Exogenous Estrogen Case Study

Exogenous Estrogen Case Study
Exogenous Estrogen
Excess exposure to exogenous estrogen is a major cause of EC, which can be through unopposed estrogen therapy, use of tamoxifen, and
phytoestrogens.20,21,22 Systemic estrogen therapy such as oral tablets, vaginal rings, and patches have been found to increase the risk of endometrial
hyperplasia or EC.21 Estrogen replacement after menopause have also being found to cause an increased risk when not adequately countered with
progesterone replacement.21 Prospective cohort and case control studies have demonstrated an association between these sources and EC, with the
dose and duration of use implicated in the increased incidence (RR range: 1.1 to 15 ). In a prospective study between 1996 to 2001, about 716,738
postmenopausal women were recruited to examine their use of replacement therapy and EC risk, there was increased risk of EC in women on estrogen
only therapy(1.45 [1.02–2.06]; p=0.04), and reduced risk in those with cyclic combined therapy (relative risk 0.71 [95% CI 0.56–0.90]; p=0.005), when
compared to women who have never used hormonal replacement therapy.20
Also, drugs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene used in the treatment of estrogen–responsive breast cancer, increases the risk of EC.22,23 In
postmenopausal women, tamoxifen use causes an increased risk of EC. This was demonstrated in a meta analysis of two randomized controlled trials
(RCT) studies which showed that tamoxifen increased EC risk for women ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the joint 2010 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)/TNM classification system, EC is clinically categorized
into four stages which are: stage 1 is when the cancer has invaded the endometrium and myometrium; stage 2 is when there is involvement of the body
and the cervix of the uterus, but still limited to the uterus; stage 3 is when the cancer has metastasized (e.g. vaginal, pelvic nodes) but still in the true
pelvis; and stage 4 is when there is distant metastasis.
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Pos Essay
How does PCOS cause diabetes?
Before we decide that PCO causes diabetes or not it is important to understand the normal physiology. Usually a single egg starts forming in one of the
ovaries, grows to the size of 18–22 mm in a span of 14 days (beginning from D1 of periods). Usually on D14 it comes out of its shell reaches the tube,
waits there for its male counterpart 'sperm' for 24 hours. If it meets its male counterpart it results in pregnancy, if it doesn't then after 14 days, the nest
or the endometrium prepared by the womb for the baby sheds off which we see in form of monthly periods or menstruation. Usually the second half
of cycle i.e. luteal phase is constant 14 days; there is variability in the egg formation and release time.
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
unwanted hair growth on body or HIRUTISM. Also the glucose intolerance predisposes to diabetic mellitus, increased cholesterol or abnormal lipid
profile.
To put it briefly the common symptoms are:
Absent or irregular periods
Followed by very heavy or prolonged periods
Hirutism (unwanted hair growth)
Weight gain (both causative and effect)
Signs:
PCO ovaries on USG
Abnormal LH/FSH ratios
Increase in serum androgens especially testosterone
Impaired glucose tolerance
Abnormal lipid profile
Comorbidities:
Infertility (inability or difficulty in conception)
Pregnancy impliciations (gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, preeclampsia especially in obese)
Obesity
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cardiovascular diseases (especially in the presence of additional risk factors like cigarette smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history)
Depression

Treatment: Since it is a lifestyle disease enclosing far broader spectrum of diseases and not only irregular periods, impact of the diseases process
continues far beyond menopause. As roots of all lifestyle disease set in adolescence so does PCO. There is a need for global change where we need to:
Create awareness among adolescent girls regarding the epidemic of PCO.
Lifestyle modification in the form of dietary regulation. Avoid junk food as far as possible; it makes your body junkyard.
Regular exercise: household work tires whereas exercises energises. So the two

Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa
Literature Review
In order to explore the eating disorder that is facing much adolescences during their lives, specifically anorexia nervosa, a search was conducted and
various scholarly articles were assessed and integrated into the final paper of this class. The assignment today will review the articles selected.
First Scholarly Source
The first scholarly article found was related to the contributions and roles the nurse holds in healthcare. The objective of this article is to show how
anorexia nervosa is a huge issue in today's days and how it can affect patients in adolescence. Besides, it describes the role that nurses hold when caring
this type of patients. It is important to mention that nurses face a true challenge because those anorexic patients have low ... Show more content on
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(2015, June 12). 11 Countries with the Highest Rates of Eating Disorders in the World. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http:/
/www.insidermonkey.com/blog/11–countries–with–the–highest–rates–of–eating–disorders–in–the–world–353060/
Farrar, T. (2014, May). Eating Disorders Statistics. Retrieved September 21, 2016, from http://www.mirror
–mirror.org/eating–disorders–statistics.htm
Ramjan, L. (2004). Nurses and the 'therapeutic relationship': caring for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 45(5),
495–503. doi:10.1046/j.1365–2648.2003.02932.x
Simmers, M. (2014, May). Breaking Down Barriers to Coverage for Eating Disorders Treatment. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http:/
/eatingdisordersreview.com/nl/nl_edr_25_3_1.html
Simmers, M. (2008, April). Ethical Conflicts in the Care of Anorexia Nervosa Patients. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http:/
/eatingdisordersreview.com/nl/nl_edr_19_2_1.html
Van Ommen, J., Meerwijk, E., Kars, M., van Elburg, A., & van Meijel, B. (2009). Effective nursing care of adolescents diagnosed with anorexia
nervosa: the patients' perspective. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 18(20), 2801–2808.

The Effects Of Leptin On The Metabolic Function Of Mammals
Leptin is a hormone that mainly regulates the metabolic function of mammals. It is produced by adipocytes and was first discovered by Zhang et
al.(21) in 1994. The ob/ob mouse was leptin deficient and suffered from obesity and was severely hyperphagic. But it was also noted that the ob/ob
mouse suffered from HH. There is a human homologue(21) of this gene, which was discovered in children who suffered from morbid obesity.Leptin
replacement in both the ob/ob mouse and these leptin–deficient patients decreased weight but also stimulated reproductive function. Farooqi et al(22)
proved that serum concentrations of LH and FSH had increased significantly after just twelve months of leptin treatment. The other thing to note is that
the LH and FH pulsatility had returned reflecting that GnRH pulsatility had also been restored. It must be mentioned that this was a study with only
one subject but the results nonetheless suggest an important role of leptin in reproduction. In brief, it is clear that leptin–deficient patients have
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and that with treatment the mammals (mice and men) achieve fecundity.
This is further backed up by a study(23) conducted in women who suffered from hypothalamic amenorrhoea. That means they have no periods because
of insufficient GnRH production. The levels of leptin in these patients were discovered to be abnormally low. After being given recombinant leptin
mean LH concentrations and LH pulse frequency was significantly

Analysis Of The Film Thin, By Alice Brittany And Alisa Essay
1.Described the DSM–5 signs and symptoms you observed for Shelly, Polly, Brittany and Alisa. Be thorough and specific
The documentary Thin, followed the lives of four different women, as they struggled to rehabilitate from their eating disorders. The documentary
followed these women as they were short–term residents at an impatient treatment facility in Florida that specialized in helping those with severe eating
disorders. One participant, Shelly was admitted into the facility after complications relating to her excessively low body weight of 82lbs. She restricted
her food intake to the extent that she required administration of a feeding tube to absorb nutrition. However, it was revealed during the documentary that
she had been using her feeding tube to purge food. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Volume 5 (DMS
–5),
Shelly's low body weight, her lack of food intake, and her purging were all qualifying symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. In addition to these symptoms,
she exhibited the additional symptom of a fear of gaining weight. She explained to her therapist that she feared weighing as much as her twin sister,
even though her sister only weighed 100 pounds. Polly another participant also struggled with Anorexia Nervosa. Polly was admitted into the treatment
facility after a failed suicide attempt. Though not a criteria for Anorexia, those who struggle with Anorexia, according to the DSM–5, are at an elevated
risk of

Schizophrenia Essay
This essay focuses on the diagnosis of schizophrenia, a major mental illness with much stigma and misinformation associated with it. World Health
Organisation (WHO, 2012) epidemiological evidence suggests that schizophrenia is a mental illness affecting 24 million people worldwide. This essay
will define schizophrenia and its characteristic signs and symptoms in relation to cognition, mood, behaviour and psychosocial functioning. The criteria
enabling a diagnosis of schizophrenia are explored, as well as contemporary nursing care and pharmacological treatments. The positive and negative
signs and symptoms of schizophrenia will be discussed and the treatment and care requirements outlined by the NSW Mental Health Act (2007) are also
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2011). Varcarolis et al. 2006 describe positive symptoms of schizophrenia as 'florid psychotic symptoms' 'as they capture attention'. Cognitive deficits
lay primarily within the domains of memory and language affecting mood and behaviour (Elder et al. 2009). Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
include delusions, hallucinations and sever thought process disturbances and have an acute onset (Elder et al. 2009).Varcarolis, Carson and Shoemaker
(2006) state that a patient experiencing a delusion is convinced that what they perceive is real and consequently the patients thinking often reflects
feelings of great fear, isolation and trust issues. Additionally Elder et al. (2009) state that cognitive deficits are considered psychotic symptoms and that
behaviours, perceptions and beliefs shown in a person having an exacerbation of schizophrenia are not consistent with normal human experience.
Negative symptoms involve a decrease in, or loss of normal functions including loss of motivation, an inability to feel emotionally as well as a
reduction in the quantity and quality of speech (SFNSW n.d.). Elder et al. (2009) state that negative symptoms to be; anhedonia (loss of the
experience of pleasure), alogia (poverty of speech), blunted or flat affect and anergia (loss of energy). According to Varcarolis et al. (2006) psychosocial

Comparison of 4 Major Psychological Disorders
COMPARISON OF MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
The Oxford dictionary defines psychology as "Science of the nature, function and phenomena of human soul or mind: mental characteristics." (1980).
The normal mental characteristics of the human mind are very difficult to categorize; so when looking at the disorders of the mind a number of
factors have been identified that "attempt to define" (Meteyard, 2007, p. 49) what is abnormal or psychopathological. For this assignment I will be
looking at four disorders that come under different major categories defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–1V).
They are:
В•Mood Disorder (or Affective Disorder) В– Major Depression
В•Anxiety Disorder В– Obsessive Compulsive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Kalat, 2005, p.624) It is difficult, for these clients, to expose themselves to frightening thoughts, but with assistance, improvement can be realised.
The use of a OCD diary is valuable. The Biological approach must also be considered as sometimes the "use of serotonin re–uptake drugs can be a
useful" adjunct to counselling. (Management of Mental Disorders, 2000, p. 273) "Genetic variant located on serotonin transporter gene increases
the risk of OCD". (Wever, 2006, p.32) Cognitive Therapy aims at changing people's attitudes and outlooks toward their problems. "Putting a new
spin on an obsession, taking a different view of it, can allow exposure and response prevention to be accomplished much more easily." (Osborn,
1998, p. 70) Narrative Therapy brings a different perspective on OCD. The person is not anxious nor even has OCD, rather they are tormented by
the problem but it is not a part of who they are. (Meteyard, 2007, p. 65) This helps the person believe in themselves and their self esteem rises.
Psychodynamic Therapy has shown that the roots of OCD are often contained within the problems of "emotional and social development" during early
childhood. (Vitkus, 1996, p 121) "Special expertise is required in difficult cases since it is possible that a less experienced clinician may inadvertently
worsen the situation." (Management of Mental Disorders, 2000, p. 273)
BULIMIA NERVOSA Bulimia is one of the eating disorders.

Violence in the Athletic World
HHPR 878–99 We can pretend that sports are not the main source of entertainment in today's society. Whether we are athletes playing the sport, avid
fans watching our teams and their statistics, or the coaches, it is our character to always be in tuned to what is going on in the competitive sports
world. Now, our competitive nature can either give us an edge in life or, in opposition, can cause us to burn bridges. To elaborate, being competitive
shows determination, hard work, and is a form of utilizing our gifted talents, resulting in positive outcomes; this is referring to anything in life, not just
athletics. On the other hand, being competitive to the point that we are losing teammates, friends, and those close to us shows poor sportsmanship and
can have a negative effect on character. Physical violence is just one among the many different types of violence in today's athletic world. Some of the
more common non–physical abuses among both male and female athletes are substance abuse, eating disorders, and verbal abuse/emotional stress.
Although these are not physical, they have the potential to eventually lead to physical violence and injuries. We all have heard numerous theories of
steroid and substance abuse. It can cause not only physical changes to the body, but can also cause emotional and psychological alterations, including
aggressive behavior that is not easily controlled. The use of performance enhancing drugs is not a recent conflict; it has been talked of

The Responsibilities Of Nurses Are Numerous And Diverse
The responsibilities of nurses are numerous and diverse. Nurses have a duty of care and a professional responsibility for the treatment of the sick and
injured patients and are accountable for their actions. Nurses asses and treat patients, promote and restore health, provides education, prevent illness
and reduce the suffering for the patients. This reflective case study will provide a written account of the nursing care delivered to two patients Claire
and Justin.
The first case study is about Claire, a 61 year old female diagnosed with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis who sustained a left colles' fracture and a
fractured right tib/fib. This reflective case study will provide a written account of the post–operative nursing care specific to the closed and open
reduction procedure done to repair her fracture and interventions specific to the events that followed.
The second case study is based on Justin a 33 year old car salesman who administers over the counter anti–inflammatories for chronic back pain
sustained in a car accident several years ago. Justin a social drinker and ex–smoker, has been experiencing significant abdominal pain and diarrhoea
after trip to Singapore and Thailand. He is admitted with a provisional diagnosis of gastro oesophageal reflux +/–peptic ulcer disease. This reflective
case study also looks into the preparation of patients for colonoscopy and nursing management post procedure.
CASE STUDY 1
Osteoarthritis can be caused by ageing, hereditary,

Benefits of Triphasic Contraceptives
The Benefits of Triphasic Contraceptives A review of the benefits of triphasic combined oral contraceptives when compared to today's low–dose
monophasic alternatives. Introduction: Since their introduction in 1961, oestrogen–progestogen combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills have
provided women with an effective and effortless means of contraception for 50 years [1]. Taken by 17% of all women of reproductive age, they are
amongst the most widely prescribed drugs in the U.K. today[2]. Hitherto, earlier COC formulations have been associated with harmful dose–dependent
side effects [3]. In time, however, a collective scientific effort has successfully improved the safety of COC's by developing preparations that contain
the minimum... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After reaching maturation, the follicle undergoes ovulation; an event stimulated by a surge in luteinising hormone release from the anterior pituitary
gland (orange line). The remnant follicle (now termed the corpus luteum) secretes progesterone (red line), which maintains the endometrial lining and
causes it to enter the luteal phase. With triphasic COC's, three incremental doses (phases 1–3) of progestogen (blue line) with (pink line)/without
(dashed pink line) a phase 2 dose increase in oestrogen are delivered over 21 days. This is followed by a 7–day placebo period, which induces
menstruation (placebo). Exogenous delivery of hormones in this way achieves contraception with significantly lower doses of progestogen, whilst
crudely mimicking endogenous increases in oestrogen and progesterone. As such, it was hypothesised that the triphasic regimen would afford
various benefits over monophasic COC's. Contraceptive efficacy: The remarkable contraceptive efficacy of COC's has been known for many years. Of
the triphasic COC's currently available for prescription in the U.K. (table. 1), TriNovum was found to have a pearl index[1] (PI) value of 1.0 in a large
phase III trial (n=4000) and Logynon a PI value of 0.33 (n=3546) [11–12]. However a recent Cochrane review that assessed the number of unintended
pregnancies due to drug failure or user failure between monophasic and triphasic COC's across 18 randomized

Anorexia Nervos Eating Disorders Association
Introduction Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects about 0.5 to 1 percent of women in the United States today. ("Anorexia Nervosa |
National Eating Disorders Association") While, that may not seem like a lot of people are suffering from Anorexia nervosa it has received a
significant amount of attention due to the consequences of developing this disorder. For example, it is reported that five to twenty percent of people
who have Anorexia Nervosa will eventually succumb to their condition and die prematurely. ("Anorexia Nervosa | National Eating Disorders
Association") Even those who do recover from Anorexia can develop other consequences as a result of this eating disorder. Muscle loss,
amenorrhea, reduced bone density, and abnormally slow heart rate and low blood pressure. The abnormally slow heart rate and low blood pressure
tend to show that this means that the heart is changing which puts the person at an increased risk for heart failure. ("Anorexia Nervosa | National
Eating Disorders Association") Despite, Anorexia nervosa causing several physical problems for the people who struggle with it, it is still mainly
seen as a psychological condition. This is because anorexia nervosa is associated with a person restricting food in order to lose weight, but even after
they lose weight they still believe they are fat. ("Anorexia Nervosa | National Eating Disorders Association") In other words, they develop a distorted
body image of themselves. Not only

Infertility In The Handmaid's Tale By Margaret Atwood
Infertility is the incapability or failure conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment a person's capacity to
reproduce either as an individual or with his/her partner. While infertility can cause issues in men and women, women are more susceptible to having
issues conceiving naturally. 1 in 8 women (or 12% of married couples) have trouble getting pregnant or sustaining a pregnancy (2006–2010 National
Survey of Family Growth, CDC). There is a process in which three stages such as ovulation, fertilization, and implantation that a women's body must go
through to get pregnant. When there are issues in these stages, infertility is diagnosed and examined by a doctor therefore, making it hard to conceive
a baby naturally. Throughout this paper, I will explain three common causes of infertility in females like endometriosis, sexual transmitted diseases,
and poor nutrition. In the story The Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood, women are infertile because of pollution, STD's, and radiation. If in fact,
radiation caused the women of Gilead to be infertile it could possible because the radiation caused a chemical or hormonal imbalance. With that being
said, the world we live in today, the leading causes of infertility in the U.S. is endometriosis. Infertile women are 6 to 8 times more likely to have
endometriosis than fertile women (Verkauf BS). This syndrome is found mostly in women because this is where the endometrial tissue grows outside of

Anorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder
Effects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim's body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one's mind just
as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on
their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a
problem and continue with their fatal practices. One will continue to diet and take weight loss medication to get as thin as they see fit. The chemistry
of the brain changes completely; your memory becomes bad, the brain's ability to think is off, and extreme mood swings are prevalent. (Smith,... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disease causes one's bones to thin. This is a risk because the bones become very weak and strained, which can cause fractures among other things.
("Osteoporosis Center: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, Prevention, and Diet and Exercise Recommendations."WebMD.) Another physical symptom of
anorexia is kidney stones. Kidney stones are small crystallized growths in the kidneys that need to be urinated out of one's body and can be extremely
painful. Anorexia also causes kidney failure, and various other kidney related problems. (Smith, Melinda, M.A., and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., "Anorexia
Nervosa." : Signs, Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment.) Since Anorexics take in food at a much slower rate than an average human being, essential
vitamins and nutrients that are needed to allow the body to function, are not being provided. This causes decreased levels of potassium, magnesium,
sodium, and various other important bodily fluids. (Smith, Melinda, M.A., and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., "Anorexia Nervosa." : Signs, Symptoms, Causes,
And Treatment.) Probably one of the most important organs in the digestive system is the intestines. The intestines are highly affected by anorexia, and
this results in constipation and bloating. Bloating is when one's stomach expands till it's not the normal size. It's usually very noticeable, especially in
extremely thin people. Bloating could

Analysis Of The Book ' Elena Vanishing, By Elena Dunkle...
Critical Eating
There are many different psychological illnesses in the world, each with different causes. While eating is an key function of life, some people may
be doing harm to their body with their eating habits. Eating disorders occur when a person has a bad relationship with food and can be deadly. The
book Elena Vanishing, by Elena Dunkle and Clare B. Dunkle, gives a better understanding of the background of eating disorders and many reviewers
are impacted by the book's vital message.
Many people are unaware of the background of eating disorders. Women are more likely than men to develop an eating disorder and they usually
develop in childhood before the age of 20 (Ross–Flanigan 1). Women as well as men can develop an eating disorder; it is just more likely for a
woman to develop one. Eating disorders are usually developed in adolescent or childhood years when a person is influenced the most. Also "Eating
disorders are psychological conditions that involve overeating, voluntary starvation, or both. Anorexia nervosa, anorexic bulimia, and binge eating are
the most well–known types of eating disorders" (Ross–Flanigan 1). Many people assume that an eating disorder is when a person staves themselves;
they do not realize that it can involve overeating as well. Some eating disorders also involve purging, but not all. People with an eating disorder fear
gaining weight even when they are severely underweight. They do not lack an appetite (Ross–Flanigan 1). These people are

Adrenal Gland Essay
Adrenal gland
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangular–shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They are
chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in conjunction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and
adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively.
Anatomy and function
Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum situated atop the kidneys, one on each side. They are surrounded by an adipose
capsule and renal fascia. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. Each adrenal gland is separated into two
distinct structures, the adrenal cortex and medulla, both of which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The suprarenal veins may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins.
The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram of tissue. Up to 60 arterioles may enter each
adrenal gland.[4]
Terminology
The adrenal glands are named for their location relative to the kidneys. The term "adrenal" comes from ad– (Latin, "near") and renes (Latin, "kidney").
Similarly, "suprarenal" is derived from supra– (Latin, "above") and renes. Colloquially, they are referred to as "kidney hats".
Adrenal cortex
Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and
glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. Contents * 1 Layers * 2 Hormone
synthesis * 3 Production * 3.1 Mineralocorticoids * 3.2 Glucocorticoids * 3.3 Androgens * 4 Pathology * 5 See

A Room Of Distorted Mirror Analysis
"A Room of Distorted Mirrors"
An investigative journalism piece by Kylie Bell
The Cries of a Girl
She lay awake at night listening to the cries in the next room. The cries of a girl who never felt good enough. One night she stepped out of bed,
and walked towards the cries. She saw two people sitting on a bed, one crying on the other's shoulder. "Momma what do I do?", the girl's cries
turned to sobs and she struggled to get the words out. This was the first time she had seen the girl cry even though she heard them every night. People
had criticized the girl to the point where she couldn't handle it and broke down. My heart ached for the girl. The people were criticizing her because in
their minds she was "just too skinny for normal." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The girl in the picture is Kristina Saffran who started suffering from anorexia nervosa at just ten years old. Anorexia is an illness which means "loss of
appetite". When someone gets so obsessed with losing weight they self starve and ignore their body's need to eat. Her struggles stopped a year
later when she started middle school. Kristina was finally happy again. She would always tell her friends, "I couldn't be anorexic again if I tried,"
but that was a lie. At thirteen (just before middle school ended) Kristina's eating disorder came back. "(Her) eating disorder came back with a force
that (she) hadn't even remotely felt when she was ten," and on her visit back to her specialist she was admitted directly into the hospital. Now you
may be wondering "Was she ever even 'fat'?" which is a question that most people had asked Kristina. The answer is no, not at all. In fact, she always
regarded herself pretty highly, at least in terms of thinness. Usually people with anorexia develop a distorted body image and their mind tells them
they are fat even if they are dangerously thin, although that wasn't the case with Kristina. She always considered herself an "eight out of ten," but she
wanted to be a ten out of ten. Kristina wanted to be "perfect" and in her mind what she was then wouldn't cut

Amenorrhoea
INTRODUCTION
Amenorrhoea is the absence of menstrual bleeding. It is a normal feature in prepubertal, pregnant and postmenopausal women. Pregnancy is the first to
be considered in females with amenorrhoea in reproductive age. In the absence of pregnancy, the challenge is to determine the exact cause of
amenorrhoea.
Primary amenorrhoea is difficult to define as there is a great variation in the time of onset of menstruation. However, it coincides well with the
development of puberty or secondary sexual characteristics. Undeveloped secondary sexual characteristics at a certain age indicates problem.
Therefore, the definition of primary amenorrhoea needs to include the development of secondary sexual characteristics as well. Primary amenorrhoea
occurs when there is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vaginal length, presence or absence of the uterus and its size as well as the condition of the ovaries can be elicited by performing pelvic
examination. Pelvic examination may be inappropriate in young girl who is not sexually active. Per rectal examination gives similar information that is
given by pelvic examination.
Laboratory evaluation
The levels of FSH and LH are important in determining the ovarian–axis problems. If history and physical examination findings are suggestive of
hyperandrogenism, androgen testings which include testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), androstenedione, and 17–OH progesterone to
determine the organ of cause (e.g.: adrenal gland or ovary) are helpful. History and examination suggestive of hyperprolactinaemia or thyroid disorders
require evaluation of the levels of prolactin and thyroid function.
When the prolactin level is elevated, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head is required. This imaging helps in visualising any abnormality in
the hypothalamus or pituitary

Dyspareunia Developmental Cycle
, by definition, begins 12 months after the final menses and is characterized by a continuation of vasomotor symptoms and by urogenital symptoms
such as vaginal dryness and dyspareunia.
According to the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) in 2001, the reproductive age can be staged as below:
1.Menopausal transition
In this stage, there will be variation in menstrual cycle (usually more than 7 days different from normal), skipped cycle 2 times or more, at least 60
days of amenorrhoea and there will also increase in the FSH level.
2.Perimenopause
Perimenopause starts at the time of the menopausal transition and ends 12 months after last menstrual period.
3.Menopause
It starts 12 months of amenorrhoea after final menses.
4.Postmenopause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vaginal dryness
Oestrogen deficiency during menopause leads to thinning of epithelium, which eventually cause vaginal atrophy. The vagina looks pale, loss of rugae
and its pH is more than 6.0.
5.Sexual dysfunction
Decrease in blood flow to vagina and vulva results in decreased lubrication; thus dyspareunia.
6.Urinary symptoms
Low oestrogen results in atrophy of urethral epithelium and predisposes to stress or urge urinary incontinence.
7.Depression
Overall studies support an association between menopause and mood changes such as irritability and nervousness However, its association with true
depression is controversial.
8.Bone loss occurs as a secondary to oestrogen deficiency.
9.Breast pain is common to occur in early menopausal transition.
10.Skin changes
Oestrogen deficiency results in reduced collagen content of the skin/bones.
THERAPIES

Treatment is focused on women who are having moderate to severe symptoms only. There are variety treatment modalities for menopause, ranging
from life style and behavioural changes, herbal preparation and hormonal replacement.
1.Behavioural changes, which include keeping cool temperature, having regular exercise and relaxation

Anorexia Nervos A Type Of Eating Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa, a type of eating disorder, is occurring to many individuals in today's time. To be diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa a person must
meet the following criteria: going more than eight waking hours without eating, skipping meals, limiting the amount of calories being taken in, and
eating as little as possible when meals are consumed (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Behaviors can be expressed to certain degrees and can
ultimately be learned and acquired by other individuals. A person can be diagnosed withAnorexia Nervosa even though they have never been exposed
to it by a family member or any other individual they are in frequent contact with. Although, there can be a higher possibility to be diagnosed with
Anorexia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An individual with Anorexia Nervosa or any other eating disorder has many visible and invisible symptoms. Observed is the individual losing weight
rapidly and dangerously, but not only are physical changes occurring. Other factors that can be affected by the individual experiencing Anorexia
Nervosa are poor body dissatisfaction, social comparison, low self–esteem, and depression in eating disturbances (Green et al., 2009). The factors
mentioned would fit into the mental challenges category compared to physical. Although these characteristics cannot be physically seen they can
still be observed in how the individual expresses himself/herself to others. A previous study showed that there is a statistically significant
relationship between eating disorders and unipolar depression, in which depression is a predictor for an eating disorder (Green et al., 2009).
Depression like eating disorders has visible characteristics that can be observed and learned by others. Depression can be classified as a mental
challenge that an individual with Anorexia Nervosa experiences. An individual experiencing depression can express symptoms to others and can
therefore also be observed. The link between unipolar depression and eating disorders provides information relating to one of the mental challenges
experienced and provides one of

Treating Infertility
Infertility has become so widespread today that the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized it as a disease (World Health Organization
2009). In developed countries, approximately 15% of the population is infertile (Petraglia, Serour & Chapron 2013), and infertility in females alone
accounts for 37% of these causes (Unuane et al. 2011). Over the past decade, efficient techniques aimed at treating infertility have become widely
available throughout the developed world and have been the subject of public discussion and media attention. These range from non–invasive
techniques such as the use of fertility drugs aimed at hormonal stimulation, to more invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or intrauterine
insemination. In the midst of increasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physicians are continually faced with the increasing numbers of women athletes whose menstrual cycles have been interrupted (Wall, Belcastro &
Cumming 1983) as more females are getting involved in physical fitness and competitive sports. These disturbances to the menstrual cycle reflect
"different degrees of ovarian suppression and are accompanied by inadequate follicular development and impaired fertility" (Zanker 2006, p.489)
Research has shown that intense exercise may lead to alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, affecting gonadotropin, estrogen,
progesterone and androgen release (Baker 1981). This is indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction termed as functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea,
characterized by the disruption of the pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus which in turn causes diminished ovarian stimulation (Zanker
2006). This disruption of the GnRH pulsatile secretion appears to be caused by the stress of exercise as exercise is deemed a chronic stressor that
activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Loucks, Verdun & Heath 1998). This affects the GnRH secreting neurons and disrupts the
GnRH pulse generator via the effects of corticotropin–releasing hormone and negative feedback effects of cortisol (Rivier & Rivest 1991). Furthermore,
studies also found that energy expenditure from vigorous and frequent exercise can reduce energy availability enough that it suppresses Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) pulsatility (Loucks et al. 1998), thereby diminishing ovarian stimulation. Female athletes who exercise regularly generally have low
body fat levels and this is correlated to low leptin levels as the hormone is produced by white fat cells and reflects fat mass. (Zanker 2006). Leptin
plays a critical role to the hypothalamus as it functions as a metabolic signal of energy availability, and decreased leptin signals to the

Eating Disorders Essay
Eating Disorders
An eating disorder is a serious disruption of a persons eating habits, in some cases it may be a reflection of abnormal psychological functioning. The
two most common eating disorders are, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Both of these eating disorders are most common among adolescent
girls, but they do occur amongst older people and are becoming more and more frequent amongst men. Also they were originally only found in
European countries but are becoming more common all over the world.
Anorexia nervosa
This is a disorder where the person fears that they might become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Body–image distortion
People who have anorexia don?t see their own thinness, often they continue to see themselves as being fat, despite the fact that often their bones can
clearly be seen. People who have anorexia also often deny the seriousness of their low body weight, their thinness is considered vital to their high self
esteem.
Amenorrhoea
This means the cessation of the menstrual cycle. The absence of periods for more then 3 months is a clinical characteristic of anorexia. The lack of
the menstrual cycle is caused by the reduced weight. There are sometimes other physical symptoms such as paleness and loss of hair.
Characteristics of bulimia
There are five listed characteristics for bulimia.
Binge

People who develop bulimia often engage in secret binge eating. This involves eating an excessive amount of food in a short space of time, and
feeling a lack of control over the eating during this period.
Purge
After the episode of binging, the individual will be likely to purge, to compensate for the over indulgence and to prevent weight gain. This is achieved
by self induced vomiting or misuse of medications. Alternatively the individual may stop eating for a long period of time to compensate for the
bingeing.
Frequency
To be diagnosed as suffering from

Unit 30 P2
Unit 30 – Health Psychology Models of health related behaviour and contemporary issues in health psychology. In this assignment I will
concentrate on two theories of behaviour; health belief model (HBM) and the Theory of Reasoned Action. I will also look at factors that affect our
approach to health and illness; poverty and age. Finally I will look at two different specific health issues; addiction and eating disorders, I will also
look at the similarities and the differences between eating disorders and addictions. P1. In this part of my assignment I will describe 2 different
theories of behaviour change in relation to health. The Health Belief Model was originally founded by Rosenstock in 1966 and was later amended by...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the model that ageing is displayed most commonly through media and advertising, where older people are characterised as hard of hearing,
bent over, using a walking stick and suffering from dementia and other mental health disorders. The alternative model to this is the 'personal
growth model'. This model provides the positive on ageing, or growing older; becoming wiser, seeing children grow up, grandchildren, great
grandchildren, spare time for hobbies; sewing, kitting. When on a placement in a care home, the elderly were treated without respect, they were
shouted at by the staff and poor manual handling was used when moving the elderly residents. This was just one care home out of hundreds, not
all care homes are like this and the clients will be treated with respect and dignity. Some people stereotype people who are older. In the UK, 1in 20
people over 65 have been refused treatment by the NHS; with 1 in 10 people over 50 believe that this was because of their age. Poverty also
influences our responses to health and illness. The level of income below that which people cannot afford a minimum, nutritionally adequate diet,
suitable and secure housing, heating and hot water, and beds to sleep on. There are many major impacts of what poverty can do to health, are caused
by the absence of; Safe water – if water is unsafe

Case Study of a Pathological Disorder: Hyperthyroidism
Depth Case Study Pathological Disorder Hyperthyroidism Historical information Hyperthyroidism is a disorder also referred to as an overactive
thyroid. This is a condition where the thyroid develops a growth and produces excess amounts of triiodothyronine and other thyroid hormones. The
disorder occurs when the elevated serum amounts of T3 and T4 enters the glands. This is one of the most common forms of hyperthyroidism. The
major causes of hyperthyroidism are an excess secretion of thyroid hormones together with increased functioning of metabolism in the peripheries of
the glands. Historically, hyperthyroidism has not been known for a good amount of time. The symptoms that result in the disorder are often hard to
depict. It was until the disorder was discovered among patients that the problem was studied and analyzed for treatment and prevention (Preedy et al
2009). Background Hyperthyroidism is related to another disorder called thyrotoxicosis. This different disorder is closely related to this infection in its
causal mechanisms, signs, and symptoms. In most cases, the two are confused because they have similar causes, symptoms, and signs, among other
characteristics. Thyrotoxicosis is present with or without the origin of the problem being at the thyroid glands. Several other infections and disorders
attack this section of the body. Nonetheless, hyperthyroidism is the most common disorder. There are various causes of hyperthyroidism in human
beings. They are

Essay on The Fear of Fat Criterion Within the DSM IV
As our society is bombarded with the images of manufactured beauty and "thinness", conversations increasingly center on dieting and body
dissatisfaction. The media advertises weight loss products in the form of pills, drinks, surgery, fitness equipment and support groups to mold
individuals into the proposed ideal form. This evidence alone suggests a strong case for the possibility of a pathological fear of fat. Is this fear,
however, the driving force behind all cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? According to the DSM IV, the fear of gaining weight is essential for these
diagnoses to be made. Strong arguments have been made both in favor and against modifying the existing criteria to allow for the diagnosis and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To observe the impact of culture on attitudes towards eating and perception of body shape, Lake, Staiger and Glowinski (1999) conducted a study using
140 female students from 2 Australian universities. The students were divided into 2 groups – those who were born in Australia (98) and those who
were born in Hong Kong (42). The Students born in Hong Kong were further divided into 2 groups – a weak Chinese ethnic identity group (Western
acculturized) and a strong Chinese ethnic identity group (Traditional) using the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS).
All subjects were given the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), a commonly used and well
–validated measure (Garner et. al 1979; Garner et. al 1982), to
assess attitudes towards eating. The Figure Rating Scale (FRS), used in similar research due to its high test–retest reliability (Thompson et. al, 1991),
was used to determine perception of body shape. The scores from these tests were then compared with the subjects' cultural orientation.
The results showed significantly higher scores on the EAT (indicating more negative attitudes toward eating) in the traditional Hong Kong born
subjects than that of their acculturized counterparts, while the acculturized Hong Kong born subjects' scores were significantly lower than those of the
Australian born subjects. In other words, between groups (Hong Kong born v. Australian born) there was no significant difference, but

Anorexia nervosa, a medical condition defined by an...
Anorexia nervosa, a medical condition defined by an abnormal or pronounced lack of appetite, has become a household recognized condition due to
its prevalence and impact. Anorexia nervosa is a major eating disorder that disrupts everyday life, resulting in extreme thinness, hormonal imbalances,
behavioral signs, and health issues that can lead to death. While the disease strikes across all gender, races, and classes, the victims affected are
typically young, healthy, and attractive women of successful families. The average girl affected usually ages between thirteen and nineteen years old
(Landau 3). This disorder has increased rapidly over the last ten years, becoming more common each year (Landau 2–3). Women faced with both a
biological... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the anorectic victim continues to get worse and not eat, the disease becomes much more serious with more prominent health risks arising, and such
long–term risks of heart problems, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and death. Furthermore, anorexia nervosa has many internal health issues. One of the
largest treatment hospitals in the UK, Maudsley Hospital shares how people with anorexia have variations in genes for serotonin receptors, which
determines appetite(South London and Maudsley). Serotonin is described to be involved in everyday behaviors of sleep, hunger, response, behavior,
depression, and anxiety (Website on Eating Disorder). High levels of serotonin and loss of appetite are linked with constant stress and anxiety. If too
much serotonin is being distributed to the body, this will have a large effect on how much the person eats and feels hungry. Therefore, this
misdistribution in serotonin leads to eating disorders because the body is not correctly balanced. Many scientists and doctors have studied the
correlation between depression and eating disorders. When physicians test and examine young teenagers who are believed to be anorexic, amenorrhea
is the most common symptom. Amenorrhea is the lack of a menstrual cycle and occurs because the body is not at the ideal body weight for the given
height and age (Gross and Gidwani 41). The combination of the drastic weight loss and weakening of the

Symptoms And Treatment Of Therapeutic Therapy For Patients...
Mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone is an antineoplastic drug, meaning that it inhibits the growth of cancerous cells.[1,2] It is licensed for use in UK in the treatment of
leukaemia, Non–Hodgkin's lymphoma and breast cancer which has spread to other organs (metastasis)[3]. It can also be used in non–resectable
primary hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer which has not metastasised, but cannot be removed by surgical intervention).[3] Dosages for these
indications tend to be around 12mg/m2 of body surface area (BSA), and is administered in cycles of treatment due to mitoxantrone's cell cycle
non–specificity [2]; this regime is also in line with those administered in the US.[4] Although primarily anticancer treatment, Mitoxantrone has been
approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Admiration in the US) for use in patients with multiple sclerosis who experience relapses (acute worsening of
their MS symptoms) and where their condition is deemed to be progressive.[1,4] It is currently not licensed by the MHRA for use in MS.[3] The drug
is formulated as a liquid, bright blue in colour[3], which is injected or infused intravenously. [1]
Mitoxantrone is part of the anthracenedione group of drugs,[1,2,4,5] although it is an anthracycline derivative, making it similar in structure and mode
of action of other chemotherapeutic agent such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin (figure 1)[5]. Mitoxantrone's base structure is that of
9,10–anthraquinone, with the addition of two hydroxyl groups on one of the

Anorexia Nervosa, Case Study
1. The case study. Christine is a sixteen year old girl who has severely restricted her dietary intake. She is currently forty nine kilograms and height
163cm. Her mother says she was 60kgs six months ago. In form three, at age fifteen, Christine was removed from the public school she was
attending and put into a private school, where she was awarded the dux prize. She did not have any friends during this year as she spent all recesses
in the library, reporting that ate alone as she 'had no friends to eat with anyway'. Her mother says that she attends roller skating sessions up to five
nights a week and believes she does this to lose weight. She is pre–occupied with food and is constantly cooking for the family. She does not sit down
with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Downy hair over the body (lanugo), insomnia and early wakening are also characteristic (Wozniak, Rekleite and Roupa, 2012). 3. Key elements to
recovery include patient oriented recovery, therapeutic relationships, collaboration. Reduce further deterioration and complications of the illness.
The patient is admitted to a psychiatric ward when the risk of death either from suicide or physical effects of starvation is high (ASEN, 2002).
During treatment, as a patient's weight increases, anxiety and depression may return, increasing the risk of suicide (Asen, 2002). A comprehensive
psychiatric assessment will be carried out including a mental state exam (MSE) and a risk assessment. Depression is assessed with Hamilton
Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale or Beck as depression and anxiety are associated with AN (ANZCPG, 2004). Medication may be prescribed in
the form of antidepressants such as fluoxetine; olanzapine decreases hyperactivity of AN and may reduce overvalued ideas about food, shape and
weight (ANZCPG, 2004). The nurse will monitor vital signs, weight and other tests including, blood tests for deficiencies such as anaemia, electrolyte
balance and cardiac function with ECG (ANZCPG, 2004). In the first stage of

Symptoms And Treatment Of A Call
On Thursday, the 4th of December 2014 at 0730hrs, a call was received of a forty one (41) year old female whose chief complaint was abdominal
pain with nil other symptoms. The call was assigned Code Two, and the crew was dispatched to the private residence the call originated from. On
arrival, the patient was found in the main bedroom laying supine, guarding the lower abdominal area and as the crew entered the room, the patient
curled up onto her side. The patient stated eight out of ten (8/10) pain located inferior to the umbilical region to right iliac, that came on suddenly after
urination. Pain was worse on movement and palpation, and nausea followed pain. On initial examination, the patient was well perfused, all vital signs
were within normal ranges and nil further complaints. Abdomen was soft, non–tender on palpitation, non–distended, and patient denied any blood or
dark coloured stools, nil urinary symptoms, nil constipation. Patient was given 3mL of methoxyflurane to assist with extrication to vehicle, with partial
effect until patient became non–compliant with use. Patient was then given 50mcg of Fentanyl with good effect, bringing pain down to two out of ten
(2/10). Enroute to the hospital, the patient became pale, diaphoretic, nauseous and dizzy with continuous abdominal pain. Patient became hypotensive,
however all other vital signs remained stable. Upgraded to code one enroute to the hospital as the patients vital signs deteriorated, from a blood
pressure of

Bipolar Disorder : A Deep Rooted Sickness
Bipolar disorder is a deep rooted sickness. Scenes of lunacy and depression in the long run can happen again in the event that you don 't get
treatment. Numerous individuals infrequently keep on having manifestations, even in the wake of getting treatment for their bipolar issue. Some
types of bipolar issue are: Bipolar I disorder involves periods of severe mood episodes from mania to depression. Bipolar II issue is a milder type
of state of mind height, including milder scenes of hypomania that other with times of extreme dejection. Cyclothymic turmoil portrays times of
hypomania with brief times of gloom that are not as broad or durable as found in full depressive scenes. Other Problem is feeding and eating
disorders such as Bulimia Nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors such as
self–induced vomiting to avoid weight gain. Dissociative disorders are conditions that include interruptions or breakdowns of memory, mindfulness,
personality, or observation. Individuals with dissociative issue use separation, a safeguard component, pathologically and automatically. Dissociative
disorders are thought to fundamentally be brought on by mental injury The study tried the theory that patients with comorbid bipolar and substance use
issue use wellbeing administrations to a more noteworthy degree than patients with either bipolar or substance use issue alone. Techniques: A review
graph audit was led among

Female Athlete : Female Athletes
Female Athlete Repercussion
How many times have we all sat glued to our televisions during the summer or winter Olympics, admiring the young female athletes competing in such
sports as gymnastics, swimming, track, and ice–skating? Behind those beautiful, slim bodies a serious condition may be lurking, one that is not a
popular topic of discussion among many coaches and even overly ambitious parents. Nowadays, girls at a very young age are becoming more and
more involved in competitive sports that require intense workout regimes. Coaches are more frequently telling these young ladies that they need to
"lose that ugly fat" and "do whatever it takes" to maintain a low body weight. Even society praises extremely thin and fit bodies. Just ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three components of the triad are eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, lack of menstruation (also known as secondary amenorrhea) due
to low estrogen production, and osteoporosis, or thinning of the bones. The specific component of the triad syndrome I am focusing on is amenorrhea.
It is a condition that is associated with reductions in heart, reproductive, and bone health. It can be classified as either late onset of menstruation or
loss of menses for at least three months. The first symptom of the triad generally begins with an eating disorder, a very serious and widespread
problem among young female athletes. If left untreated, anorexia or bulimia can lead to amenorrhea.
Amenorrhea is a condition of which I have first–hand knowledge. As a former gymnastic competitor and a current teacher in our family–owned gym, I
have seen the effects that strenuous exercise and low calorie intake can have on a young, fragile body. Any girl or young woman who competes in
sports such as gymnastics, ice–skating, dance, or running is especially vulnerable. Sometimes the very traits that make her successful –competitiveness,
stubbornness and perfectionism – also make her more susceptible to amenorrhea. She will do anything to run a little faster or perform a little better,
while maintaining low body weight so that she will look perfect doing it. But being under such intense pressure to

The Role Of Eating Disorders In Children
The aim of this poster:
The aim of this poster is to gather information about eating disorders in children between the ages of 6 and 15 and to see if there is being done as
much for these children as there is for adolescents and adults who suffer from an eating disorder. I also aim to see what there is being done both
through education and policies as well as through the media.
Why I chose this topic:
I chose to do eating disorders in children as I thought there wasn't a lot of awareness surrounding this issue. A lot of children between the ages of 6
and 15 suffer from an eating disorder, yet a lot of people only talk about eating disorders in teenagers and adults (16+).
What does society think:
When society talks about eating disorders ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The policy I called the Nutrition Policy and the aims of this policy are: to teach students about nutrition, advice students through the appropriate people,
support those students who have a problem (and are aware of it), identify students who have an eating disorder, prevent the development of eating
disorders, advise students on effective and healthy nutrition and articulate a protocol addressing students' problems. (The Royal School of Ballet 2014).
Another policy that is commonly used in schools to help prevent eating disorders is the Eating Disorder Policy which is generally used in schools and
colleges, the aims of this policy are: Alert the staff of risk factors and warning signs, provide support to students who are suffering from an eating
disorder, to provide support to teachers who are helping other students and to increase understanding and awareness of eating disorders. (Knight–Smith

Essay on Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder often found in young adolescent women, that has been characterized by a distorted attitude towards weight and
body image, a set of behaviors calculated to produce weight loss and other physiological and psychological symptoms. Physiological symptoms include
(according to the DSM III– R criteria) starvation, amenorrhoea, and a refusal to maintain weight above 85% of their ideal weight. Psychological
symptoms include an obsessive pursuit of thinness, along with obvious body preoccupation, and an incessant rumination about food. In addition, they
are also engaged in compulsive calorie counting and excessive physical exercise. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In response to their obsessions, most people with OCD resort to repetitive behaviors called compulsions. The most common of these are washing and
checking. Other compulsive behaviors include counting, repeating, hoarding, and endlessly rearranging objects in an effort to keep them in precise
alignment with each other. Some people with OCD have regimented rituals while others have rituals that are complex and changing. Performing rituals
may give the person with OCD some relief from anxiety, but it is only temporary. People with OCD usually have considerable insight into their own
problems. Most of the time, they know that their obsessive thoughts are senseless or exaggerated, and that their compulsive behaviors are not really
necessary. However, this knowledge is not sufficient to enable them to stop obsessing or carrying out the rituals.
After reading the description of Anorexia and OCD, one can identify many similar symptoms among the two disorders. In addition to these common
symptoms, there are biological similarities as well, since serotonin dysfunction has been implicated as one of the possible causes of OCD and
anorexia (as well as bulimia nervosa). These factors have led many investigators to study the relationship between anorexia and OCD. Most systematic
and controlled studies using a large sample have concluded that there is an association between the two disorders. Various investigators found that
OCD was more common in anorexic

Assessment of the Patient with Acute Abdominal Pain
earmngzone CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Because of a printing error this leaming zone article was not printed in full in last
week's issue. I t is reproduced here in full. Please use this version when referencing the article. Page 76 Guidelines on how to write a practice profile
Assessment of the patient with acute abdominal pain NS344 Cole E et ai (2006) Assessment of the patient with acute abdominal pain. Nursing
Standard. 20, 39,67–75. Date of acceptance: October 10 2005. Summary Abdominal pain has many causes, from simple to complex presentations.
Patients with abdominal pain may have a number of physiological and psychological needs. Nurses have a key role to play in patient assessment,
history taking and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Check in an anatomy and physiology textbook to see if you are correct. Causes of abdominal pain ^ ^ 1 1 Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant , ; Acute surgical emergencies constitute about 50 per cent of all general surgical admissions. About
halfofthese are for abdominal symptoms, predominantly pain, and half of this group resolve withtiut operation, Tbe rest undergo emergency surgery or
a scheduled procedure during the same admission (Birkittand Quick 2002), The common causes of abdominal pain are summarised, however, this is
not an exhaustive list. Appendicitis Appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency (Longmoreei a/2004). Appendicitis is inflammation ofthe
appendix, and as the inГLimmatory process begins, there is colicky pain that usually starts around the umbilicus or epigastrium. However, as the
inflammation increases and the peritoneum becomes involved, the pain shifts to the right iliac fossa (within the right lower quadrant). Associated
symptoms may include loss of appetite, vomiting, constipation and occasional diarrhoea. Biliary colic Biliary colic describes tbe symptoms caused by
intermittent cystic duct or common bile duct obstruction caused by gallstones. Typically patients are female and overweight. Pain is usually colicky
and localised in tbe right upper quadrant and in the epigastrium radiating to tbe back. Pain has a sudden onset and is

Eating Disorders : An Eating Disorder Essay
Dear Benji,
I hope everything is well in your life. We've been friends for over 10 years now and you and I could both agree that we know each other very well.
However, I have been noticing unusual behavior from you in the past few months. Is everything alright? I want you to feel comfortable enough to talk
to me about any problems that are going on in your life. I'm concerned about you.
Benji I suspect you have an eating disorder.in particular, anorexia. An eating disorder is a psychological disorder that interferes with peoples eating
habits. Eating disorders falls under the avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder category. Eating disorders are more prevalent in women than in men.
Over 10 million women and 10 million men suffer from an eating disorder. But, Anorexia Nervosa is more common among Caucasians. Eating
disorders impacts women everyday by inaccurately depicting an idea of how their body image should look like.
Benji I noticed how thin your hair was when I was straightening last week. Every time I combed through your hair masses of strings would fall on
the floor. Then when we were at the nail salon Friday, the nail technician complained of how brittle your nails were. And you began to act very
defensive when your mom complained about how much weight you've lost. When we're in the cafeteria you make up excuses as to why you can't
eat. I haven't seen you eat a meal in weeks. Benji you're so thin but seem to complain of how overweight you are whenever you walk

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