age seventeen (17) has the lowest frequency, two (2) or four
point two (4.2%) percent.
Respondents who are age 16 have the highest awareness
(3.4813) followed by age 14 (3.3406), age 15 (3.1367) and age
17.

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According to Patricia Benner, the higher the exposure or
experience to a situation the higher the acquired knowledge,
then the older the person is, the more knowledgeable he
becomes.
Table 1
Respondents Profile and Level of Awareness
N=48
Frequency Percentage
Over-All
Mean
Description
AGE
14 8 16.67 3.3406 MA
15 30 62.50 3.1367 MA
16 8 16.67 3.4813 A
17 2 4.17 2.8250 MA
TOTAL 48 100 3.0750
SEX
Male 24 50 3.4000 A
Female 24 50 3.0302 MA
TOTAL 247 100
RELIGION
Catholic 35 72.9 3.1914 NA
Non-Catholic 13 27.1 3.2788 SA
TOTAL 247 100
Legend:
Mean scale range Descriptive Rating
4.20 – 5.00 Highly Aware (HA)
3.40 – 4.19 Aware (A)
2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Aware (MA)
1.80 – 2.59 Slightly Aware (SA)
1.00 – 1.79 Not Aware (NA)
Sex. It can be gleaned on the same table that the male
and female have the same frequency of twenty four (24), or
fifty percent (50%). Males are Aware with a mean of three

20
point four (3.4), while the females are moderately aware,
with a mean of 3.03.
Religion. In terms of religion, it can be seen that it
was classified only into Catholic and Non- Catholic. Most of
respondents are Catholic, 35, having 72.9 percent of the whole
population and 27.1 percent or 13 were Non-Catholic
respondents. The Catholic respondents are not aware on HIV
having a mean of 3.1914, while the Non-Catholics are Slightly
Aware, having a mean of 3.2788.
According to Hanson, “Many still (Christians) profess,
however, that we must protect our children and youth (and, in
many instances, adults) from education about sexuality.” This
would lead to lesser knowledge of the Catholics in HIV
infections.
Extent of Awareness of the Respondents on HIV
The following tables on the succeeding pages shows the
extent of awareness of the respondents across causes,
manifestations, complications, and management thus answering
problem two.

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Table 2
Extend of Awareness across Causes
Causes AWM symbol
HIV infection is caused by:
1. Not using of condom in occasional sex. 3.8 A
2. Having many sex partners 3.2 MA
3. Engaging in same sex. 3 MA
4. Blood transfusion of contaminated blood
products.
2.9 MA
5. Using contaminated needles. 2.8 MA
6. Body piercing on unaccredited facilities. 2.8 MA
7. Having open wound and touching blood/blood
products.
3 MA
8. Mucus membranes having contact to blood/
blood products.
2.9 MA
9. Having weak immune system. 3.3 MA
10. By kissing the person with HIV. 3 MA
Over All Weighted Mean 3.1 MA
Legend:
3.40 – 4.19 Aware (A)
1.00 – 1.79 Not Aware (NA)
As seen in the table two, respondents were moderately
aware (MA) of the causes of HIV with an over-all mean 3.1.
Respondents were aware (A) that not using of condom in
occasional sex causes HIV. Other parts of the questionnaire
in terms of causes of HIV, the respondents are Moderately
Aware (MA).
According to WHO, most of the people knows that HIV
infection can be transmitted through unprotected sexual
intercourse, oral sex with infected person, transfusing of

22
contaminated blood and sharing of contaminated syringes and
needles. The most common way of protecting oneself from AIDS
is condom, since it is easily available.
Table 3
Extend of Awareness across Manifestations
Manifestations AWM Symbol
A person who acquired HIV will:
1. Develop an early symptom of flu-like
illness within several days to weeks.
3.7 MA
2. Have a history of fever, headache,
tiredness, and enlarged lymph nodes in
the neck.
3.3 MA
3. Have this infection called opportunistic
infection that takes advantage to infect
a weakened immune body system.
3.3 MA
4. Develop the disease differing widely
among individuals, which may last from
few months to more than 10 years.
3.2 SA
5. Have a frail immune system can also lead
to other unusual conditions.
3.4 MA
6. Persistent white spots or unusual lesions
on your tongue or in your mouth.
3.1 MA
7. Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F
(38 C) for several weeks.
3 MA
8. Blurred and distorted vision. 3.1 MA
9. Cough and shortness of breath. 3.5 MA
10. Skin rashes or bumps. 3.1 MA
Legend:
3.40 – 4.19 Aware (A)
1.00 – 1.79 Not Aware (NA)

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From table three, it can be gleaned that the respondents
are moderately aware (MA) in the manifestations of the HIV
with an overall weighted mean of 3.3. The respondents are
Slightly Awater (S.A.) that the disease differs widely among
individuals, which may last from few months to more than 10
years. According to WHO, HIV infection takes time to manifest
its symptoms. People infected with HIV doesn’t know that they
have it, unless the symptoms arise.
The respondents are Highly Aware that HIV develops an
early symptom of flu-like illness within several days to weeks
(3.7) and cough and shortness of breath (3.5). These are the
most common symptoms that HIV presents.
As gleaned on table 4 on the next page, the respondents
are aware that tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic
infection associated with HIV and a leading cause of death
among people living with AIDS, with a mean of 3.6, and persons
with HIV can have multiple infections and complications with
a mean of 3.5.

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Table 4
Extend of Awareness across Complications
Complications AWM Symbol
A person infected with HIV will often develop:
1. Multiple infections and complications. 3.5 A
2. An inflammation of the lung tissues
which is the hallmark of the late-stage
on HIV disease
3.1 MA
3. Heart disease which may also occur in
the late-stage of HIV disease.
2.9 MA
4. Develop a condition of the mouth called
Thrush (a yeast infection of the mouth
that can be seen on the tongue and the
inside of the cheeks).
3.2 MA
5. A very high viral load. 2.7 MA
6. Salmonella bacteria infection from
contaminated food or water. Symptoms
include severe diarrhea, fever, chills,
abdominal pain and, occasionally,
vomiting. salmonellosis is far more
common in people who are HIV-positive.
2.9 MA
7. Candidiasis - It causes inflammation
and a thick white coating on the
mucous membranes of your mouth, tongue,
esophagus or vagina.
3 MA
8. Tuberculosis is the most common
opportunistic infection associated with
HIV and a leading cause of death among
people living with AIDS.
3.6 A
9. Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common
AIDS-related cancer. It is a tumor of
the blood vessel walls. Common symptoms
are pink, red or purple lesions on the
skin and in the mouth.
3.1 MA
10. Extreme weight loss and anorexia
caused by HIV.
3.1 MA
Legend:
3.40 – 4.19 Aware (A)
1.00 – 1.79 Not Aware (NA)

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Table 5
Extend of Awareness across Management
Management Weighted
mean
Descriptive
Rating
The management of HIV is/are:
1. Antiviral medications which are the
first line of defense in treating
patients with HIV.
3.7 A
2. HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral
Therapy) which uses a customized
combination of three or more
antiretroviral medications to fight
the HIV virus.
3.3 Ma
3. Atripla, a new medication that
combines several different anti
retro virals into a tablet, taken
once a day.
2.8 Ma
4. Have numerous side effects, which
range from the merely annoying to
life threatening.
3.4 A
5. May include naturopathy or
homeopathy and wellness strategies.
2.9 Ma
6. People diagnosed with HIV can live
long, healthy lives; if they get
medical care and take care of their
bodies.
3.5 A
7. Education / information – learning
how to best take care of yourself,
staying informed about new
treatments or approaches.
3.9 A
8. Maintaining general health – self
care and nutrition
3.7 A
9. Psychological health – informing
others, dealing with stigma,
spiritual support, managing anxiety
and depression.
3.6 A
10. Monitoring HIV disease – regular
medical check-ups, monitoring tests.
3.6 A
Over All Weighted Mean 3.4 A
Legend:
3.40 – 4.19 Aware (A)
1.00 – 1.79 Not Aware (NA)

26
In table five on the preceding page, it can be gleaned
that all the respondents are Aware (A) on the management of
HIV, with an overall weighted mean of 3.4.
The respondents are moderately aware that HAART (3.3),
naturopathy or homeopathy and wellness strategies (2.9) and
Atripla (2.8) can be used as management of HIV infection.
Table 6
ANOVA Result Showing Differences in Extent of Awareness
across Age
SS MS DF F
Computed
significance Decision
Between
groups
1.182 .394 3 .531 .663 Accept
Ho
Within
groups
32.608 .741 44
Total 33.790 47
NS Not significant at .05 level of significance
* Significant at .05 level of
significance
On table 6, it can be seen that there are significant
differences on each age since the researcher needs 66.3 %
level of significance to reject the null hypothesis.
According to Florence N. Samkange-Zeeb in a study entitled
“Awareness and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) among school-going adolescents in Europe: a systematic
review of published literature”, it states that “a large

27
majority of the adolescents knew that HIV is caused by a
virus, is sexually transmitted, and that sharing a needle
with an infected person may lead to infection with the virus.
Table 7
t-test Result Showing Differences in Extent of Awareness
across Gender
Gender N Mean T Df signific
ance
Decision
Male 24 3.40 7.532* 46 0.0132 Reject Ho
Female 24 3.03
Total 48
NS Not significant at .05 level of
significance
significance
It can be gleaned on the table that there is a
significant difference along the profile variable sex on the
extent of awareness on HIV infection, according to the study
entitled “Perceptions of Sexual Behavior and Knowledge About
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Adolescents in Benin
City, Nigeria (2008)” it states that “Males were more likely
to state that levels of sexual activity were higher among
males than among females”, thus supports that males are more
knowledgeable than females.

28
Table 8
t-test Result Showing Differences in Extent of Awareness
across Religion
Religion N Mean T Df signific
ance
Decision
Catholic 35 3.19 8.314* 46 0.0155 Reject Ho
Non-
Catholic
13 3.28
Total 48
NS Not significant at .05 level of
significance
significance
It can also be gleaned on the table above that religion
has a significant difference on the extent of knowledge on
HIV infection. According to the study entitled “Religion and
HIV in Tanzania (2006): influence of religious beliefs on HIV
stigma, disclosure, and treatment attitudes“ that Catholics
“indicate that shame-related HIV stigma is strongly
associated with religious beliefs such as the belief that HIV
is a punishment from God or that people living with HIV/AIDS
have not followed the Word of God. Most participants said
that they would disclose their HIV status to their pastor or
congregation if they became infected”.

29
Chapter 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the relevant
findings, conclusions drawn and recommendations of the study.
SUMMARY
This study determined the level of awareness of fourth
year high school student on HIV infection. 1) Part I focused
on the profile of the respondents in terms of their age, sex,
and religion. Part II dealt on the extent of awareness of the
respondents HIV infection along its causes, manifestations,
complications, and management. Part III and IV tackled on the
significant difference between their extent of awareness and
their profile variables.
Descriptive method of research was utilized with the
questionnaire as the main tool used in gathering data. A total
of 48 respondents were taken from the over – all total
population of enrolled 4th year high school students.
The statistical treatment of data involved in this study
were frequency and percentage. In addition, Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the differences of the
data. To answer problem number two on the extent of awareness

30
of the respondent on HIV, weighted mean computation was
employed. In response to the significant difference on the
extent of awareness of 4th year high school students across
their profile variable, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
Student T- Test were employed. T-Test was used when comparing
two variables and ANOVA when comparing more than two
variables.
SALIENT FINDINGS
The following are the findings based on the specific
problems posed in this research study.
1. There is an equal number of male and female respondents,
most of the respondents were aged 16 years old, and were
Roman Catholics.
2. The extent of awareness of 4th year high school students
along causes, manifestations, complications is
Moderately Aware, while in the management on HIV the
respondents were Aware.
3. There were significant differences on the extent of
awareness of 4th year’s high school students across sex
and religion, but there is no significant difference on
the profile age.

31
CONCLUSION
To lighten the findings of the study, the researchers
attained at the following conclusions:
1. Respondents’ profile in terms of age, sex and religion.
Based on age there are 48 respondents (62.50%) are 16
years old, 24 respondents (50%) are females, which is
also same with the males, and 35 (72.9%) are Roman
Catholic.
2. The 4th year student are Moderately Aware on the causes,
manifestations and complications of HIV, but are Aware
on its management.
3. There is a significant difference on the extent of
awareness of 4th year’s high school students across sex
and religion, but there is no significant difference on
the profile age.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings and conclusions, resulting from
the study, the following recommendations are thought
essential and suitable.
1. Public education on HIV awareness should be done to all
school in the Philippines.

32
2. HIV education and campaign must be done to further
increase the knowledge of students on HIV.
3. HIV education and campaign must be inculcated in the
subject in High School.
4. Other studies should be conducted to look into other
parts using more variables and in a broader scope.

33
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS
C., Donovan and Robert McEwan March 1995, JAIDS Journal of
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Volume 90, Issue 3,
Pages: 319–328.
Jackson, S.L. Jackson, 2009. Research Methods and
Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach 3rd
edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
B. JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS
Geneva; 2008.Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
(UNAIDS): Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic 2008.
Geneva; 2006.Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS): Report on the global AIDS epidemic
2006
Geneva; 2010: Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS
epidemic 2010.
Journal of Adolescent Health May 1993, “Comparison
of AIDS knowledge and HIV-related sexual risk

34
behaviors among adolescents in low and
high AIDS prevalence communities”, Vol. 14, Issue 3,
Pages 231-236
IE, MelgarOfreneo MAP, Kintanar NS, 2009.Risk Behaviors for
HIV/AIDS among Call Center Employees in the Philippines.
Manila: International Labour Organization Country
Office for the Philippines.
C. INTERNET SOURCES
Philhealth circular 19, s-2010: Philippine Health Insurance
Corporation, Republic of the Philippines, Outpatient
HIV/AIDSTreatment.
Packagehttp://www.philhealth.gov.ph/circulars/2010/circ19_2
010.
Salvana EM. National Epidemiology Center, Department of
Health, Republic of the Philippines,Philippine HIV and AIDS
Registry June 011 http://www.doh.gov.ph/files/NEC_HIV_June-
AIDSreg2011.pdf.
Yamanaka ZJ. Religion and HIV in Tanzania: Influence of
Religious Beliefs on HIV stigma, disclosure , and treatment
attitudes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=18328964

35
Appendix A
Letter to the Principal
Panpacific University North Philippines
Urdaneta City ,Pangasinan
September 24, 2014
Ms. Susan F. Sanidad, MAEd.
Principal, Basic Education
Madam:
We, the Instructors of the College Nursing would like to
conduct a study entitled “Awareness on HIV Infection among
Grade 10 and 4th year High School Students” as a part of the
requirements of the University. We are asking for a permission
from your office to conduct a survey study as well to raise
and distribute questionnaires in the above-mentioned
research.
Thank you very much for assistance on the above request.
Very truly yours,
Norman Kim P. Malag, MAN
Elvira Bernardo, MAN
The researchers
Noted:

36
Appendix A
Letter to the Respondents
Urdaneta City ,Pangasinan
September 24, 2014
Dear Respondents:
We, the instructors of the College of Nursing would like to
conduct a study entitled “Awareness on HIV Infection among
Grade 10 and 4th year High School Students” as a part of the
requirements of the University.
We are asking for your cooperation in our research study by
properly answering the questionnaires. We rest assure all
information will be kept confidential.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Very truly yours,
Norman Kim P. Malag, MAN
Elvira Bernardo, MAN
Researchers
Noted:

37
Appendix C
QUESTIONNAIRE
EXTENT OF AWARENESS ON HIV INFECTION
Part I. Respondents’ profile
Direction: Please provide the data sought in this checklist
by writing the information needed or putting check ( √ ) mark
on the space provided.
Name: (optional) _____________________________________
Age: ___
Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female
Religion: ( ) Catholic ( ) Non – Catholic
Part II. Extent on the awareness of HIV infection among
Grade 10 and 4th year High School Students.
Direction: Rate the following questionnaires carefully by
putting a check ( √ ) on the appropriate box provided
regarding on the extent of awareness of High School students,
using the scale as:
Highly Aware 5
Aware 4
Moderately aware 3
Slightly aware 2
Not aware 1

38
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
Causes
HIV infection is caused by:
1. Not using of condom in occasional sex.
2. Having many sex partners
3. Engaging in same sex.
4. Blood transfusion of contaminated blood/blood
products.
5. Using contaminated needles.
6. Body piercing on unaccredited facilities.
7. Having open wound and touching blood/blood
products.
8. Mucus membranes having contact to blood/
blood products.
9. Having weak immune system.
10. By kissing the person with HIV.
Manifestations
A person who acquired HIV will:
1. Develop an early symptom of flu-like illness
within several days to weeks.

39
2. Have a history of fever, headache, tiredness,
and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.
3. Have this infection called opportunistic
infection that takes advantage to infect a
weakened immune body system.
4. Develop the disease differing widely among
individuals, which may last from few months
to more than 10 years.
5. Have a frail immune system can also lead to
other unusual conditions.
6. Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on
your tongue or in your mouth.
7. Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F (38
C) for several weeks.
8. Blurred and distorted vision.
9. Cough and shortness of breath.
10. Skin rashes or bumps.
Complications
A person infected with HIV will often develop:
1. Multiple infections and complications.
2. An inflammation of the lung tissues which is
the hallmark of the late-stage on HIV disease

40
3. Heart disease which may also occur in the
late-stage of HIV disease.
4. Develop a condition of the mouth called
Thrush (a yeast infection of the mouth that
can be seen on the tongue and the inside of
the cheeks).
5. A very high viral load.
6. Salmonella bacteria infection from
contaminated food or water. Symptoms include
severe diarrhea, fever, chills, abdominal
pain and, occasionally, vomiting.
salmonellosis is far more common in people
who are HIV-positive.
7. Candidiasis - It causes inflammation and a
thick white coating on the mucous
membranes of your mouth, tongue, esophagus or
vagina.
8. Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic
infection associated with HIV and a leading
cause of death among people living with AIDS.
9. Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common AIDS-
related cancer. It is a tumor of the blood

41
vessel walls. Common symptoms are pink, red
or purple lesions on the skin and in the
mouth.
10. Extreme weight loss and anorexia caused
by HIV.
Management
The management of HIV is/are:
1. Antiviral medications which are the first
line of defense in treating patients with
HIV.
2. HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)
which uses a customized combination of three
or more antiretroviral medications to fight
the HIV virus.
3. Atripla, a new medication that combines
several different anti retrovirals into a
tablet, taken once a day.
4. Have numerous side effects, which range from
the merely annoying to life threatening.

42
5. May include naturopathy or homeopathy and
wellness strategies.
6. People diagnosed with HIV can live long,
healthy lives; if they get medical care and
take care of their bodies.
7. Education / information – learning how to
best take care of yourself, staying informed
about new treatments or approaches.
8. Maintaining general health – self care and
nutrition
9. Psychological health – informing others,
dealing with stigma, spiritual support,
managing anxiety and depression.
10. Monitoring HIV disease – regular medical
check-ups, monitoring tests.
Thank you for your kindly cooperation. Have a Good day. God
bless…

43
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Norman Kim P. Malag
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: July 16, 1987
Address: Baguio City
Religion: Episcopal
Eligibility:
Nurse Licensure Exam
NCII in Caregiving
NCII in Health Care
Educational Attainment:
Masters: Urdaneta City University
Tertiary: Easter College Incorporated
Secondary: Saint Louis High School- Philex
Mines
Primary: Philex Mines Elementary School

44
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Elvira D. Bernardo
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: August 8, 1959
Address: Pozzorubio, Pangasinan
Religion: Church of Christ
Eligibility:
Nurse Licensure Exam
NCII in Caregiving
NCII in Health Care
Educational Attainment:
Masters: Lyceum Northwestern University
Tertiary: Luzon Colleges School of Nursing
Secondary: Urdaneta National High School
Primary: Lananpin Elementary School

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