The Pharmacological Effect Of Antibiotics

The Pharmacological Effect Of Antibiotics
The Pharmacological effect of antibiotics.
This practical involved the determination of susceptibility of antimicrobial agents using the Kirby–
Bauer sensitivity test as well as investigating the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin. This
practical also demonstrated the reversal of penicillin inhibition in the presence or absence of β–
lactamase.
Method A nutrient agar plate containing the test organism with attenuated enteric bacteria was
inoculated by use of a swab dipped into bacterial suspension provided. Inoculation streaks were
done on the entire plate after which the agar plate was left to dry for 5 minutes. The filter paper disc
impregnated with antibiotics was picked up by a pair of forceps, dipped in alcohol and passed
through a flame for sterilization purposes. The filter paper disc were then pressed onto the agar plate
using the forceps and incubated for 48hours at 37 degrees Celsius. The pre–incubated annual radii
between the edge of the disk and the edge of the confluent were measured and the results recorded
after incubation took place.
Test tubes containing serial dilution of 1: 1000 brain–heart infusion (BHI) broth attenuated with
strains of the bacteria was incubated overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. Incubation was done in the
absence or presence of increasing concentration of penicillin. 200 microliter was pipetted into the 96
well plate after which it was analyzed using a microplate reader using 570nm optical density.
Results
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Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance occurs when antibiotics are no longer effective in controlling bacterial growth.
The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance can be explained by the processes of selective pressure in
which the strongest strains of bacteria survive antibiotic therapy, resulting in "superbugs" that are
resistant to almost every type of antibiotic available for use (Davies & Davies, 2010). Because of
this, certain bacterial infections are evolving that have no effective treatments. This resistance
creates a threat to the common medicinal practices of today and can be seen as a global problem;
perhaps one of the world's most serious problems. The issue of antibiotic resistance is emerging
rapidly as a result of a myriad of uniformed practices and misuse of antibiotics.
The abuse of antibiotics is a threat to global health as we approach a post–antibiotic era. As of now,
antibiotics are massively used for human prescriptive reasons, as well as for food growth in
livestock. As such, without effective antibiotics, health is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To start with, antibiotic–resistant infections have been noted to double mortality and the costs of
infection when compared to drug–susceptible strains of bacteria (Holmberg, Solomon & Blake,
1987). Not only are antibiotic–resistant strains of bacteria more dangerous to humans, but they also
place more pressure on the healthcare system than non–resistant strains. Additionally, antibiotics
used for growth in food animals can result in selective pressure, thus increasing resistant strains of
bacteria. Witte (2000) explained that using antibiotics in food animals can enter the human digestive
tract when we eat meat products and even certain antibiotics that are intended for animal use, and
not human use, are becoming ineffective for certain strains of bacteria. Ultimately, this implies that
antibiotics used for animal growth are also leading to resistance in certain

Antibiotics And Antimicrobial Resistance
In this paper, I address some major ethical issues associated with the ineffective use of Antibiotics
which contributes to Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as Antimicrobial resistance is a direct
consequence of not considering several bioethical factors associated with proper use of antibiotics
since its advent. The Antimicrobial resistance is a result of ceaseless selection pressure over
bacterial population during several generations from human application of antibiotics through
overuse, underuse and misuse. In the first section, I have discussed why AMR currently has become
one of the major public health concerns and the impacts of the AMR on global public health should
not merely be viewed as a technical or medical problem but as a distinct

Antibiotics In Meat
Which could cause a huge decrease in both animal and human population, but it is not proven
(Plumer). Now eventually they can come up with a new medicine that could take care of the same
sickness, but that will take many years (Plumer). Most livestock is vaccinated so they don't get sick
and if they do get sick they are treated. Which is helping farmers to produce meat, but it could be
also hurting the human population. Scientist are digging deeper and deeper to figure out if this could
be the case, but isn't proven yet. Another problem that is being put on the table is if the antibiotics
are leaving the systems of the animal, where are they going? The medicine is going through the
body and out into the feces, which can contaminate water or ... Show more content on
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People start to assume that every animal that gains weight quickly are being pumped full of
antibiotics or steroids. From personally living on a farm I see no problem with antibiotics being used
for animals. I have had personal experience with most of the livestock and dairy animals. I have
lived on a farm for 16 years and antibiotics are not the first thing farmers' want for their animals.
When we had dairy cattle we gave vaccines, but tried to avoid giving any other medicines to them.
When we had to give medicine it meant our animal was sick or had a disease. Also when you give
medicine to dairy cattle you aren't aloud to keep the milk for seven days because of the antibiotics
that would be in the milk. So theoretically you wanted to keep medicine out of your livestock's body
so you didn't have to stop producing the product. Then later we got rid of the dairy cattle and went
into a cow calve farm for meat purposes. Our cattle did not get fed food with a bunch of antibiotics
in it. Only medicated feed we fed them was mineral that helped keep flies off their body so they
would not get pink eye. Pink eye if not caught in time will cause an animal to become blind and then
they become

Antibiotic Overuse Of Antibiotics Research
Imagine getting sick with a bug that should be easily treated, but your doctor has not been able to
prescribe anything to provide relief. Instances like this have become more common in the past two
decades do to the emergence of drug resistant infections. This is not only a problem that the United
States faces but it's a worldwide crisis. In this paper I will address how overuse of antibiotics has
caused an influx of drug resistant infections specifically C–Diff and how this impacts human health
worldwide and the efforts to fight against it. Literature searches using the databases CINAHL
Complete and PubMed were used to gather data on the overuse of antibiotics contributing to C–Diff.
A total of 98 articles were generated using specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Timothy Sullivan explains how the overuse of broad–spectrum antibiotics for prolonged durations
have been linked to the development of C. Difficile infections. In comparison these articles provide
evidence on how the overuse of antibiotics contribute the development of drug resistant organisms
and ways that this can be avoided. The settings of where these studies were conducted were in a
variety of settings hospitals, nursing homes and clinics. These studies were conducted in different
countries and states, this shows that the overuse/misuse of antibiotics contribute to multidrug
resistant infections. The misuse/overuse of antibiotics is an issue that requires attention. Because of
the development of C–Difficile infections education on drug resistant should commence at the
undergraduate level for all health care professionals to help them get more acclimated with the drug
resistance issue. Drug resistance is not just an individual issue but it's a world issue, by adapting a
strict discipline and holistic approach we just may be able to get an old problem under control
before a new one

The Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus
Throughout history we have seen the evolution of bacteria, we have seen them develop resistance
against Penicillin, Methicillin and Vancomycin antibiotics .This bacteria has a unique ability to
mutate to the new antibiotics. Alexander Ogston was a Scottish surgeon that discovered
Staphylococcus can produce toxins and is the main cause of pus infection in the 1880's. Later on
they found out that aside from producing toxins Staphylococcus(Staph) also affects the skin and
organs. Methicillin was first introduced in 1940, and in 1961 Staph had already developed resistance
against it. This particular bacteria affects the skin and our organs. There are many questions
unanswered but my question is " To what extent has methicillin caused staphylococcus bacteria to
evolve over time and how does it affect our skin and organs?" . This bacteria is considered a threat
because it is able to mutate at a faster pace than other bacterias. When they named Staph they took
into consideration the fact that it can live in skin surfaces without causing any harm and that under a
microscope this bacteria lookes like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. The word staph comes
from the greek word "staphyle" meaning a bunch of grapes and "kokkos" means berries.
Staph has developed resistance to more than three antibiotics. Some scientists say that humans help
bacteria develop resistance against antibiotics when they stop taking medication before it is time.
There have been many occasions in

Limiting Antibiotics
According to Kumar et al., the prescription pattern in third world countries is "highly variable,
depending on...physician preferences, patient demand, and pharmaceutical promotion" (625).
Pertaining to antibiotic overuse are health providers' financial incentives, which encourage
antibiotics instead of prescribed drugs (Tomson & Vlad 119; Finch 96) by emotionally, and ethically
appealing to individuals with advertisements, as well as pharmacies promoting antibiotics instead of
recommending the doctor in order to build their own credibility and generate profit. Although
physicians may have a bad name due to their 80% overall antibiotic prescribing rate for viral
infections, general practitioners prescribe unknowingly due to a lack of knowledge ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aiming to educate individuals and health care providers about resistant bacteria's negative influence
on their long–term health, Europe launched a project in 2007: Burden of resistance and disease in
European nations (Burden) since the Department of Health identified the lack of data on antibiotics
(as cited in Kaier et al. 493). In response to this strategy, United Kingdom's Department of Health
and Environment implanted an antimicrobial resistance strategy from March 2013 to 2018 to
promote the responsible antibiotic use for animals and humans and to enhance the guidelines of
monitoring antibiotic use (as cited in While 345). So far, it seems like Europe's strategies are far
ahead than North America who has not yet executed any strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance
despite the heavy usage of antibiotics as mentioned earlier. Finally, new guidelines are in place by
Europe's government: NG15 and KTT9. NG15 states recommendations regarding antibiotic
stewardship in organizations, which includes monitoring antibiotics, identifying resistance patterns,
and providing feedback to prescribers. KTT9 summarizes evidence gained from antibiotic
prescribing which "emphasizes the importance of minimizing antibiotic prescribing and using
simple generic antibiotics where possible, thereby reserving broad spectrum antibiotics to treat
resistant

Antibiotic Stewardship
Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections or diseases caused by bacteria. Antibiotics work by
blocking vital processes in bacteria, killing the bacteria, or stopping them from multiplying. This
helps the body's natural immune system to fight the bacteria infection. Antibiotics do not affect the
quality of a beef product. There is an upcoming issue that needs to be addressed about antibiotic
resistance. Antibiotics differ in the types of bacteria they work against. Antibiotics that affect a wide
range of bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotic. For nearly thirty years, there have been
quality assurance programs to help reassure farmers and ranchers are continuously improving the
way they raise beef. This includes the way antibiotics are used to protect human health and animal
health as well, otherwise known as antibiotic stewardship. "Antimicrobial stewardship is a
coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics),
improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections
caused by multidrug–resistant organisms" (Khabbaz ). There are some controversial ... Show more
There is no reason to overuse antibiotics. It is not against the law to overuse them but antibiotics
also are expensive for the small businessmen and women who raise cattle for beef. All antibiotics
must go through demanding government inspection before being official for use in livestock.
Animal medicine goes through three layers of approval. Those three layers are making sure the
medicine is safe for the animal, safe for the environment, and safe for the humans who will consume
the meat. Each category must be evaluated before approval from the U.S. Food & Drug
Administration. After antibiotics are sanctioned they are relentlessly managed and assessed
annually. If the product remains to be verified safe it will stay on the market for

The Importance Of Antibiotic Resistance In Antibiotics
A serious public health problem is the rise in antibiotic resistance. Some bacteria that can cause
serious disease are becoming resistant to most commonly available antibiotics. Antibiotic
medications are used to kill bacteria, which can cause disease and illness. A major contribution to
human health is antibiotic medication. Many diseases that once killed people in the past can now be
treated effectively with antibiotics. However, it has come to the surface that some bacteria have
become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria that are not
controlled or killed by antibiotics. They can multiply and even survive in the presence of an
antibiotic. Most infection–causing bacteria can become resistant to at least some antibiotics.
Bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics are known as multi–resistant organisms (MRO).
(Antibiotic Resistant bacteria, 2017) In the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s, S. aureus
developed resistance to penicillin. Methicillin, a form of penicillin, was introduced to counter the
increasing problem of penicillin–resistant S. aureus. At this time Methicillin was one of most
common types of antibiotics used to treat S. aureus infections; but in 1961, British scientists
identified the first strains of S. aureus bacteria that resisted methicillin. This was the so–called birth
of methicillin–resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It was not until 1968 that the first reported
human case of MRSA in the

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria And Antibiotics
Bacterial infections are becoming resistant to antibiotics due to people that are sick and receive an
antibiotic from their doctor; but as soon as they start to feel better they stop taking the antibiotic. If
you stop taking antibiotics before the treatment is over can cause the bacteria to return stronger and
this time resistant to that antibiotic. Another reason that certain bacteria's are becoming resistant to
antibiotics is due to patients expecting doctors to prescribe antibiotics to them even though they
have a viral infection not a bacterial one. "Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed
drugs used in human medicine. However, up to 50% of all the antibiotics prescribed for people are
not needed or are not optimally effective as prescribed." ("Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria."). Because
of the large amount of antibiotics we take we are killing off our normal flora, which helps us digest
our food. Multi–drug resistance is when a bacterium has mutated due to the use of too many
antibiotics or due to incorrect use. When a bacterium is determined as resistant it means that even at
a therapeutic level the antibiotic is not breaking down the cell wall, which means the bacterium will
continue to multiply and spread. The largest cause of resistance is overuse and the incorrect use of
antibiotics. Giving incorrect amounts of antibiotics can cause the good bacteria in your body to
become dangerous bacteria; creating a dangerous multi–drug resistant infection all

Antibiotics Essay
Antibiotics have played a major role in our society thanks to Sir
Alexander Fleming's careful observations in 1928. Without it, many lives would be in danger due to
infectious diseases.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms and other living
systems that are capable in small concentrations of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria and
other microorganisms. These organisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or animals called protozoa. A
particular group of these agents is made up of drugs called antibiotics, from the Greek word anti
("against") and bios
("life"). Some antibiotics are produced from living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and molds.
Others are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This assures that the bacteria are either killed or reduced enough in numbers so that the body can
repel them. When too little antibiotic is taken, bacteria can often develop methods to protect
themselves against it . The next time the antibiotic is needed against these bacteria, it will not be
effective.
Taking in Antibiotics.
To work against infecting organisms, an antibiotic can be applied externally, such as to a cut on the
skin's surface, or internally, reaching the bloodstream within the body. Antibiotics are made in
several forms and given in different ways.
Topical. Topical application means "to a local area" such as on the skin, in the eyes, or on the
mucous membrane. Antibiotics for topical use are available in the form of powders, ointments, or
creams.
Oral. Tablets, liquids, and capsules are swallowed. The antibiotic is released in the small intestine to
be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Troches, or lozenges, are allowed to dissolve in the mouth, where the antibiotic is absorbed through
the mucous membrane.
Parenteral. Applications outside the intestine are called parenteral.
One form is an injection, which can be subcutaneous (under the skin), intramuscular (into a muscle),
or intravenous (into a vein). Parenteral administration of an antibiotic is used when a physician
requires a strong, quick concentration of the antibiotic in the bloodstream.

Manufacture.
Natural. At one

Ethical Dilemma Of The Antibiotic
Cindy Valentin
Ethical Dilemma Assignment
NR–328 Pediatric
Chamberlain University
05/26/17
INTRODUCTION
This dilemma is for a 2 week old baby diagnosed with a gastrointestinal perforation two days after
birth, which was later corrected with a temporary ileostomy. It is not clear how long the baby will
have the stoma for, but it will be corrected with a reanastamosis eventually. The baby is going to
continue antibiotics after discharge per doctor recommendation.
Ethical Dilemma Statement
Should we suggest that the baby goes home on oral antibiotics after discharge?
The benefits of this would be that the delivery of the antibiotic is less invasive. It will also decrease
her risk for further infection. This could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can lead to more complications such as further infection or sepsis. IV antibiotic therapy may
result in phlebitis, extravasation injury, thrombosis, and bacteremia (NCBI, 2015). This is dangerous
for a newborn, especially since she is just getting over an infection from her bowel perforation.
The author heard about this pediatric ethical dilemma in this way: My clinical instructor allowed me
to attend the NICU. Upon arrival of this unit, I was paired off with a nurse who was taking care of
two neonates. I shadowed the nurse and assisted her with caring for the infants, and became aware
of this baby's condition and plan of care.
The people involved in this dilemma were the MD, the baby, her father, mother, and nurse.
The Provisions from the ANA code of Ethics that apply to this dilemma are these:
One Provision that applies is Provision # 1, state the provision: The nurse practices with compassion
and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person.
Another Provision that applies is Provision # 3, state the provision: The nurse promotes, advocates
for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient.
The above stated provisions apply in this way: (Discuss each provision and how it applies to the
ethical dilemma, use at least one professional journal article for support).
#1.4 The

Post Antibiotic Future
Since the introduction of penicillin to the public in 1942, antibiotics have gained widespread use
throughout the world. The drug has allowed society to make advancements in medicine, increase an
individual's personal well–being, extend life expectancies, and stop and prevent infections.
Antibiotics are one of the largest backbones to maintaining personal health in society today, yet
there may be a day when we are no longer able to depend on antibiotics to fight infections. In the
essay "Imagining the post antibiotic future", Maryn McKenna establishes the importance of
antibiotics to juxtapose how devastating life would be without them. McKenna first introduces the
origin of penicillin and antibiotics. The first known antibiotic, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By weight, eighty percent of antibiotics are used in agriculture to "fatten animals" and "protect them
from the conditions in which they are raised" (McKenna). Animals are given micro–doses of
antibiotics, that is, a small amount of antibiotics to prevent diseases from occurring. This micro–
dosage amount allows for mutation that Fleming described. The routine use of antibiotics in
agriculture has led to "[sixty–five] percent of chicken breasts" and "[forty–four] percent of ground
beef" to house bacteria "resistant to tetracycline". Additionally, "[eleven] percent of pork chops
carried bacteria resistant to five classes of drugs" (McKenna). These bacteria then spread from
animals to the humans who eat them, causing humans to get infections which cannot be treated. The
issue isn't as simple as ceasing to give antibiotics to animals. Most animals raised for consumption
live in an environment ripe for infections and diseases to spread. Instead of giving the animals more
room to live, the majority of farmers opt to give the animals antibiotics. For cattle, This prevents
diseases and death to the immature weaned calves and cattle which saves the rancher both time and
money–passing on the savings to the consumers. In a free market society higher prices tend to not
go well. However, if antibiotics became useless farmers would have to "[enlarge] barns, [cut] down
on crowding, and [delay] weaning", which ultimately would increase the costs of raising livestock

Antibiotic Resistance By Bacteria, Viruses, Antibiotics,...
Background/Statement of Problem(s):One of the most critical challenges confronting the application
of chemotherapeutic agents in general, and antibiotics in particular, is the development of resistance
by target microbes such as bacteria, viruses etc. In most instances, antibiotic resistance, which is a
natural phenomenon, occurs when bacteria undergo or acquire mutation to alter the target sites of
drugs. As target microbes becomes less responsive to the inhibitory and killing effects of antibiotics,
the unfettered multiplication that results leads to therapeutic failure with consequent morbidity and
or mortality. This has been a serious and growing public health issue to which there has not been an
effective solution.The traditional answer to this problem has been to introduce new antibiotics that
kill the resistant mutants. Unfortunately, the pharmaceutical industry is now producing too few
antibiotics, particularly against Gram–negative organisms, to replace antibiotics that are no longer
effective for many types of infection. This paper reviews possible new ways to discover novel
antibiotics.
Supporting Data:Over the past century of antibiotic discovery and development, few parallel and
independent lines of discovery have been fruitful. The development of strategies to prevent the
evolution of resistance strains of microbes has been a top priority. In clinical practice, several
measures that have been tested to reduce the incidence of resistance development, including

Introduction
This article is about the determination of Antibiotic resistance that relies on the fitness effects of
resistance elements in the absence of antibiotics. Angst and Hall tentatively developed rifampicin–
resistant and delicate Escherichia coli in drug–free environment, before measuring the impacts of
new resistance components on fitness in antibiotic free conditions. Streptomycin resistance changes
had little fitness impacts in rifampicin–resistant genotypes that had adjusts to antibiotic free
environment , contrasted with the same genotypes without acclimatization. They watched a
comparative impact when resistance was encoded by a plasmid. Antibiotic sensitive microorganisms
that acclimated to the same conditions indicated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resistant microorganisms obtain extra helpful changes throughout advancement without antibiotic s
that don't modify resistance straightforwardly however may change the fitness impacts of new
resistance transformations (Angst and Hall, 2013). It is critical that researchers study this theme on
the grounds that fitness impacts of resistance transformations frequently fluctuate relying upon the
vicinity of other resistance changes on the same genome. Furthermore, it is likewise essential to
study this issue so as to minimize the development of microbes into antibiotic resistant superbugs
that could conceivably make a worldwide health crisis.
Methods
The researchers' theory is that antibiotic resistance goes through extra valuable transformations
throughout development without antibiotic s that don't adjust resistance specifically however may
change the fitness impacts of new resistance changes. They saw that later work prescribes: fitness
impacts of resistance transformations regularly differ relying upon the vicinity of other resistance
changes on the same genome, yet they also realized that, resistance evolution will frequently be
joined by the obsession of fixation of additional mutations that don't argue resistance however
expand fitnes. One experiment that they did to test their hypothesis was to tentatively advance

The Overuse Of Antibiotics And Antibiotics
The overuse of antibiotics has been a problem for well over a decade. This misuse leads to many
nonvisible problems arising within the human population. As the use of antibiotics increases, the
number of antibiotic resistant bacteria also increases. When bacteria become resistant to an
antibiotic, another antibiotic must be used to try and kill it and the cycle becomes vicious. Michael
Martin, Sapna Thottathil, and Thomas Newman stated that antimicrobial resistance is, "an
increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors
and society" (2409).
Take for example MRSA (Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a S. aureus strain that was
discovered in 1961 to be resistant to the antibiotic methicillin. Webmd indicates that MRSA has now
grown its resistance from methicillin to "amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin and many other common
antibiotics" (MRSA). This increase in resistance of a methicillin–resistant strain of S. aureus can be
attributed to the increasing use and overuse of antibiotics, not only in the doctor's office but also in
agriculture. MRSA is only one of many antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. New resistant strains
are evolving rapidly. According to Dr. Ed Warren, "there are high levels of antibiotic resistance in
bacteria causing common infections (e.g. urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream
infections) in all regions of the world" (21).
In agriculture, overuse begins with nontherapeutic

The Issues Of Antibiotics Misuse
In NURN 422, I researched and discussed the serious implications of antibiotics misuse, and
explored ways to educate patients (and parents in pediatrics) about their proper use in order to
counteract the long–term problem it is creating.
In recent years, overuse of antibiotics have been in the spotlight due to the fact that bacterial
infections are becoming resistant (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2014). The
healthcare industry's inappropriate prescribing habits have been a significant part of the problem.
This includes prescribing antibiotics as a 'just–in–case' basis, prescription based on symptom–
criteria, patients demanding for a fast relief of symptoms, and unsuitable use of broad–spectrum
antibiotics without determining if there is an actual clinical need for it (CDC, 2011). Having
knowledge of what is being treated, educating providers, patients and parents of pediatric patients on
the use of these medications will have a major impact on lowering abuse and/or overuse of
antibiotics. Nurses can and should be at the forefront of this issue and take a lead in the education of
patients and parents.
*Discussion of the current work process. (PLAN)
Criteria:
1) Flowcharts and/or thoroughly describes the current steps of the work process. My quality
improvement project, which is to educate patients in the overuse and/or misuse of antibiotics, will
be implemented during the patient flow process. The current process for our clinic is typical of most

Symptoms And Treatment Of Antibiotics
Summary Part Two
In this section of the project, we examined five random studies that were selected from CHINAL
database. These studies provided information on the over–prescription of antibiotics in LTCF and
the possible changes in practice that could be done to decrease antibiotic resistance. Most of these
selected studies focused on providing providers and nurses with education to reinforce the education
of antibiotic use in patients that present with ASB to reduce antibiotic resistance.
The Use of Antibiotics in UTIs Patients Part Three Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the
most common diseases treated every day by healthcare practitioners. Elderly patients that are placed
in long–term care facilities (LTCFs) are prone to acquiring UTIs. Antibiotic resistance in the elderly
is amongst one of the most urgent public health issues in health care. In the long term healthcare
setting it is estimated that antibiotic treatment cost approximately $38 million to $ 137 million per
year (CDC, 2013). There is a considerable amount of antibiotic that are being prescribed for patients
in LTCF with presumed UTIs. The PICO question that will be analyzed will be: in nursing home
patients or long term care facilities residents with asymptomatic UTIs, what are the effects of
treating with antibiotics as compared to not treating the infection with any antibiotic, can this help
reduce the incidence of antibiotic resistance? The purpose of this paper is to summarize and examine

Antibiotics Vs Antibiotic Free Meat
I understand your confusion on whether or not to purchase antibiotic free meat because many people
are uneducated on genetically modified foods and their impact on our health. With that being said,
before you decide if antibiotic free meat is best for your family you have to understand what
antibiotics are, and the difference between meat that is treated with antibiotics versus antibiotic free
meat.
Antibiotics are commonly known as medicines that are used to prevent or kill bacteria and have
been used for decades to treat humans. In humans, antibiotics are seen as increasing the quality of
health care and extending the lifespan of people by essentially preventing death from infectious
diseases. Like you, many people are unaware that about 80% of the antibiotics sold in the United
States are actually used in agriculture (insert reference). More specifically, antibiotics are used in
meat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salmonella is a bacteria that develops in the intestine track which is commonly caused from eating
contaminated meat and poultry. Some recent outbreaks of salmonella both occurred in 2011. In the
united states there was a deadly salmonella outbreak in ground turkey. And in the UK there was an
outbreak in ground beef which caused several infections. The salmonella strain in both of these
instances is resistant to four types of bacteria which made it difficult to cure. MRSA, Methicillin
Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, is a highly contagious staph infection that is the result of
antibiotic resistant bacteria. This infection causes skin abscesses or internal abscesses. In a study in
the Midwest United States livestock workers were found to have carried MRSA, which is alarming
because this was not a infection that was believed to occur in livestock. (insert reference). Infectous
outbreaks like these show the dangers that antibiotic overuse

Overconsumption Of Antibiotics
Why does the over prescription of antibiotic medication lead to a negative economic and societal
outcome?
Increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatments has become a worldwide issue over the last 20
years as consumer and general practitioner's incentives for a 'quick fix' to minor illnesses have
caused a negative externality for the consumption of antibiotics. A negative externality in this
example is when a third party, in this case, society as a whole, is adversely affected by the
overconsumption of antibiotics, due to greater bacterial resistance, causing more advanced diseases
that pose a greater risk to the health of a society. The roles played by consumers, doctors and
pharmaceutical manufacturers will be discussed in detail ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Most antibiotics require a prescription from a medical professional such as a general practitioner or
specialist. According to research published in the Medical Journal of Australia during 2017: GP's
have been prescribing antibiotics nine times more often than what the guidelines state. Doctors, like
consumers, are driven by their own incentives. There is a strong incentive for GP's to prescribe
antibiotics to patients which may not necessarily require them, due to the pressure on a doctor's time
to attend to as many patients as possible. Therefore, doctors can be incentivised to undertake the
simplest solution, rather than sacrifice the amount of patients that they see in order to explore other
methods of treatment. Doctor's incentives tend to be skewed towards offering treatment to patients,
rather than focusing on decreasing the big picture societal negative externality. Another example of
an externality on the healthcare system is that amplified antibiotic resistance increases medical
costs, as more expensive, potent antibiotics are required to combat stronger bacteria and infections.
In the United States, Pharmaceutical companies spend over $1 billion each year on direct–to
consumer advertising for antibiotic prescriptions, shifting away from traditional advertisements for
physicians in medical journals, towards newspapers and consumer magazines. This marketing
strategy has bolstered consumer demand hugely and it poses a problem, as consumers are now
heavily swayed by private institutions who have their own incentive for maximizing profits.
In order to combat the issues discussed in this essay, a potential solution involves the
implementation of economic incentives for drug manufacturers, consumers and doctors, employed
by policy

A Brief History of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, and...
A Brief History of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, and Antibiotic Alternatives
Antibiotic Resistance and Alternatives
Antibiotics have been commonly, though mistakenly, thought of as the ultimate cure, for almost all
illness, for over half a century now. However, the intended use of antibiotics is for the treatment of
bacterial infections and diseases. Viruses or fungi–related illnesses will not be affected by
antibiotics. This misunderstanding of the use of antibiotics has led to overuse, or the misuse, of
antibiotics, in a wide range of countries worldwide. As a result of overuse, misuse, and abuse,
antibiotics, once hailed as the savior of mankind, are an increasing threat as bacteria grow ever
stronger. (Bunyard) The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
aureus was one of the first publicized bacteria known to have become resistant to penicillin. (Ed.
Bonomo and Ed. Tolmasky) In London, just a few years after the introduction of penicillin, strains
of staphylococcus appeared that were resistant to penicillin, not simply by keeping it out, but by
actually destroying it. (Bunyard) S. aureus caused serious illnesses, such as pneumonia,
endocarditis, osteomylitis, and toxic shock syndrome. (Ed. Bonomo and Ed. Tolmasky) The clinical
impact of this resistance was staggering; this harmful pathogen had once again become untreatable.
Since the 1940's, antibiotic production has increased rapidly. By 1946, in one hospital, 14% of the
strains isolated from patients had gained such resistance. In 1949, the U.S. produced penicillin and
streptomycin at the rate of 6.5 tons per month. (Bunyard) In the early 1950's, nearly 60% of the
strains isolated from patients had gained resistance. (Bunyard) By 1954, the rate of production of
broad–spectrum antibiotics had tripled to 220 tons a year. Today, the quantity produced in the U.S.
alone is 18,000 tons a year, nearly half of which is used in the intensive rearing of animals as growth
promoters and for controlling disease on the farm, which itself is largely a product of closely
confined livestock. In the U.K., the Swann Committee of 1969 warned of the dangers of antibiotic–
resistance from farmers using antibiotic growth promoters, and recommended a ban specifically on
the use

Antibiotic Resistance To Antibiotics
Antibiotic Resistance The increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a growing problem that
affects individuals on a global status. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to alter
their genetic material and mutate to avoid destruction by antibiotic medications rendering the drugs
ineffective in fighting infection and disease. This resistance has had tragic effects as numerous of the
resistant infections have resulted in death of the host. Because of the severity of this condition,
organizations and institutions across the globe have been working together to study and examine the
best strategies to combat these resistant bacteria or sometimes referred to as "superbugs". Many
innovations have been proposed and implemented in attempts to rid people of their infections. The
discussion of which approaches are the most effective and cost efficient has been taking place for
decades and is still occurring today along with further investigations of alternatives to antibiotics
altogether. Researchers are also attempting to understand what has caused the problem of antibiotic
resistance and how this problem has developed. Efforts to contest these bacteria are extremely
important and it is now up to the next generation of health care providers, researchers, and educators
to implement the best ways to keep people healthy. There is much speculation about what has
caused the increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and how this problem has developed.

Antibiotic Resistance Essay
Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotic resistance means the
medicine no longer works against the bacteria. Resistance can develop if you use antibiotics the
wrong way.
When antibiotics are given in response to illnesses caused by viruses, like colds or the flu, many
normal bacteria in the body are killed. Some bacteria that are not killed may develop resistance to
the antibiotic. These bacteria may grow and cause infections that are resistant to some other
antibiotics. If this happens, the bacteria can continue to grow and cause infection.
CAUSES
Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria come into contact with an antibiotic over and over
again. Over time, the bacteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Warmth, redness, and tenderness around a wound or incision.
Brown, yellow, or green drainage from a wound or incision.
Bad smell coming from a wound or incision.
Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
DIAGNOSIS
This condition may be diagnosed by:
Your medical history. Your health care provider may suspect antibiotic resistance if your condition
does not improve after you have been treated for an infection.
You may also have other tests, including:
○ Analysis of a fluid or stool sample. This is done to identify the bacteria under a microscope and
determine what type of antibiotic will work against it (culture and sensitivity).
○ Other blood tests and imaging tests. These are done to check if your infection has spread or has
become more serious.
TREATMENT
Treatment for this condition depends on is the nature of the specific infection. Treatment may
include:
Oral antibiotics that kills more types of bacteria (broad spectrum).
Serious antibiotic–resistant infections may need to be treated in the hospital. In severe cases:
Surgery to remove infected or damaged tissue.
Antibiotics or other medicines given through an IV tube.

HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Taking antibiotics correctly
Understand when antibiotics are needed and when they are not needed.
Do not ask for an antibiotic prescription if you have been diagnosed with a viral illness. That

Improper Antibiotic Use Antibiotics ( Antibiotics ) (...
Alaina Thomas
English Comp. 2
Professor Sheets
3/2/2016
Improper Antibiotic Use Antibiotics have been the answer to many bacterial infections for the past
70 years (Antibiotic/ Antimicrobial Resistance). Antibiotics are "medicines used to treat infections
or diseases caused by bacteria" ("What are Antibiotics?"). Antibiotics were prescribed to cure many
diseases. Doctors prescribed many antibiotics during World War II. World War II was the start of the
antibiotic era. Just when antibiotics were being greatly produced, bacteria started to evolve and
became resistant to these medicines. What is antibiotic resistance? According to the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, "Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic has lost its ability
to effectively control or kill bacterial growth" ("General Background"). Improper use of antibiotics
causes antibiotic resistance and has many effects associated with it. People may be drug abusers and
this can cause resistance in the body. Some people will only take antibiotics because they believe it
is the only way they will get better. When a person uses drugs to get rid of a sickness they may start
to overcompensate, but when they do, the drug may have less of an effect because the body has
become so used to the drugs medicine. That is because the bacteria has found a way to avoid the
effects of the antibiotic. The appropriate use of antibiotics, often called antibiotic stewardship, can
help preserve the effectiveness

Antibiotics And Antibiotic Resistance
When a bacteria is exposed to antibiotics, they are not always guaranteed to die. This is called
antibiotic resistance. Sometimes antibiotics can only stop the bacteria from multiplying (make it
stagnate), and other times it causes the bacteria to multiply even more. These three results depend on
antibiotic concentration, bacterial mutation, and bacterial genetic exchange. One big factor in the
resistance bacteria show towards antibiotics is antibiotic concentration. Usually, if large amounts of
an antibiotic are attacking a bacteria it will stop the multiplication process and even kill it off, but if
there is small amounts of antibiotic it will allow the bacteria to continue to spread. You can find
many bacteria in a jelly–like biofilm which provides a shield to them. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The bacteria can form the ability to completely remove the antibiotic from its cell.
3. The wall of the bacteria can create a barrier to keep the antibiotic from getting in.
4. The bacteria become accustomed to a new way of handling energy.
Scientists have to keep up with the bacteria's mutations, and it may require them making a new
antibiotic for each one.
The third and final factor in bacterial resistance to antibiotics is bacterial genetic exchange. It is very
common for bacteria to share genetic info between cells even if the bacteria are not the same
species. When this happens, genes and DNA get mixed into different species allowing more
mutations against the antibiotics.
The only way for scientists to know if the bacteria is going to resist their antibiotic is for them to
perform tests. Even if the antibiotic proves to work in their experiment, scientists can never tell
when the bacteria is going to mutate and possibly gain new defenses that can deactivate their
antibiotic. Antibiotic concentration, bacterial mutation, and bacterial genetic exchange are all
responsible for bacterial resistance against antibiotics, and make it very difficult to create antibiotics
against the

The Beef With Antibiotics
The Beef with Antibiotics
In recent years, Americans have been blaming antibiotics used in animals to be processed for food
for many of the growing number of health problems in developed countries. Fast food restaurants
are making movements to remove antibiotic treated meats from their menus. This movement is
causing quite the stir in consumers and livestock producers alike. Do the antibiotics used in beef
really contribute to antibiotic resistant diseases? Should antibiotics be outlawed in the use of farm
animals? The eradication of antibiotic use in America's beef industry is not feasible due to its usage
in the treatment and control of deadly or discomforting diseases.
Presently, speculations have risen about the amount of antibiotics used in the livestock industry and
the desire to consume antibiotic–free meats. What is not understood, however, is the USDA has been
monitoring the amount of antimicrobial residue in meats for several years. If unsafe levels are
detected the meat is not allowed to be sold for human consumption. Yet, fast food chains such as
Subway and Chipotle are claiming to go completely antibiotic free within the next decade. The
practicality of this becoming a reality is slim due to the need to control, treat, and prevent diseases.
To truly understand the importance of the antibiotic usage in cattle it must first be understood what
antibiotics are and the reasons they are used. Additionally, the use of vaccinations should be taken
into account for the

Antibiotic Investigation
The graph I have created is a line graph. I included the four types of antibiotics we tested.
Control, which is a blank template and has no medicine on it, but acted example of no effectiveness,
penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The zone of inhabitation is a circular shape around the
circle pad of antibiotic that represents the effectiveness of an antibiotic at a given dosage. It is
measured in millimeters and included the diameter of the disk of antibiotic. We determine the
effectiveness of it by putting the different measurements in three different categories. The categories
are resistant, intermediate, and susceptible. Resistant means that the antibiotic was not effective,
intermediate means it was slightly effective, and susceptible ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
coli, and the other was for s. epi. We covered the inside of each petri dish (that had a jelly base) with
the bacteria it was designated for. After that, we split both dishes into four sections. In the middle of
each section we would put an antibiotic disc. After all four of the antibiotics were placed in each
dish with tweezers, they were incubated overnight. The next day, we measured the zone of
inhabitance around each antibiotic disc. I had two statements in my hypothesis. If S. epi is gram–
positive, then penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline will be effective on it because each one
reacts with gram–positive bacteria. If E. coli is gram–negative, then streptomycin and tetracycline
will be effective on it because each one reacts with gram positive bacteria. I reject the first statement
in my hypothesis because only one of the antibiotics was susceptible on s. epi, while the others were
resistant. I accept my second hypothesis because both streptomycin and tetracycline were
susceptible on the e. coli bacteria. We can relate this experiment to the outside world by testing the
effectiveness of antibiotics on certain diseases and infections. This important for the care and
treatment of people so they can continue living their lives. If I or a friend every needed to know the
effectiveness of a antibiotic against a bacteria I can look up labs similar to this one to make sure we
are taking the right

The Discovery of Antibiotics
The discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century was a major advancement in medicine. At the time
of the discovery, war was taking place, which resulted in a plethora of infected wounds. Antibiotics
can be described as a use, laboratory effect, or an action of a chemical compound (Clardy et al).
Selman Waksman first used the term in 1941 when describing the small molecules made by
microorganisms that prevent the growth of other microorganisms (Clardy et al). Antibiotics helped
control the infection which allowed many who were injured a second chance to live. The antibiotic
that was first discovered and used to cure war infections was penicillin. Since the discovery of
antibiotics, controlling infections and diseases became easier, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The peptidoglycan coat in bacterial cells is formed by a crystal lattice structure that forms linear
chains from a pair of alternating amino acids. The cross linking of peptidoglycan strands by the
transpeptidase enzyme forms an uneven cell wall. Antibiotics, notably penicillin, interfere with this
cross–linking, which destroys the bacteria cell wall. More specifically, antibiotics work by attaching
to specific sites on the ribosome, which affects with the bacteria's function during protein synthesis.
The small or 30S ribosomal subunit has binding sites for tRNA molecules. These sites are known as
the aminoacyl (A), peptidyl (P), and exit (E) sites. The process known as "decoding" oversees base
pairing between the codon of mRNA and the anticodon of tRNA at the A site, allowing the 30S
subunit to distinguish between the similarities of the tRNAs (Brodersen et al). Because most
antibiotics bind to ribosomes, its main target is the rRNA, which results in most of the binding sites
being near the mRNA and the tRNA binding sites, or at sites that undergo structural rearrangements
during the processes of decoding or translocation (Dallas et al). In all, the antibiotic prevents the
bacterium from creating its cell wall, which essentially kills the bacterium (Brodersen et al).
The appearance and spreading of antibiotic–resistant pathogens have given rise to many studies
involving the genetic

Antibiotics Resistance
Antibiotics are powerful very frequently used potential drugs in fighting bacterial infections
worldwide, [1]. These agents saved millions of lives in the past fifty years in both hospital–based
and outpatient settings. Inadequate measures to control the spreading of infections, overprescribing
as well as inappropriate selection and dosing of antibiotics by healthcare providers, unfettered
access to antimicrobials by public, failure to adhere to clinically desired treatment regimens are
some of the driving force to spread of antibiotics resistance, [2]. In addition, lack of regulations to
promote the rational use of antibiotics in humans, infection prevention and control are some of the
other factors that lead to emergence of resistance to antibiotics, [3].
In under developing and low middle income countries (LMIC), inadequate regulations and high
levels of availability of antibiotics without prescription have led to higher incidence of inappropriate
use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, counterfeit or substandard medications including antibiotics have been identified in
many resource–limited regions, particularly in sub–Saharan Africa, [5,6]. Health systems in poor
countries often cannot offer the most optimal therapies required to appropriately deliver rational
antimicrobial medicines, [6]. Ringertz et al study highlighted that prophylactic and irrational
antibiotics use were exacerbating resistance in Ethiopian hospitals, [7]. There is a correlation
between antibiotic use and subsequent resistance [7].The inappropriate prescribing including lack of
education and training for health professional are wide common in low–resource countries, [8]. It
the influence of antibiotic usage behavior of individuals are influenced beyond their knowledge by
their cultural preferences, beliefs and by the health administration system,

Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics
Science Fair Research
There are many different types of antibiotics made for a lot of different purposes. Narrow–spectrum
antibiotics only work for a few organisms, whereas broad–spectrum work for many organisms.
However, there are many similarities and differences between the two. Broad–spectrum antibiotics
are made for multiple types of bacteria and are more general towards what they treat. They are used
sometimes to treat patients that could have one of many bacteria. They are also used instead of
narrow–spectrum antibiotics when patients must start treatment before doctors figure out what
bacteria they have. They might also use this if there are multiple types of bacteria in a patient that
can harm them in multiple ways.
In the case ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As mentioned above, bacteria can build resistance in those ways by changing their genetics a small
amount. When they make more vitamins than necessary, it changes the genetics of the bacteria.
Also, when they only allow molecules in a certain way, it is also changing their cell wall and
genetics. When they let the antibiotic build up and then remove it altogether it is changing the
genetics as well. They change their genetics and still carry out their functions in different ways.
There are, however, certain bacteria that are resistant towards antibiotics without changing their
genes. Certain bacteria are resistant to some antibiotics naturally, and this happens in the case that
the bacteria are too strong to kill with a weak antibiotic. Whenever this occurs, patients will
normally be prescribed a more powerful antibiotic. This also happens when the colonies of bacteria
are too large in comparison to the amount of antibiotic, and taking a higher dosage of antibiotic can
help this.
There are many similarities and differences between gram positive and gram–negative bacteria.
Gram–positive bacteria are weaker than gram–negative bacteria when exposed to

Antibiotics: The Controversy Of Antibiotic Resistance
Introduction Antibiotics are amongst the most important medical discoveries and their introduction
represents a remarkable success story (Hedin, 2011). The term antibiotics literally means against life
(Walsh, 2000). Thus antibiotics can be used against any microbe such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
protozoa. However, some people use the term to only apply to bacteria, but in this paper, the more
appropriate term will be used.
Widespread use of antibiotics has been very controversial in the media as well in the general
population. Due to these controversies, it is very misunderstood to how antibiotics work leading to
many patients in the hospital setting wanting to take them when it is not necessary or refusing to
take when it is necessary for their survival. Some of this controversy is due to antibiotic resistance,
which has spread an alarming rate in the 21st century (Walsh, 2000). Antibiotic resistance is the
result of very strong bacteria or microbes that are resistant to the antibiotic prescribed and those
microbes accumulate overtime by their survival, reproduction and transfer, leading to increased
levels of antibiotic resistance.
I have chosen this topic due to the controversies of using antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a huge need for antibacterial drugs as infectious diseases are the second leading cause of
death worldwide and the third leading cause of death in developed countries (Projan, 2003). Over
the past 60–70 years, most antibiotics have been discovered by screening of soil samples for natural
products that kill bacteria, including known pathogens, first on culture plates and then in animal
infections (Walsh, 2000). There are three proven targets for the main antibacterial drugs, bacterial
cell all biosynthesis, bacterial protein synthesis, and bacterial DNA replication and

The Use Of Veterinary Antibiotics
The widely used growth promoters are Antibiotics. It can be defined as any medicines that destroy
or inhibit bacterial growth and are administered at a low sub–therapeutic dosage (Hughes and
Heritage, 2004).
There are various types of veterinary antibiotics (VA) like natural, synthetic compounds with
different antimicrobial activity are normally administered orally (Phillips et al., 2004). These are
used for disease control or as feed additives and synthetic growth promoters (SGP) in various
sectors such as livestock farming, aquaculture and agricultural activities (Aust et al., 2008, Gao et
al., 2012; Zuccato et al., 2010).
The use of antibiotic growth promoter increased with the intensification of livestock farming as a
result of high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In European countries 45% practitioners prescribed antibiotic for respiratory diseases in cattle, 29%
for diarrhoea in cattle and pigs and 31% for locomotion disorders in cattle. (De Briyne, Atkinson,
Pokludová, Borriello, 2014)
The use of antibiotics in food animal production offers proven benefits in animal health and
production, as well as a reduction of foodborne pathogens (Mathew et al., 2007).
A main concern for human health is the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria that can
cause disease in humans. While misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is a major cause of this
problem, antibiotic resistance originating from the use of antimicrobial growth promoter in animals
is a factor that can aggravate this global human health issue (WHO & FAO, 2015).
However, the over–use, misuse or lack of control in administration of antibiotics results in a high
accumulation of antibiotics in the animal and its excretion to the environment. Harmful effects of
antimicrobial growth promoter in feedstuffs on animals may occur if the compound has a low
margin of safety in that species or if it adversely interacts with other medicines or microbial effects
(McEvoy 2002).
Chowdhury, Haque, Islam, & Khaleduzzaman, (2009) reported that, In Bangladesh, various types of
antimicrobial drugs are available in the market and only a few companies mention the withdrawal
period of their product in packet. Farmers are not so much

Viruses, Antibiotics, And Antibiotics Essay
Diseases are humans' enemies. There are million kinds of diseases among the world. Some of them
were created by ever–changing human activities; some of them cause infections by microorganisms,
such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Those tiny things are truly annoying to us when we
suffer sickness. They could even be fatal to us. If we want to cure ourselves effectively we will have
to kill them and inhibit their growth using the drugs called 'antibiotics'. Antibiotics are great against
these infections, but they are not perfect. Pathogenic bacteria gradually evolve to survive in different
environments just like the ways all creatures do. Though we can kill most of them after using
antibiotics. A little group of them still live and become resistant to the antibiotics aimed at killing
them. They multiply their population and create stronger bacteria in order to keep on infecting us.
The bacteria's ability of fighting with antibiotics is named as 'antibiotic resistance'.
Antibiotic resistance does not evolve frequently. However, due to the rapid social development,
more and more bizarre diseases are appearing around us. The diversity in the standards and
perceptions of living has brought us bunch of consequences, including the illogical treatments
toward illness and pharmaceutical production. Many people don't know how to use drugs correctly
or refuse to do so; some industry owners know how to properly manage their production lines but
refuse to do that. Human's

Essay On Antibiotics In America
The Overuse Of Antibiotics in The United States of America Throughout the centuries the
improvement of medicine has always been on the run. Whether the cure for a viral or bacterial
infection to the simple cure of a common cold, advances in medicine can be said to have had a great
impact in the lives of many in the U.S. and around the world. In the U.S. alone, the life expectancy
of an American increased from 49 years to 77 years because of the new way of life in the health
aspect. There is no doubt that antibiotics specifically, not to say the prevention of diseases by public
health regulations including over–the–counter drugs and surgical procedures, have saved thousands
or even millions of lives in the U.S and around the world. However, there are many cases in which
antibiotics are being overused, which in effect cause more harm than good. All across the United
States, from the West coast to the East coast antibiotics are being looked upon as the cure for most
health related issues. The problem is that antibiotics are for specific bacterial infections only and not
for infections that are caused by viruses like bronchitis, ear and sinus infections, ... Show more
We see here that incidents just like these are what are causing antibiotic resistance by the bacteria.
This is very harmful to the consumer of the antibiotic because it can potentially cause death due to
the antibiotic resistant infection. Not only is death the main issue of this problem, but also illnesses
that are prolonged, extra tests with the addition of the treatments and the hospitalization contribute
to the extra money or costs towards the consumer and the industries that provide the healthcare
towards the individual which is in the millions of

The Treatment Of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic Resistance occurs when bacteria reformat themselves in order to become unaffected by
the drugs or substances created to terminate them. They gain resistance to the drugs which causes
the drugs to be ineffective of use and leading to more harm. Antibiotic Resistance commonly occurs
within patients due to physicians misusing or overusing antibiotics. This creates a common
resistance to patients and resulting in the constant creation for new antibiotics that would treat the
bacteria. The main conflict generally evolves from medical stewardship where physicians have the
responsibility to optimally heal their patients to their best efforts. However this is being neglected by
misuse of antibiotics due to several reasons, including patients' ignorance and fear of malpractice.
The authors in the articles "Just give me the script: the scourge of antibiotic misuse and the threat to
us all" written by Ranjana Srivastava, "Health–ignorant patients one of many problems exacerbating
antibiotic resistance" written by C.L. Doherty, and "Ignorance about antibiotics propelling global
'superbug' crisis" written by Helen Branswell, all emphasizes on the topic by developing Ethos,
Logos and Pathos towards Antibiotic Resistance.
Ranjana Srivastava's article, "Just give me the script: the scourge of antibiotic misuse and the threat
to us all" (2016) asserts that "patients with viral symptoms present with a fixed opinion that they
need antibiotics and doctors, willingly or unwillingly,

Antibiotic Resistance : Antibiotics And Antibiotics
Elsie Gutierrez
BIO 120 Lab Section 1315
14 October 2015
Title
Introduction
When an individual gets sick from a bacterial infection, antibiotics have undoubtedly changed the
lives of many people by saving them from death (Davies, 2010). Since the discovery of antibiotics,
scientists have been finding ways to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics. For the past decades,
there's been an alarming increase of antibiotic resistance globally (Witte, 2006). Antibiotics should
ideally get rid of infectious diseases but instead the bacteria are finding ways to fight back. A
bacterium that has persistently become more resistant to antibiotics is Staphylococcus aureus and is
more deadly compared to other disease causing bacteria (Naber, 2009). S. aureus is often found in
hospitals and infects patients most frequently partly due to the bacterium being found on one out of
every two people (Bud, 2007 p. 118). This bring up the concern of bacterial resistance and the
potency of antibiotics in the future. How will scientists, physicians, or patients fight off bacterial
infections if the bacteria are becoming resilient against the medicine that should kill them? Even
though bacteria are more resistant, antibiotics can still be effective towards the pathogenic bacteria.
Penicillin has been noted as the one of the most significant finding in medical history (Bud, 2007 p.
1). Since it's serendipitous discovery, penicillin is used to combat illnesses in patients in a quick and
efficient

Legislation On Antibiotics
A letter to legislation on the use of antibiotics
Overtime, antibiotics have been favorable as well as negligent to society. Antibiotic usage is helpful
to society because it kills and fights off bacteria in both humans and animals. With an increase in
antibiotic usage, these bacteria have become resistant to certain drugs which reduce the chance of
the bacteria being killed off and result in bacteria multiplying, causing increased harm to the
infected. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2013), each year in the
United States at least 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
and at least 23,000 people die each year as a result to these infections. Although multiple bacteria
are antibiotic resistant, and those numbers will continue to rise, antibiotics should remain a staple in
the treatment of diseases, as opposed to abandoning their use which will cause an increase in the
prevalence of bacterial infections. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human life expectancy in the United States is currently around 70–80 years, and through the use of
antibiotics, life expectancy has the ability to increase beyond what we currently expect. As stated by
the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCSUSA), the best approach to diminish the use of antibiotics
on animals is to reduce nonessential uses and reserve as many of these drugs as possible. In doing so
this will give animals the ability to produce in a healthier way and have an overall well–shaped

Antibiotics Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of different antibiotics. The
antimicrobial activity of selected antibiotics and hand sanitizer on different bacteria was evaluated.
The method used to determine antibiotic sensitivity was the sensitivity disk method. Antibiotics
were put onto paper disks and then placed on agar plates that had been spread with bacterial culture.
The plate was incubated for a week, and then the zone of inhibition (area of no bacterial growth)
around the disk was measured. This measure of the inhibition zone indicated the susceptibility or
resistance of the bacterium to the antibiotic. And by comparing the experimentally determined zone
diameters with known diameters, susceptibility patterns known ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each group determined the zone size of the bacterial strains in the different antibiotics. Additionally,
by comparing their measured data to the 'zone diameter interpretive chart' in the lab procedure, the
groups determined whether their bacterial strains were resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to the
antimicrobial agents used. In the end, all groups shared their data with each other. This table shows
the collective data for the lab section. One bacterial strain, Escherichia coli, MZ8 was not picked by
any group–– so there was no data for it.
Discussion: If a bacterial strain is susceptible to an antibiotic, it can be inhibited by a concentration
of this drug. The antibiotic will be associated with a high chance of therapeutic success. If a
bacterial strain is said to be intermediate when it is inhibited by a concentration of this drug, then it
is associated with an uncertain therapeutic effect. And if a bacterial strain is said to be resistant to an
antibiotic, then this drug is associated with a high chance of therapeutic failure.

Antibiotics In The 1940's
Antibiotics have played an essential role in the fight against diseases and infections since the 1940's.
Antibiotics are a leading cause for the rise of global average life expectancy in the 20th and 21st
century. They have greatly reduced illnesses and deaths due to diseases. With the introductions of
antibiotics in the 1940's, like penicillin into clinical practice, formally deadly illnesses became
immediately curable and saved thousands of lives (Yim 2006). Antibiotic use has been beneficial
and when prescribed and taken correctly their effects on patients are exceedingly valuable.
However, because these drugs have been used so widely and for such a long period of time the
bacteria that the antibiotics are designed to kill have adapted, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Little research has been done on human superbugs but even less on antibiotic resistance in animals
and whether the bacteria can be passed on to humans (Press Release 1998). The problem with the
growing number of bacteria that are resistance to available antibiotics, is that there are very few new
antibiotics in development. The financial costs of creating newer and stronger antibiotics are
exceedingly high. Pharmaceutical manufactures either don't have the money or refuse to because of
the small amount of profit they will make from these one off drugs. Research institutes are another
option for new antibiotics but also don't have the sufficient financial support (Kesselheim 2010).
Antibiotic resistant patients require extensive care and there are rare cases that they need complete
isolation. The cost of this intensive care for long periods of time is phenomenal. With growing rates
of resistance cases more isolation units are going to be in need which will cost governments
hundreds, even thousands of dollars to provide (Lansing 2011). The economic factors of antibiotic
resistance for developing world countries are worrying. Some counties health systems have no
where near enough financial support or staff members to help the number of superbug patients
(Kaier 2011). The economic implications of the growing rates of superbug cases is concerning.
Globally there is very

The Pharmacological Effect Of Antibiotics

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