"Dr. Smita Dheer is the One Of The Best Eye Specialist in Ahmedabad. Dr. Smita Dheer is Top Eye Surgeon Doctors in Ahmedabad. Dr. Smita Dheer Provide Best Eye Care Solution in Ahmedabad at affordable Cost.
Born to doctor parents, state rank holder in HSC and SSC, Dr. Smita Dheer received scholarship for meritorious performance from the government, which she gave up to help the needy students.
After finishing her MBBS from Gandhi medical college BHOPAL, she perused her Master of surgery (M.S) from REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY BHOPAL in 2000. She did her fellowship in SMALL INSCISION CATARACT SURGERY from B.A.B.T EYE HOSPITAL Mumbai. She gathered working experience under renowned surgeonSPITAL run by Lions Club Sight Savers in AHEMDABAD. She served in the organisation for a decade as CHIEF SURGEON from 2007 TO 2016. During her tenure, she handled complicated cases and polished her administrative and surgical skills. She did her post graduate diploma in hospital and health care management (PGDHHM) from SYMBIOSIS PUNE in 2005, and did a certificate course in clinical research (CCCR) in 2008. Now she is associated with CIMS HOSPITAL as CONSULTANT OPHTHALMOLOGIST."
2. Primary Care Practitioners
īŽ See variety of eye problems
īŽ Discuss treatment options
īŽ Facilitate referrals
īŽ Positioned to explain
optometry's role as
primary eye care providers
10. īŽ Space between
cornea and iris
īŽ Filled with aqueous
humor produced by
ciliary body
Anterior Chamber
11. īŽ Iris gives eye color
īŽ 2 muscles:
o Dilatorâopens
o Sphincterâconstricts
Iris
12. īŽ Allows light to enter
īŽ Enables view to back
of eye and eye health
evaluation
Pupil
13. īŽ Located behind iris
īŽ Focuses light on
retina
īŽ Allows for
accommodation
īŽ Normally transparent
īŽ Where cataracts form
Lens
14. īŽ Primary functions
o Pulls on lens for
accommodation
o Epithelium secretes
aqueous fluid that
fills anterior chamber
Ciliary Body
15. Red Reflex
īŽ Light reflection off
retina
īŽ Useful for assessing
media clarity
īŽ Affected by any
opacity of cornea, lens,
vitreous
īŽ White reflex = leukocoria
Refer immediately!
16. Vitreous Humor
īŽ Gel-like fluid that
fills back cavity
īŽ Serves as support
structure for blood
vessels while eye
formedâbefore birth
īŽ After birth, just
âhangs outâ in there
īŽ Where floaters are located
18. Optic Nerve Head
īŽ Collection of nerve
fibers and blood
vessels from retina
īŽ Transfers info to
brainâs visual cortex
īŽ Slightly yellow-pink
when healthy
īŽ White âfull moonâ
appearance can
mean trouble!
19. Optic Nerve Head
īŽ Cup is natural
depression in center
of nerve
īŽ Cup size varies
between people
īŽ Very large cup, or
change in appearance
over time, can
indicate glaucoma
Physiologic
Cup
Optic Disc
Optic Nerve
20. Macula
īŽ Dense collection
of cone photoreceptors
īŽ Fine detail and
color vision
īŽ Macular degeneration
affects this area
21. Retinal Vessels
īŽ Include arteries and veins
īŽ Only place in body
where you can directly
visualize blood vessels
īŽ Excellent indicators
of systemic diseases
o HTN
o Diabetes
o High cholesterol
o Carotid disease
22. Peripheral Retina
īŽ Can only be evaluated
with dilated pupil
īŽ Important to evaluate
periodically to fully
assess eye health
27. Hyperopia
īŽ Blurry image on retina
īŽ Lens focuses to compensate
īŽ Hyperopes often
asymptomatic much
their of lives
īŽ Can cause headaches or
eyestrain with extended
reading
īŽ These problems can
get worse after age 40
28. Astigmatism
īŽ Surface of cornea is
irregular or misshapen
īŽ Light focuses at
various points causing
distorted vision
īŽ Often combined with
nearsightedness and
farsightedness
31. Turned Eyes - Strabismus
īŽ Eye misalignment
o One or both turn
in, out, up or down
īŽ Caused by muscle
imbalance
īŽ 3 Kinds of Strabismus
o Esotropia
o Exotropia
o Hypertropia
33. 3 Types of Esotropia
īŽ Infantile (congenital)
o Develops in first 3 months of life
o Surgery usually recommendedâ
along with vision therapy and glasses
īŽ Accommodative
o Usually noted around age 2
o Child typically farsighted
o Focusing to make images clear can
cause eyes to turn inward
o Treated with glasses but
vision therapy may also be needed
34. 3 Types of Esotropia
īŽ Partially Accommodative
o Combination of
īŽ accommodative dysfunction and
īŽ muscle imbalance
o Glasses and vision therapy
wonât completely correct
eye turn
o Surgery may be required
for best binocularity
35. If you see Esotropia
īŽ Refer to pediatric
optometrist or
ophthalmologist
īŽ Sooner the better for
best chance of good
vision
36. 2. Exotropia
īŽ Eye turns outward
īŽ Congenitalâpresent
at birth
īŽ Surgery usually needed
to re-align
īŽ Many exotropias are
intermittent
o May occur when patient is tired or not paying attention
o Concentration can force eyes to re-align
o Vision therapy and/or glasses can help
37. 2. Exotropia
īŽ When intermittent
o Brain sometimes receives
info from both eyes
(binocular)
o Less chance of amblyopia
o However, important to be
seen by eyecare provider
when deviation noted
38. 3. Hypertropia
īŽ One eye vertically
misaligned
īŽ Usually from paresis
of an extra-ocular
muscle
īŽ Typically much more
subtle for patient to
describe and provider
to diagnose
39. 2 Types
īŽ Congenital
o Most common type
o Patients can compensate for
years by tilting head
o Can be discovered by looking at
childhood photos
40. 2 Types
īŽ Acquired
o Traumaâ
Extra-ocular muscle âtrappedâ
by orbital fracture
o Vascular infarctâ
Systemic diseases that affect
blood supply to nerves can
cause temporary nerve palsy
īŽ Diabetes and HTN most
common
īŽ Palsies tend to resolve over
weeks or months
o Neurologicalâ
In rare cases a tumor or
aneurysm can cause symptoms
42. Lazy Eye - Amblyopia
īŽ Decreased vision
uncorrectable by glasses
or contactsânot due to
eye disease
īŽ For some reason, brain
doesnât fully acknowledge
images seen
43. Lazy Eye - Amblyopia
īŽ 3 Types of Amblyopia
o Strabismic
o Anisometropic
o Stimulus deprivation
44. 1. Strabismic Amblyopia
īŽ One eye deviates from other and
sends conflicting info to brain
īŽ Brain doesnât like to see doubleâ
so âturns offâ info from deviated
eye
īŽ Results in under developed visual
cortex for that eye
īŽ Can usually be reversed or
decreased if treated during first
9 years
īŽ Need to visit eyecare provider
ASAP to determine cause
45. Treatment
īŽ If caught early, treatment
can teach brain how to
see better
o Vision therapy/patching
o Glasses
o Surgical re-alignment
īŽ Early vision screenings
are critical!
46. 2. Anisometropic Amblyopia
īŽ Anisometropiaâsignificant
difference in Rx between eyes
īŽ Commonly one eye more
farsighted
īŽ Farsighted eye works hard to
see clearlyâand sometimes
gives up
īŽ Brain relies on info from
other eye
47. 2. Anisometropic Amblyopia
īŽ If not caught, one eye
wonât learn to see as well
as other
īŽ Vision therapy and glasses
are both beneficial
īŽ Sooner the better
48. 3. Deprivational Amblyopia
īŽ Any opacity in visual
pathway can be devastating
to developing visual system
o Congenital cataracts
o Corneal opacities
o Ptosis (droopy eyelid)
o Other media opacities
50. Common External Ocular
Conditions
īŽ Blepharitis
īŽ Hordeolumâstye
īŽ Preseptal cellulitis
īŽ Orbital cellulitis
īŽ Pterygium
īŽ Corneal ulcer
īŽ Conjunctivitis
o Viral âpink eyeâ
o Adenovirus
o Bacterial
o Allergic
o Hyperacute
o Chlamydial
52. Blepharitis
īŽ Signs
o Crusts on lid margins
o Thickened, reddened
eyelids
o Plugged or inspisated
meibomian glands
along eyelid
īŽ Treatment
o Warm compresses,
10 minutes 1-2 x/day
o Lid scrubs with
diluted baby
shampoo
o Artificial tears
o Erythromycin
ointment at night
54. Hordeolum
īŽ Signs
o Raised nodule
protruding out from
or under lid
o Red, swollen lid
o Capped glands at
site of infection
īŽ Treatment
o Warm compresses,
BID-TID for 10 mins
o Topical meds donât
penetrate abscess
o Oral antibiotics if no
response to traditional
treatment
55. Preseptal Cellulitis
īŽ Bacterial infection of
eyelid anterior to
orbital septum
īŽ Can arise from
o concurrent sinus
infection
o penetrating lid trauma
o dental infection
o hordeolum
o insect bite
56. Preseptal Cellulitis
īŽ Signs
o Painful, swollen lid
extending past
orbital rim
o May be unable to
open eye
o No decreased vision,
restricted ocular
motility or proptosis
o White conjunctiva
īŽ Treatment
o Amoxicillin
(augmentin) 500 mg
PO TID
o Treat infection
quickly to minimize
risk of orbital cellulitis
57. Orbital Cellulitis
īŽ Serious infection of soft
tissues behind orbital
septum
īŽ Can be life-threatening
īŽ Causes
o Sinus infection
o Extension of preseptal
cellulitis
o Dental infection
o Penetrating lid injury
o After ocular surgery
58. Orbital Cellulitis
īŽ Signs
o Tender, warm
periorbital lid edema
o Proptosis
o Painful
ophthalmoplegia
o Decreased vision
o Severe malaise, fever
and pain
īŽ Treatment
o Medical emergency
o Hospitalization with
IV antibiotics
o Consider orbit/head
CT to look for
abscess
o Consult pediatrician
or infectious disease
specialist
59. Preseptal vs. Orbital Cellulitis
īŽ Preseptal
o Painful, swollen lid
extending beyond
orbital rim
o Normal vision
o Full EOMs
o White conjunctiva
o No proptosis
o No fever
īŽ Orbital
o Painful, swollen lid
that stops at orbital
rim
o Decreased vision
o Restricted ocular
motilities
o Proptosis
o Fever/malaise
61. Pterygium
īŽ Signs
o Dry eye
o Irritation
o Redness
o Blurred vision
īŽ Management and
Treatment
o UV tint on glasses
o Avoid irritating
environments
o Artificial tears
o Topical vasoconstrictor
or mild steroid
o Surgery
62. Corneal Ulcer
īŽ Infection of cornea
o Bacterial
o Fungal
o Acanthamoeba
īŽ Causes
o SCL wearer
o Trauma
o Compromised
cornea from pre-
existing condition
63. Corneal Ulcer
īŽ Signs
o Pain
o Photophobia
o Blurred vision
o Discharge
o Hypopyon
īŽ Treatment:
o Start immediately
īŽ Fortified antibiotics
īŽ Fluoroquinolones
o Culture may not be
necessary if ulcer is
small
o Must be monitored
daily!
65. Conjunctivitis
īŽ Signs
o Irritation
o Burning/stinging
o Watering
o Photophobia
o Pain or foreign body
sensation
o Itching
īŽ Discharge
o Watery
o Mucoid
o Mucopurulent
o Purulent
66. 1. Viral Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
īŽ Most viral infections are fairly mild
and self-limiting
īŽ Signs & Symptoms
o Watering
o Redness
o Photophobia
o Discomfort/foreign body sensation
o Palpable preauricular node
67. 1. Viral Conjunctivitis
īŽ Patients often have recent history of URI
īŽ Treat symptoms
o Cool compresses
o Artificial tears
o Topical vasoconstrictors or mild anti-
inflammatory
īŽ Frequent handwashing
īŽ Usually runs course in
1-3 weeks
68. 2. Adenoviral Conjunctivitis
īŽ Highly contagious
īŽ Most common types
o Pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF)â
can be caused by adenovirus
types 3, 4 & 7
o Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)â
caused most commonly by adenovirus
types 8 & 19
69. 2. Adenoviral Conjunctivitis
īŽ Signs
o Watering
o Conjunctival follicles
o Subconjunctival
hemorrhages
o Chemosis
o Pseudomembranes
o Lymphadenopathy
o Keratitis
70. 3. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
īŽ Common, especially in
children
īŽ Usually self-limiting
īŽ Signs/symptoms
o Acute redness
o Burning/grittiness
o Mucopurulent
discharge
o Lids stuck shut in
morning
71. 3. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
īŽ Common organisms: S. aureus, S. epidermidis,
S. pneumonia, H. influenza (esp. peds)
īŽ Usually self-limiting
īŽ But important to use broad-spectrum antibiotic
until discharge cleared (5-7 days)
īŽ Antibiotics
o Tobramycin
o Polytrimâpolymyxin + trimethoprim
o Fluoroquinolones like
Ocuflox or Ciloxan
72. 5. Hyperacute Conjunctivitis
īŽ Cause
o Sexually transmitted
o Neisseria gonorrhoeae
īŽ Signs
o Swollen, tender lids
o Copious purulent
discharge
o Significant conjunctival
redness and swelling
o Lymphadenopathy
73. 5. Hyperacute Conjunctivitis
īŽ Treatment
o Lavage
o Take scrapings for culture and sensitivity
testing
o Patients usually hospitalized and started on
IM Ceftriaxone
o Topical antibiotics not effective
74. 6. Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
īŽ Cause
o Sexually transmitted ocular infection
īŽ Signs
o Patients typically have mild but persistent
follicular conjunctivitis non respondent to
topical antibiotics
o Any conjunctivitis lasting longer than 3
weeks despite therapy should be suspect
75. 6. Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
īŽ Patients can have concomitant genital
infection (could be asymptomatic)
o Refer for work-up if necessary
īŽ Treatment
o OralâAzithromycin 1g, doxycycline 100mg
bid x 7 days, erythromycin 500mg qid x 7
days. Also need to tx partners!
o Topicalâerythromycin, tetracycline, or
sulfacetamide ung bid-tid x 2-3 weeks
76. 4. Allergic Conjunctivitis
īŽ Can be seasonal or
acute
īŽ Signs/symptoms
o Itching is hallmark
o Conjunctival redness
o Chemosis
o Lid edema
o Thin, watery discharge
o No palpable preauricular
nodes
77. 4. Allergic Conjunctivitis
īŽ Treatment
o Eliminate offending agent
o If mild
īŽ Cool compresses
īŽ Artificial tears/vasoconstrictors
o If moderate or severe
īŽ Topical antihistamine/mast-cell stabilizer (ie. Patanol)
īŽ Topical NSAID
īŽ Topical steroid
īŽ Oral antihistamine
80. Glaucoma
īŽ Progressive loss of Nerve
fiber layer at ONH
(increased cupping)
īŽ Can lead to peripheral
visual field loss
īŽ Sometimes caused by
elevated intraocular
pressure
81. Glaucoma
īŽ Pathophysiology of progression not well
understood
īŽ Increased IOP
o Damages nerves as they leave eye, causing cell death
o Reduces blood supply to ONH, indirectly destroying
cells by starving them of oxygen and nutrients
īŽ Abnormal levels of neurotransmitter (glutamate)
cause cells to die off
82. Glaucoma
īŽ Monitoring
o IOP
o ONH appearance
o Visual field testing
o Newer methods include
īŽ HRT (Heidelberg Retinal
Tomograph II)
īŽ GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer
īŽ Genetic testing
83. Glaucoma
īŽ IOP reduction is mainstay
of treatment
īŽ Decrease aqueous production
o B-blockers
o Alpha-agonists
o Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
īŽ Increase uveoscleral outflow
o prostaglandin analogs
84. Cataract
īŽ Clouding of natural lens
īŽ Patients experience
o Blurred/dim vision
o Glare, especially
at night
o Halos around lights
o Doubling or ghost
images of objects
85. Etiology
īŽ Everyone develops them if
they live long enough!
īŽ Types of cataracts
o Age-relatedâsenile
o Traumaâblunt or perforating
injury
o Systemic conditionsâdiabetes
o Medicationsâsteroids
88. Outpatient Surgery
īŽ 5-10 minutes with skilled
surgeon
o Incision through cornea
or sclera under upper lid
o Circular tear in anterior
capsule
o Lens broken up with ultra
sound instrument
o Fragments suctioned out
o Lens implant inserted
89. Secondary Cataract
īŽ Cloudiness forms on
posterior capsule after
cataract surgery
īŽ 30-50% of patients
īŽ YAG laser used to
create opening
īŽ Vision quickly restored
91. Pathophysiology
īŽ Causes not well understood
īŽ Theorized link to
o UV light exposure
o subsequent release of free
radicals
o oxidation within retinal tissues
īŽ Another theoryâareas of
decreased vascular perfusion
in retina, lead to cell death
92. Two Types
īŽ Dry (atrophic)
o 90% of those diagnosed
īŽ Wet (exudative)
o 10% of those diagnosed
o But accounts for 90% of
blindness caused by
disease
93. Symptoms
īŽ None
īŽ Blurred vision
īŽ Metamorphopsiaâ
straight lines appear
wavy or distorted
īŽ Scotomasâmissing
areas in vision
94. Dry Form
īŽ Slow, progressive loss of
central vision
īŽ Breakdown of underlying
retinal tissues, resulting in
mottling or clumping of
normal pigment
īŽ Drusen begin to accumulate
īŽ Geographic atrophy can also
occur
95. Wet Form
īŽ Can quickly degrade
central vision
īŽ Break in underlying
tissues allows new blood
vessels or fluid to come
through
īŽ New blood vessels are
weak so frequently break
and bleed
96. Treatment for Dry Form
īŽ Regular eye exams
īŽ Careful discussion regarding
family history
īŽ Education
īŽ UV protection
īŽ Antioxidants
o AREDS
o PreserVision
īŽ Stop smoking
97. Treatment for Wet Form
īŽ Refer to retinal specialist
īŽ Photocoagulation
īŽ Photo-dynamic therapy
(PDT)
īŽ Submacular surgery
īŽ Macular translocation
īŽ Anti-angiogenic drug
therapy
98. Retinal Detachment
īŽ Several types
o Rhegmatogenousâ
caused by break in retina
o Exudativeâcaused by
fluid accumulation
beneath retina
o Tractionalâproliferative
fibrovascular vitreal
strands
99. Signs & Symptoms
īŽ Flashing lights in peripheral vision
īŽ New floatersâblack spots or âcobwebsâ
īŽ Peripheral scotomaâdark shadow or
âcurtainâ blocking vision
100. Emergency
īŽ Patients with these
symptoms must see eyecare
provider immediately
īŽ Additional risk factors
o Highly nearsighted
o Diabetic
o Recent trauma/injury
101. Treatment
īŽ Laser photocoagulation
or cryotherapy
īŽ Pneumatic retinopexyâ
gas bubble to
tamponade retina back
into place
īŽ Scleral buckle
īŽ Silicone oil
Editor's Notes
Most common causes are staph epidermidis, staph aureus, strep penumoniae and H. influenzae