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- 1. Ecological(Systems:( Inventory(and(Analysis( Ecological(Systems(Inventory( • Physical(A8ributes( • Biological(A8ributes( • Historical(and(Cultural( A8ributes( Physical(A8ributes( • Geology( • Physiography( • Soils( • Hydrology( • Climate( ( Biological(A8ributes( • VegetaAon( • Wildlife(
- 2. Historical(and(Cultural(A8ributes( • Land(use( • Legal( • UAliAes( • CirculaAon( • Historic( • Sensory( Geology( • Bedrock( – Underlying(formaAons( • Formed(through(different(processes( • Depth(to(bedrock( • Seismic(hazards( • Solubility,(permeability,(strength( • Major(determinant(in(soil(types( • Through(soils(affects(vegetaAon(and( wildlife( • Controls(availability(and(movement( of(groundwater( • Surficial( – Surface(deposits( • Deposited(by(wind,(water(or(gravity( • Inherent(qualiAes(associated(with( method(of(deposiAon( (
- 3. (( Physiography( • ElevaAon( – High/low(points(and(relaAve(form( and(orientaAon( – ElevaAons(effects(on(temperature( and(precipitaAon( • Slope( – Suitability(for(building,(slope( categories( – Effects(on(erosion(potenAal( – Drainage(implicaAons,(flat(vs.(Steep( sites,(excessive(runoff(with( impermeable(soils( • Aspect( – Views(and(visibility( – Solar(orientaAon(and(exposure(to( prevailing(winds( ( Soils( • Soil(type(and(important(characterisAcs(
- 4. – FerAlity( – Erodibility( – Porosity( – Soil(profile( – Grain(size,(clay,(silt,(sand( – Building(potenAal( • Landfills(of(disturbed(soil( • Hardpan( • Corrosive,(organic(or(urban(or(made( land( • Bearing(capacity( • Stability( – Expansiveness( – PotenAal(for(slumping(or( sliding( – Angle(of(repose( ( ( Hydrology( • Groundwater( – Depth(to(seasonal(water(table( – Aquifer(recharge(( – Effects(of(land(uses(on(water(quality(
- 5. – Seeps(and(springs( – Wells(and(overdraVs( • Surface(hydrology( – Catchments,(drainage(basins,( watersheds( – Sheet(flow(and(swales( – Stream(order,(form(and(hydraulics,( erosion(and(sedimentaAon( – Flood(potenAal( – Water(quality(and(chemistry( – Principle(sculptor(of(land(form( – Moves(material(throughout(the( landscape( – Relevance(for(vegetaAon(and(wildlife( ( ( Climate( • General(climaAc(influences( – Seasonal(weather(pa8erns( • Solar(access( • Wind( • PrecipitaAon( • Major(weather(events( • MicroclimaAc(variaAon( – ElevaAon(effects( – Human(effects(
- 6. – Effects(of(surface(material( – Topographic(variaAon( • Fog(pockets( • Cold(air(drainage( • Solar(orientaAon( • Rain(shadow( VegetaAon( • Plant(communiAes( • ExoAc(or(invasive(species( • Specimens( • Habitat(value( • Age(and(sucsessional(stage( • PotenAal(indicator(of(soil( condiAons( • Tied(to(topography,(soils,( hydrology,(climate(and( various(biological(and( geomorphological(funcAons( Wildlife( • Indicator(species( • Endangered(or( threatened(species( • Transport(mechanism( • Habitat(connecAvity,(
- 7. edge(effects(and(ranges( • Urban/nature(interface( Land(Use( • Land(use(classificaAon( – Intensity( • Impermeable(surfaces( • Toxicity( • PotenAal(to(introduce( exoAc(or(invasive(species( • Prior(land(use( – Landscape(restructuring( • Adjacent(land(uses( ( Legal( • PoliAcal(boundaries(or( jurisdicAon( • Land(ownership( • Land(use(regulaAons( • Easements(or(legal( restricAons(
- 8. UAliAes( • Electric( • Sanitary(sewer( • Storm(sewer( • Gas( • Water( • TelecommunicaAons( CirculaAon( • Street(classificaAons( and(funcAon( • Cycle(paths( • Footpaths( • Tracks( • Overall(use(volumes( and(cycles( ( Historic(and(Cultural( • Buildings(and(landmarks( • Archaeological(sites( • Spiritual(and(cultural( landscape(significance( • Vernacular(a8ributes(
- 9. Sensory( • Visibility( • Visual(quality( • Noise( • Odors( InteracAons(and(Synthesis( • InteracAons(exist(because(these( parAcular(natural(processes(and( landscape(characterisAcs(have(been( resilient(and(found(ways(to(coZexist( (symbiosis)( • Importance(of(understanding( ecological(history(and( geomorphological(processes( • ConnecAvity,(flows(and( fragmentaAon( • Cultural(influences(or(impacts( • Dynamic(nature(of(all(landscapes( • Scale(and(hierarchy( Changing attitudes toward nature: From I/Thou to I/It 1. Fear and longing for security, personal relationship with
- 10. nature, dependent for daily existence 2. Growing self confidence, increased intelligence, working with natural rythms of nature 3. Aggressiveness and conquest 4. Responsibility and awareness, unification with nature Fear and longing for security First Civilizations and the Requirements of a City 1. Production of surplus food 2. Some form of written communication 3. Social organization to ensure continuity of supplies and control of labor force 4. Technological expertise demonstrated through the development of higher quality tools Early Cities of Jericho & Catal Huyuk Defensive Character
- 11. Home’s entry through a hole in the roof Later Cities – Ur and Uruk Well established farms Plows and calendars Circular villages with open space in the middle for grazing Traded food demonstrating evidence of government structure Temenos – religious center Egyption Civilization 3000 BC – 100 AD Long established and prosperous Good geographic position for trade Isolated, safe and protected by mountains and the sea Flooding of the Nile led to regeneration of fertile
- 12. farms 95% of the population lived off 3% of the land Flooding was predictable Structures for daily life on the east side of the Nile while Temples and Tombs were built on the west side Gods were of the natural elements (i.e. Pharoah is the Sun God) Advanced agriculture using plows and irrigation Major architectural structures Growing self confidence Greek Civilization 750 – 146 BC Culturally-oriented society, intellectual and philosophical Mild climate led to communal lifestyle Leisure time with outdoor public meeting and
- 13. drama in amphitheaters Most private residences were basic and a secondary place Democratic society that met in public to discuss issues Not much concern with gardens Greek City State, Athens • Acropolis – original nucleus of city state, politically and strategically important • Defensive walls – visible impression of strength, edge between urban and rural • Agora – city market place and daily gathering space • Panathenic Way – path to acropolis from one city state to another Classical Roman Civilization
- 14. 753 BC – 500 AD Early Romans lived in small hamlets At its peak, the Roman Empire extended from Middle East to western Europe. Major contributions included town planning, codified laws and legal procedures, civil engineering, extensive highways and aquaducts. Roman residence typically created with an atrium. Roman lifestyle included public baths and outdoor theaters. Significant design contributions – Forum, Coliseum, Circus Maximus. Ancient Rome: Forum, Coliseum and Environs
- 15. Roman Aquaduct Pont du Gard, France Avignon, France Coloseum, Rome Roman Cities, Pompeii Roman City at Ephesus, Turkey Medieval Europe – Early Renaissance, 570- 1420AD From decline of Roman Empire to 15th century Period of instability, plague, turmoil and barbarism Lifestyle based in agriculture and tied to social/political structure Castle building was extensive due to constant wars Defensive attitudes prevailed
- 16. Extensive deforestation Towns were dense with dark winding streets Heavy forms of architecture – Gothic style Crusades took place from 1095-1200 AD Social Structure King – all powerful, gave land to Lords Lord – offered protection to king, gave land to Vassels Vassel – responsible for protecting land for Lord and own land Knights – Vassel had knights to serve and protect, knight had status but no land Serfs – peasants worked land 3 days for Vassel and 3 days for themselves Agressiveness and conquest Mont St. Michel, France 10th Century Located on a rock island Good example of a medieval town Easily defended
- 17. Monastery or church takes a dominant position Monastic Movement Isolationist An attempt to withdraw from unpleasant life Site monasteries and towns out of the way On hilltops or somehow separated from populated areas The Renaissance Early Renaissance 1420 – 1500 Late Renaissance 1500 – 1600 Baroque 1600 – 1700 Rococo (Neoclassical) 1750 - 1900 4 Aspects of Transformation to the Renaissance Discovery of the marvel of the sunlit world Increased attention to humans as individuals using human body for proportion (Da Vinci) Re-emphasis of classical knowledge
- 18. Natural world recognized for its wholeness with an understand of human’s role Venice, Italy Renaissance City Early French Renaissance Chateau Chenanceau, Loire Valley Built in 1513 under Francois I for Thomas Bohier (Royal Treasurer) Built on a foundation of and old fortified mill Example of French poetic design Still some defensive characteristics from the dark ages
- 19. Chateau Chambord, Loire Valley Started in 1519 by Francois I as a hunting lodge Created in a forested park Great swaths cut through the forest for hunting Clearings where allees crossed Influence from Moorish design Chateau Villandry Loire Valley, River Cher Late Renaissance Chateau and Gardens Chateau started in 1536 by Jean Le Breton a minister of Francois I Quintessential Renaissance garden Converted to English garden in 19th century but restored to Renaissance garden in 20th century
- 20. A series of “emblems” – boxwood hedges filled with annuals punctuated with topiary and leaping fountains Shapes are often symbolic Meant to be viewed from above A tapestry of vegetation Includes a labyrinth Villa Lante Bagnaia, Italy Built in 1566 Water used as a focal point Buildings a central part of the design 4 separate levels Was an old hunting preserve
- 21. Uses symmetry extensively Has an architectonic character Features include Fountain of the Dolphins and cascading stairs Villa D’Este Tivoli, Italy Garden constructed in 1675 Built for Cardinal D’Este who liked to entertain Extensive use of water taken from nearby river Gravity flow throughout with development of hydraulics Spectacular water features
- 22. Central axis parallel to Villa Water organ and terrace of 1000 fountains major features Baroque Period Design, 1600-1750 Early renaissance - order, balance, static symmetry, static space Baroque - dynamic movement through space Active design More ornamentation Beauty to grotesque Exaggeration of space Garden Designer: Andre Le Notre
- 23. Designed many gardens including Versailles and the Tuilleries The idea of compartmentalism seen in Italian gardens was abandoned in favor of design with totally organized space The garden was no longer an extension of the building The building became a part of the overall composition Use of solid rather than 2 dimensional geometry Worked with undulating sites Started to see Baroque quality of unity with the sky using reflections As you move away from the building the scale expands Designed to appear complete but further investigation reveals other spaces
- 24. Chateau Versailles, Paris Constructed 1661-1756 Built for Louis XIV after he saw Veaux le Vicomte Originally a hunting lodge Extensive use of site lines and development of perspective Scale is extensive Shapes of spaces are defined by trees and punctuated by fountains Key elements – the grand perspective, subordinate side gardens and expressive fountains Use of forest and sky in composition
- 25. French/Italian Differences Italy Hilly, rolling landscape Warmer, sunny climate Rocky and dry Urban focus France Flat, forested landscape Rainy, temperate Climate Rural focus Not concerned with defense Estates were open Emphasis on entertainment, courtyards, vistas and gardens Emerged during the Tudor period, Henry VIII- Elizabeth I
- 26. Elizabethan style drew from France and Italy with an English flavor Small intimate spaces in gardens Most landscape elements superficial and for show Idealized view of nature = “picturesque” Distortion of nature – Cosmetic Use of soft edges Reflects a soft pastoral landscape of British countryside Influenced later designers including Frederick Law Olmsted Originally in private gardens and later in parks Lasting effect of park design Key English designers were Lancelot “Capability” Brown and Humphrey Repton English “Picturesque”
- 27. Landscapes 1500-1750 Garden City Movement Reaction to poor living and working conditions resulting from industrialization. Better surroundings.. Improved worker attitude and health.. Benefits to industry New town planning concepts Visionaries - Robert Owen, Cadbury Brothers, Lever Brothers, Ebaneezer Howard Howard’s Garden City Concept 9 Principles 1. Town-country
- 28. 2. Transportation 3. Limited size 4. Land held in trust 5. Control of Planning 6. Wards 7. Spaciousness 8. Industrial employment 9. Dispersal of towns Emergence of American Landscape Values US writers like Andrew Jackson Downing romanticize nature Downing is the first American writer to deal with landscape architecture with “A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening Adapted to North
- 29. America (1841) Had a strong interest in visual quality (natural and cultural) Downing helped awaken people to improve their property Responsibility and Awareness CENTRAL PARK <<first <previ o u s next> last>> Central Park,
- 30. Greensward Plan Transverse roadways Boundary planting Vistas and views of natural scenery A grand avenue or mall Long, winding carriage drives Bridle trails Pedestrian walkways winding through A parade ground Playgrounds for active childgren’s play Lakes for boating, vistas and winter ice skating Flower gardens and an arboretum CENTRAL PARK <<first
- 31. <previ o u s Frederick Law Olmsted, Father of American Landscape Architecture Design sensitivity Strong spatial organization Functional reasons for composition Logical blending of site and use Emphasized design effect of plant composition not hort. Specimen Politcally Astute Active in getting projects completed Credible image both personally and professionally Travel and Observation Visted many countries abroad Traveled extensively in USA
- 32. Wrote of his observations Through critical analyisis, translated observations into improved design skills Sincerity for Welfare of the General Public Work was not just a commission Not an interim job to something bigger Developed a real concern for Landscape Preservation Acted at national level to lay groundwork for National Parks Service CENTRAL PARK <<first <previ ous next>
- 33. last>> ZION NATIONAL PARK <<first <previ o u s next> last>> Landscape Preservation and the Creation of National Parks Olmsted and others were engaged in identifying landscapes for preservation Yosemite Valley was discovered in 1851 Recognized for scenic value in 1864 by Federal Act as
- 34. 1st Scenic Area for Public Enjoyment Olmsted appointed as one of the commissioners In 1872 Yellowstone established as 1st National Park In 1890 3 more established Yosemite, Sicoya and General Grant National Antiquities Act passed in 1906 – Mesa Verde National Park Provided further ability to preserve landscapes of historical significance Naturalist John Muir was instrumental in conserving valuable landscapes John Muir and Frederick Law Olmsted worked together to get the National Parks Act passed in 1916 First division of landscape architecture created in NPS in 1918 National Parks Service now includes hundreds of National Parks, National Monuments and National Recreation Areas and employs hundreds of landscape
- 35. architects ARCHES NATIONAL PARK Reasons for Establishing National Parks Scenic Protection Uniqueness Historical Significance THE MALL <<first <previ
- 36. ous next> last>> THE MALL <<first <previ o u s next> last>> Federal Agencies Involved in Landscape Management • National Parks Service
- 37. • US Forest Service • Bureau of Land Management • Fish and Wildlife Service • US Geologic Survey • Natural Resource Conservation Service • Environmental Protection Agency • Bureau of Reclamation • Army Corps of Engineers Changing Attitudes and Perceptions of Landscapes Earliest Human Settlements -subordinance and dependence -at mercy of nature Early Civilizations: Greater Understanding of Nature
- 38. -Used knowledge of natural process to advantage -Still not able to control nature Classical: Greater Sophistication and Incorporation of Human Ideals -human ideals emerge -transformation from belief in natural gods to human gods -greater ability to control nature Medieval: Defensive and Adversarial Landscapes -retrenchment, walling out hostile environment -strategic and defensive landscapes -more aggressiveness towards humans and landscapes Renaissance: Rebirth of Humanism -adaptation and manipulation of natural form for ornamentation
- 39. or human gratification -more intensive exploitation of landscapes -landscapes created to be seen not used -human logic and geometry as roots of design English Picturesque: Recreating Nature -humanistic interpretation of natural landscape -capturing superficial and cosmetic aspects of nature -creating image of landscape paintings CENTRAL PARK <<first <previ ous next>
- 40. last>> American Landscape Values: Landscapes for the people -further development of natural/pastoral landscape design -parks for public use -spatial integrity, design for human interaction http://129.219.73.76/Obj27652$314 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*1$314*24351 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*80$314*24352 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*80$314*24352 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*82$314*24353 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*131$314*24354 THE MALL <<first <previ ous next> last>>
- 41. Institutionalization of Landscape Values -regulation -preservation -education From I/Thou to I/It http://129.219.73.76/Obj27544$314 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*1$314*27538 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*405$314*27539 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*405$314*27539 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*407$314*27540 http://129.219.73.76/VIEO*423$314*27541 Theories, Defini-ons and Key Concepts What is landscape? What