3. CONTENTS:
• Definition
• Aims Of Infection Control
• Cross Infection
• Chain of Infection
• Route of Transmission
• Centre of disease control (CDC) recommendations
• Decontamination
• Spaulding’s classification of instruments
• Prevention
• Barrier technique
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4. What is Infection
The entry and development or
multiplication of an infectious
agent in the body of the host i.e.
humans or animals to produce
disease.
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5. Infection Control
Primary Objective
• Elimination or reduction in spread from all
types/forms of microorganisms.
Factors involved in infection control
• Prevention and spread of microorganisms from their
host (patient & clinician).
• Killing or removal of microorganisms from objects
and surfaces.
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6. Aims of Infection Control
To control/prevent iatrogenic infections
from their hosts among patients and
clinicians.
To Control/prevent Occupational
Exposure.
To control/prevent Cross Infection.
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8. Pathways of cross infection
Patient to patient
Patient to practitioner
Practitioner to patient
Clinic to community
Clinic to practitioner’s family
Community to Patient
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11. Chain/Process of Infection.
•An adequate number of pathogens, or disease-causing
organisms, to cause disease.
•A reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive
and multiply (e.g., blood).
•A mode of transmission from the source to the host.
•An entrance through which the pathogen may enter the
host.
•A susceptible host (i.e., one who is not immune).
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12. • Infection through any of these routes requires that all of the
following conditions be present:
•An adequate number of pathogens, or disease-causing
organisms, to cause disease.
•A reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and
multiply (e.g., blood).
•A mode of transmission from the source to the host.
•An entrance through which the pathogen may enter the host.
•A susceptible host (i.e., one who is not immune).
• The occurrence of all these events is considered the “chain” of
infection. Effective infection control strategies prevent disease
transmission by interrupting one or more links in the chain of
infection. 12
17. Centre of Disease Control
(CDC) recommends:
• “Consider each and every patient to be operated as potentially
infectious and routinely take standard/universal precautions
for each, to protect ourselves and to prevent cross infection”.
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19. Decontamination
Sanitization
Reduction of viable microorganism to safe levels.
Sterilization
It is the process by which all forms of
microorganism are destroyed.
Disinfection/Antisepsis
It is the process by which chemicals are used to
prevent the multiplication of microorganism capable
of causing infection.
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21. Methods of Sterilization in
Dentistry
• Autoclave
• Chemiclave
• Dry Heat
Other Methods
• Ethylene Gas
• Boiling water
• Ionizing Radiation
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22. Methods of Sterilization in
Dentistry
Autoclave:
It is an efficient and reliable method by which
instruments are sterilized, using steam under
pressure which acts by inactivating essential
cellular proteins or enzymes of microorganisms.
It is ideal form of sterilization. (spore strip)
Dry heat sterilizer:
These sterilizers use hot air to kill
microorganisms by oxidation. They do not cause
corrosion.
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23. Methods of Sterilization in
Dentistry
• Chemical vapor sterilizer:
Alcohols, Formaldehyde, ketone, water and acetone are
heated under pressure produces a gas that is effective
for sterilization by permeation of the heated
formaldehyde and alcohol.
Time 120 min. Temp. 120º C to 132º C with 20-40 lbs
pressure.
• Gaseous Sterilization:
Ethylene oxide gas when mixed with CO2 or
N2 . At 50ºC, time 3 hours it kills all microorganism
including spores.
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24. Dry-Heat
Temperature Duration of Treatment
120º C (250º F) 6-12 hours
140º C (285º F) 3 hours
160º C (320º F) 2 hours
170º C (340º F) 1 hours
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25. Steam Sterilization
Temperature Duration of Treatment
116º C (240º F) 60 minutes
118º C (245º F) 36 minutes
121º C (250º F) 24 min
125º C (257º F) 16 min
132º C (270º F) 4 min
138º C (280º F) 1-1/2 min
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27. Critical
Items that are used in various specialties of
dentistry which pierce soft and hard tissues.
Burs, chisels, forceps.
DISEASE RISK High
METHOD Sterilization
EXAMPLES Surgical instruments
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28. Semi Critical
Items which do not pierce soft and hard
Tissues but cross vermillion border into the
oral cavity. Mouth mirrors, condensers
DISEASE RISK High
METHOD Sterilization or Disinfection
EXAMPLES Hand piece, syringes, Impression trays.
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29. Non Critical
Items that are used in various specialties
of dentistry which do not cross vermillion
border or penetrate soft and hard tissues.
X-ray heads
DISEASE RISK Moderate
METHOD Surface disinfection,
Sanitization & barrier
EXAMPLES Dental unit & accessories
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30. Environmental
Items not directly in contact with skin or
mucous membrane
DISEASE RISK Low
METHOD Cleansing
EXAMPLES Tables ,counters
Floor surfaces & door handles
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38. 1- To recognize carriers history of
Hepatitis/Jaundice
Venereal disease
Intravenous drug use
Hereditary bleeding disorders
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39. 2- To recognize groups of people having high risk
of exposure.
Hemodialysis patients and technician
Hemophiliacs and blood bank workers
Dental Surgeons
General surgeons
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40. 3- Use of barrier technique during
Surgery
Handling of contaminated objects
Clean up
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41. 4- Prompt disposal of sharp objects into a
well-labeled protective container.
5- Use of an instrument to place a scalpel
blade on or taking one of a blade handle.
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