Hinge Joint Research Paper

Hinge Joint Research Paper
Joints are articulations where two or more bones meet (Marieb 166). Joints hold bones together and
allow for the skeleton to move (Marieb 166). The hinge joint connects the humerus, radius, and
ulna. First, the hinge joint is a synovial joint. Synovial joints are joints that, "the articulating bone
ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid" (Marieb 169). The four features of
synovial joints are that the articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones, the joint surfaces are in
an articular capsule that is lined with synovial membrane, the articular capsule surrounds the joint
cavity, and the capsule is surrounded by reinforcing ligaments (Marieb 169). Additionally, synovial
joints are "freely movable" (Marieb 169). The hinge joint is classified as a synovial joint. "In a hinge
joint, the cylindrical end of the bone fits into a trough–shaped surface on another bone. Angular
movement is allowed in just one plane, like a mechanical hinge" (Marieb 170). This joint is found in
the elbow between the humerus, radius, and ulna. The hinge joint's function is that it allows for
movement in one axis and is classified as uniaxial (Marieb 170). ... Show more content on
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The Humerus makes up the arm and is a long bone (Marieb 160). "At the distal end of the humerus
is the medial trochlea which looks somewhat like a spool, and the lateral ball–like capitulum"
(Marieb 161). These two processes join together with the radius and ulna which are the two bones or
the forearm (Marieb 161). The ulna processes are allowed to move freely during flexion and
extension of the elbow due to the coronoid fossa and the olecranon fossa (Marieb 161). The
coronoid fossa is "a depression" (Marieb 161) above the trochlea anteriorly and the olecranon fossa
is on the posterior surface (Marieb 161). These two depressions allow the "ulna to move when the
elbow is extended and bent" (Marieb
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Joint Affliction Is Wrong
Many people world wide endure from joint agony. Whether it is extreme or moderate it affects
numerous men and women all over the world and it may have a significant impact on the
exceptional of persons's lives. Many partner joint discomfort with the elderly, however that is
comfortably not so. Plenty of age groups endure joint ache for more than a few factors, and it may
well impact rather a lot on their daily movements. Whether or not you're a sporting events man or
woman or no longer, anguish in the joints is a reality of lifestyles, that you do not need to tolerate.
There are numerous joint affliction therapies available in the market, and you just ought to find out
what your is, and take a look at to fix it in the right method.
Reasons Of Joint affliction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joint pain can most of the time be divided into a number of separate classes, or motives often.
Sometimes it may be a mixture of a couple

Ankle Joint Research Paper
The ankle joint is a rolling joint that gains most of its stability from osseous and ligamentous
structures. Congruence of distal articular surface of the tibia, fibula, and trochlear surface of the
talus aids in even distribution of weight–bearing forces on the joint. Medial ligamentous structures,
interosseous membrane, tibiofibular, lateral collateral ligaments, and tendinous structures assume
static stabilization role of the ankle. (10,11,22).
Although the ankle joint has significantly smaller surface area than the hip or knee, it withstands
five times the body weight during stance in walking and up to 13 times the body weight during
running (10,11, 17–19). Despite the increased weight–bearing force, the tibiotalar joint is more
resistant to development of primary osteoarthritis (OA). However, it is more susceptible to post–
traumatic arthritis based on many variables including gender, cartilage thickness, mechanical and
metabolic factors. (10,11,19,20). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike the knee, the articular cartilage of the ankle is uniform in thickness, measuring from 1 to
1.7mm, and displays much higher compressive stiffness than hip or knee cartilage (10,11,19,20).
Ankle cartilage may develop fissures attributable to wear; this conditions does not progress to OA as
it wound in the knee or hip (10,11,19, 20). Ankle cartilage also does not decrease in tensile strength
with age (10,11,19–21). Compared to the hip and knee, ankle chondrocytes have different
biomechanical and biologic factors to resist degradation, especially inflammatory markers. Ankle
chondrocytes have decreased sensitivity to Interleukin–1 (IL–1) and matrix metalloproteinases
(MMP), in particular MMP–8 that is usually elevated in OA (10,11,19, 20, 22). As a result, the ankle
joint is unlikely to succumb to damage by inflammatory changes

Functions Of A Joint And Articular Cartilage
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), happens when a piece of tissue that covers a joint (articular
cartilage) is separated from the bone. Articular cartilage protects the bones and allows joints to move
smoothly, without pain.
OCD most commonly affects the knee joint, but it can also occur at the ankle, elbow, or other joints
throughout the body. OCD occurs mainly in children and adolescents. Mild cases of OCD tend to
heal over time, especially if a child has this condition. However, severe cases may require surgery to
reattach the articular cartilage to the surrounding bone.
CAUSES
The cause of this condition is not known. Possible causes include:
Injury from repetitive motion or repetitive stress on the joint.
Inadequate blood supply to the joint.
Having certain genes that make developing OCD more likely (genetic predisposition).
RISK FACTORS
The following factors may make you more likely to develop this condition:
Being a child or adolescent. Having bones that are still growing makes OCD more likely to occur.
Participating in sports that put repeated force on the joints, such as distance running.
Being obese.
Having a family history of OCD.
Having posture problems, such as bow legs or knock knees.
SYMPTOMS
In many cases, there are no symptoms of this condition. However, symptoms vary depending on the
severity and location of the condition. Possible symptoms include:
Joint pain

Synovial Joints
Synovial joints, also known as diarthroidal joints, are the most common and movable type in the
body. The presence of lubricating synovial fluid encapsulated by joint ligaments distinguishes this
type of joint from others within the body90. OA most commonly occurs within the weight bearing
synovial joints including the hip and the knee, which is why obesity is such a major risk factor of
OA4. The synovial joint can be broken down into four major components: articular cartilage,
synovium, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, and joint capsule ligament (Figure 1a) 60,115.
Ultimately, articular cartilage and the synovial fluid are the main constituents that contribute to the
proper lubrication properties of healthy and OA synovial joints.
3.1.1. Articular Cartilage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, articular cartilage is a very dense structure, lacking blood vessels and nerves that are found
in other tissues77. Chondrocytes are the cell types embedded within cartilage, and produce the
structural proteins that form the ECM. The major components of the ECM are water, type II
collagens, proteoglycans, aggrecan, and noncollagenous proteins such as fibronectins115,22. The
resulting osmotic pressure created within the wet and dry components of the ECM work in harmony
to support the mechanical forces applied to cartilage77. The water is retained in the ECM by
aggrecan, the primary structural proteoglycan which is based on a long hyaluronic acid backbone
with highly charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and
keratin sulfate (KS)26. Altogether, these components are what create the depth dependent layers of
cartilage: the superficial zone, the middle zone, the deep zone, and the calcified zone (Figure

Synovial Joint Creation Research Assignment
Synovial Joint Creation/Research Assignment
Assignment Outline
Name: (Your name and Partners) ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬
Anatomical Term for your Joint:
Required Information:
a) Movement (and restrictions of movement) in the joint
– Planes, type of movement (eg. Adduction) (frontal and sagittal)
– The human elbow is the summation of 3 articulations. The first 2 are the ones traditionally thought
of as constituting the elbow: the humeroulnar articulation (the synovial hinge joint with articulation
between the trochlea of the humeral condyle and the trochlear notch of the ulna) and the
humeroradial articulation (the articulation between the capitulum of the humeral condyle and the
concavity on the superior aspect of the head of the radius). The third is a pivot–type synovial joint
with articulation between the head of the radius ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Triceps brachii: This muscle at the back of the upper arm extends the arm and fixes the elbow when
the hand is used for fine movements.
Brachioradialis: A forearm muscle that flexes the arm, extends it straight, and pulls it together at the
elbow.
Anconeus: This muscle helps extend the elbow joint.
Brachialis: This muscle helps flex the elbow inward toward the body.
Pronator teres: This muscle extends from the head of the humerus over the elbow to the ulna bone to
help flex the elbow.
d) Common Injuries (mechanism, resulting damage, treatment) –– 2–4 injuries!
– Only done if no model
Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)
Forearm muscles extend wrists and fingers
Tendon usullly involved in tennis elbow is called the extensor carpi radialis brevis

The Joint Commission
The standards of the Joint Commission are a foundation for an objective evaluation process the may
help healthcare organizations measure, assess and improve performance. These standards are
focused on organizational functions that are key for providing safe high quality care services. The
Joint Commission's standards set goal expectations of reasonable, achievable and surveyable
performance of an organization. Only new standards that are relative to patient safety or care quality,
have positive impact on healthcare outcomes, and can be accurately measured are added. Input from
healthcare professionals, providers, experts, consumers and government agencies develop these
standards.
The survey process is designed to be unique to each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The survey team will present a preliminary Summary of Survey findings Report at the exit
conference. In that report, the organization does not receive scores or decisions. The final decision is
made after the Joint Commission receives and approves the organizations Evidence of Standards
Compliance submission. The decision categories for accreditation as of January 2011 are as follows:
Preliminary Accreditation
Accreditation
Accreditation with Follow–up Survey
Contingent Accreditation, Preliminary Denial of Accreditation
Denial of Accreditation
"An organization's accreditation cycle is continuous, as long as the organization has a full,
unannounced survey within 39 months of its last survey, and continues to meet all accreditation–
related requirements, including, but not limited to, submission of an annual periodic performance
review, and an annual subscription payment. The PPR is an additional requirement of the
accreditation process in which an organization reviews its compliance with all applicable Joint
Commission standards and completes and submits to the Joint Commission a plan of action for any
standard not in full compliance. The plan of action also includes Measures of Success. The PPR
facilitates a continuous accreditation process by incorporating an additional form of evaluation."
St Francis Hospital in Shakopee

Types Of Joint Movement
Type Of Joint Shape Of Joint Movement Range Example Explain how structure of joint effects the
movement
Ball & Socket One bone shaped like a ball fits inside second bone.
Shaped like a cup. Has a wide movement range and can move in all directions possible. Shoulder
Hip Joints This organisation allows the greatest range of motion as all movement types are possible
in all directions.
Pivot This joint consists of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by another bone.
This structure allows rotational movement as the rounded bone moves around its own axis. Neck
This allows the head to move back and forth so it allows the joint to move up and down like the
wrist.
Gliding These are also known as Planar Joints, they have bones that

Facet Joint Essay
The facet joint, also known as the zygapophyseal joint, exists between the inferior articulating
process of one vertebra and the superior articulating process of the successive, caudal vertebra. This
joint exists between vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar back. Facet joints allow flexion,
extension, and twisting of the back while also restricting this movement so as to prevent injury and
insure stability (_________). A capsule filled surrounds the joint, providing nutrients, protection,
and lubrication.
Chronic lumbar facet joint pain affects one or more joint in the lumbar spinal and is relayed to the
brain via the medial branch nerve. The medial branch originates from the dorsal ramus, an off–shoot
of the spinal root nerve. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jeffrey D Petersohn and Dr. Lee have been gathered that and are congruent with the aforementioned
needs. Both clinician expressed difficulty recognizing the paraspinal muscle twitch near motor–
threshold as well as confusion between mechanical artifacts caused by the heart–beat or subject
movement and the elicited motor twitch. Additionally, a visible paraspinal muscle twitch at L5 is
cannot be resolved through visual inspection, regardless of stimulation intensity. Clinical
observations in the OR of both clinicians did, however, suggest that activation of the intrinsic back
muscle at L5, can be recorded using EMG. Such use of EMG electrodes also allows for greater
sensitivity to motor thresholds when compared to visual inspection. The motor–thresholds that are
identified visually, are far greater than those determined with EMG (Westin et al., Clin Neurophysiol
2014; 125: 142–147). As such, low levels of muscle activation (i.e. threshold) cannot be reliably
discerned by visual inspection. Additionally, when ultrasonography was used as an additional
visualization tool during clinical studies, sole activation of the multifidus muscle was seen without a
visible paraspinal muscle twitch. Conversely, when the iliocostalis and longissimus muscles were
activated, a paraspinal muscle twitch was visible, even when the multifidus was not being

Joint Pain Research Paper
7 out of 10 people are considered to be a victim of joint pain in some way or the other. It can be
caused by a variety of reasons ranging from a simple hit or jolt in the knee cap to a major accident
or disease. There are joints which connect the leg and support the movement and walking and any
sort of damage caused to this joint can trigger pain and disability. Some of the diseases which can
trigger the pain in the joints are arthritis, sprain and rheumatoid. Joint pain is one of the most
common problems that the adults and old aged people are facing. Joint pain can affect any part of
the body and joints from toes to the shoulder and the risk increases as the age increases. There are
two types of joint pains, one being acute pain which may go away after a couple of days and there is
chronic joint pain which may last several weeks and months and can be fatal if left untreated.
There are many professional and medical methods by which joint pain can be approached. Doctors
may prescribe many anti–inflammatory drugs and painkillers which may provide quick and instant
relied but on the long run, they have many side effects. There are many natural and home remedy
available by which the joint pains can be controlled and decreases. These may be medicines out of
natural herbs and plants and some basic exercises and hence they are free from any negative side ...
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The excessive weight may provide more pressure on the joints of knee, hip and feet. Daily exercise
and fat free diet can help to reduce and lift the pressure from these joints and finally increase the
mobility, movement and prevent any future damage of the joints. These exercises should be light
and pressure free as jogging, running and walking can put unnecessary and excessive pressure on
the knees and joints and thus increasing the complexity. Simple muscle and joint flexing exercises
like swimming is enough and

Glenohumeral Joint Research Paper
The Glenohumeral Joint and its
Function Within the Human Body
The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, is one of the human body's appendicular joints and boasts
the greatest ROM (range of motion) of any joint in the body. An appendicular joint is a joint that is
part of the appendicular skeleton which includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limb bones.
The appendicular joints typically have a larger range of motion, but due to this are often weaker than
those found in the axial skeleton. The glenohumeral joint is responsible for articulating movement of
the upper arm by way of pivoting the humerus at the point that it meets with the scapula. There are
many different classifications of joints within the human body and the glenohumeral joint is
classified as a ball–and–socket joint which is one of six different synovial joints present in the body.
A synovial joint is a joint that contains articular cartilage, joint capsules, and synovial membranes. A
ball–and–socket joint is a joint that can be described as a ball that fits into a cup shaped dock
allowing motion in all directions. This arrangement allows the bone to employ three different types
of movement, angular, rotation, and circumduction. This structure is what allows ... Show more
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This is due in large part to the significant presence of a synovial membrane nestled between the ball
(humerus) and the socket (scapula). The synovial membrane is particular to freely movable joint
cavities and is a cushion between the two bones. As briefly mentioned previously, synovial joints
contain articular cartilage –which covers bones at the joint–, joint capsules –a sac that covers the
ends of bones–, and synovial membranes –fluid that serves to reduce friction, provide shock
cushioning, and lubricates. These features are key in the glenohumeral joint because it has such a
large ROM and is subject to more shock than many other joints in the

SI Joint Research Paper
SI joint field agony may just or will not be certainly coming from the SI joint. It usually is strictly
headquartered in this field (the buttock) or it's going to radiate down the leg relatively. It usually is
pressured with myofascial variety discomfort within the paraspinal muscle mass, piriformis, or
gluteal muscle groups.
Other sufferer issues that can mimic SI joint suffering comprise intervertebral discs that have tears
within the outer element (annulus), or potentially arthritic and painful aspect joints which have
soreness that radiates into the buttock region.
All of these can motive reason agony to appear in the identical area, as a result, identifying the
particular soreness generator(s) can take some severe mental gymnastics. A ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Rather in general multiple block with optimistic response to every into the SI joint shall be integral
to real rule the joint because the suffering generator. As soon as the joint is identified, then the
healing options can . Often sufferers will get remedy in the joint for fairly a even as from the
anesthetic block itself, or it is usually brief time period. If the anesthetic block is insufficient, a
radiofrequency denervation has shown effectiveness. Anguish doctors debate the precise systems
that are pleasant for the SI joint.
The SI joint isn't the simplest joint to get into for interventional techniques. Fluoroscopic assistance
is central, because the joint is jagged and irregular. The entry into it may take an exclusive
perspective. Understanding the designated entry factor with the actual time x–ray could make the
change between a effective procedure with a completely happy sufferer versus a overlooked joint
and a sufferer ultimate in

Knee Joint Essay
The knee joint is the largest and most complex in the human body. Being able to understand the
anatomy of the knee joint is a key factor in being able to identify the issues with the knee.
People all ages often suffer from knee pain. Due to the amount of things that can go wrong, by
understanding how the knee works, one can prevent new injuries and solve old injuries.
The knee is made up of two joints, the tibiofemoral and the patellofemoral. The tibiofemoral joint is
composed of the thigh and shin bones. The patellofemoral joint forms the kneecap. This type of joint
is called a hinge joint. This type of joint can bend, straighten and twist.
The knee is also a synovial joint. This means that the knee joint has a joint capsule. This is similar to
a sac surround the joint. This capsule hold synovial fluid. The fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint
which allows it to move freely. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of knee movements occur between the femur, patella, and tibia.
Covering the bones is the articular cartilage. It is a hard and slippery substance that allows the knee
glide smoothly and to reduce friction as the knee is moved.
Between the femur and tibia is where one would find the meniscus. There are two menisci in the
knee; one medially and one laterally. The meniscus serves as a shock absorber of the knee. It is in a
wedge shape and is made of a tough, rubbery substance.
The knee also contains a series of tendons. The quadricep tendons connect the patella to the muscles
on the front of the femur. The patellar tendons connect the patella to the tibia. In addition, there are
also the hamstrings on the back side of the thigh. These muscles play a key role in stabilizing and
moving the knee

Leg Joint Pain Research Paper
Leg joint pain that occurs after injury should not be taken lightly. Definition leg joints here are part
of the body from the ankle to toe. Everyone knows that in the feet, precisely in the soles of the feet
are a lot of motor nerves, but other than that there are some very influential leg joints once to
support the body. In many cases, doctors misinterpret that pain occurs in the legs is due to the usual
sprain so only with a few treatments done enough, but in fact there are parts of the foot joints,
known as the metatarsal bone, if it shifts the leg joints will initially pain occur but over time it turns
into pain and leg pain will not be able to sustain the body longer.
Know Your Foot Joint Pain Symptoms and Causes Disease characterized

Unit 3 Case Study: The Knee Joint
Ashley Spahn
Professor Lyon Hough
BMS 307
November 4, 2017
Unit 3 Case Study
Having read the case and knowing the situation, I would say the patient damaged his patellar
ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The knee joint consists of five ligaments–the patellar
ligament, fibular collateral ligament, tibial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and
posterior cruciate ligament. The patellar ligament helps extend the leg at the knee. The fibular and
tibial collateral ligaments stabilize the hingelike motion of the knee (Drake pg. 303). The anterior
cruciate ligament restricts anterior displacement of the tibia and the posterior cruciate ligament
restricts posterior displacement of the tibia (Drake pg. 303). Most likely, the cause of the blue color
in the patient's leg and foot is from lack ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The normal path of the blood to these arteries follows this route: abdominal aorta, common iliac
artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, and then branches into the genicular
arteries and circumflex fibular artery. The genicular and circumflex femoral arteries anastomosis and
supply the knee joint. To assess the area for normal blood flow I would palpate the popliteal artery,
posterior tibial artery, and dorsalis pedis artery (Hill). To palpate the popliteal artery, I would tell the
patient to lay in the supine position and I would encircle and support his knee with both my hands
on either side of his knee. I would then press deeply into the popliteal fossa with my fingertips, not
thumb (Hill). To palpate the posterior tibial artery, I would curl my fingers anteriorly around the
patient's ankle and press my fingertips in the space between the medial malleolus and Achilles
tendon (Hill). To palpate the dorsalis pedis artery, I would have the patient be in the recumbent
position and relax the ankle, then I would stand at the foot of the examining table and place my

Sacroiliac Joint Essay
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Balance is the ability to move or remain in a position without losing control or falling. Balance is an
action done without active consideration, but it is vital for locomotion and maintenance of an
upright posture. When balance is impaired it may have detrimental effects. The sacroiliac joint (SIJ)
is a key element in an upright posture and locomotion. Subluxations in the SIJ are common in a
large percent of the population, and may be symptomatic or asymptomatic in nature. These
subluxations can cause a number of symptoms including lower back pain, leg length inequality and
dysfunction in standing, walking, lifting objects and changing positions. Chiropractic treatment of
the SIJ has been found to relieve lower back ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most patient's demonstrated improved balance, and some showed reduced dizziness and neck pain
after 8 weeks of chiropractic therapies. (Strunk and Hawk, 2009)
Study 2 was conducted to determine if proprioception would be improved by manual manipulation
of the SIJ or through full body vibration, via the use of a power plate. The results concluded that
there was an improvement in balance in the group, who received the vibration power plate, as well
as the combination group and the group that received only the chiropractic adjustment therapy.
(Landman, 2010)
Study 3 was conducted in order to determine the immediate effect of a unilateral sacroiliac
adjustment on gait. This study found that in asymptomatic patients, the sacroiliac adjustment
improved gait, and it was concluded that this treatment should become a treatment regime for
patients with gait abnormalities. (Schooling, 2012)
3.

What Is A Hinge Joint In The Knee
The knee is the largest join in the human body, it is a hinge joint which means it allows extension
and flexion of the leg. The knee is full of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that help the knee with its
structure and function. Also the knee joint has a variety of bones for example, femur, tibia, and
patella ACL, anterior cruciate ligament, is an important ligament located in the knee, and within the
knee, it connects the femur to the tibia. The femur is a bone located in the thigh, that extends from
the hip to the knee, while the tibia is located near the front of the lower leg between the ankle and
patella. The ACL is located on either side of the knee, and cross each other in the front, helping the
knee keep from bending inward. The ACL

The Knee: The Largest Joint In The Body
The knee is the largest joint in the body. It is made up of four main bones. These are the femur, also
called the thigh bone, the fibula, which is the outer shin bone, the tibia which is the shin bone and
the patella or knee cap. The femur, the patella and the tibia are where the main movements of the
joint occur. The knee is actually three separate joints. Two are between the femur and the tibia and
one is between the patella and the patellar femur. There are two ligaments that help to stabilize the
knee. These are the anterior cruciate ligament (acl) and the medial collateral ligament (mcl). Each
ligament has a special function to help maintain knee stability in many different positions. At full
extension, a slight lateral rotation of the

Distal Radioulnar Joint
The wrist is an anatomic linkage bridging the hand to the forearm. Eight bones of carpus and the
distal radius and ulna form complex articulation that allow 3 degrees of movement. The hand,
relative to the forearm, can flex and extend, pronate and supinate, and deviate ulnar and radial. [17]
In order to have such mobility while maintaining stability, the wrist has complex configuration of
ligaments and bones. Malfunction of the wrist occurs when the structural alignment of the bones has
changed or when the ligamentous constraints have been disrupted. [17]
The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ)
Problems of the DRUJ have been called by Palmer as the "low back pain of the wrist. [18]
Over the last years, there has been a tremendous surge in research involving the anatomy, function,
and treatment of DRUJ pathology.
In the DRUJ: The shallow concave sigmoid notch of the distal radius articulates with the convex
asymmetric shaped ulnar head.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1 : Types of sigmoid notch. [ 21]
There is also reported a palmar osteocartilagenous lip in 80% of the people which acted as a stable
buttress to palmar dislocation of the ulna.
The articulation of the sigmoid notch with the ulnar head allows rotation of the radiocarpal unit in
the transverse plane.[ 19]
The ulna head:
The medial area of it has a bony prominence, whichis known as the ulnar styloid process. This is the
point of attachment for soft tissue structures. The dorsal nonarticular portion of the ulnar head has an
osseous groove to accommodate the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon (ECU). Articular cartilage covers
a 90 to 135 degrees arc of the ulnar head, and only a 47 to 80 degree arc on the sigmoid notch.[20]
One important geometric joint characteristic of the DRUJ is the radius of curvature between the two
articulating surfaces. The radius of curvature of the ulnar head (averages 10 mm) is different from
the radius of curvature of the sigmoid notch (averages 15 mm). Consequently,

Knee Joint Case
The knee joint consists of three articulations: in the front is paltellofemoral articulation and other
two articulations are between condyles of femur and tibia 1,3. When the knee is in full extension,
rotation is impossible because the ligaments are tight. They will relax when the knee is flexed over
20 degrees and it will allow rotation 1,3.
The main elements for knee stability are tendons and ligaments. Fibrous connective tissue forms a
knee capsule, which is padded by a synovial membrane. Suprapatellar bursa is extended if a joint
effusion is formed 3.
The borders of popliteal fossa are biceps femoris muscle on the lateral side, semimembranosus
muscle and semitendinosus muscle on the medial side , gastrocnemius muscle on the lower part ...
Three main stability tests for anterior cruciate ligament are Lachman test, anterior drawer test and
pivotal shift1,3.
Lachman test is the most sensitive test. To perform Lachman test knee must be flexed 15–30 degrees
and after that the lower leg should be pulled forward while the femur is held in position. The test is
positive if there is displacement over 5 mm when we compare it to the other knee or when there is
no strong end point1,3.
The anterior drawer test is not that reliable for injury of anterior cruciate ligament. The hip should
be held at 45 degrees flexion, and knee in 90 degrees flexion. The foot should be pressed to the
examination table and upper part of tibia should be pulled forward. This movement should be
carried out first with the knee in neutral position and after that with the knee in external and internal
rotation. If there is an increased looseness of the knee in neutral position the ACL is probably
injured. Posteromedial capsule is likely to be injured if there is increased dislocation with external
rotation and posterolateral capsule if there is increased dislocation with internal

Production of an Artificial Knee Joint
Production of an artificial knee joint begins with investment casting, a process that involves little to
no shearing. Investment casting produces products that have good surface quality and high spatial
accuracy. It is advantageous for parts with more complex shapes or materials that are difficult to
form. This method involves seven steps and results in the preliminary shapes of the femoral and
tibial parts. 1. Wax Pattern Production Wax patterns function to shape the cavity within the mold.
Though it is called a wax pattern, the pattern may also include materials such as wax, stearic acid,
plastic and other industrial chemicals [3]. There are two ways to produce a wax pattern. For both, a
wax cylinder is first taken from heat preservation equipment and placed on a hydraulic die–casting
machine to remove any air or geocerite from the wax. In one process, the wax is then poured into
the mold and swirled around until the inner surface is covered with an even coating. This is repeated
until an appropriate thickness is reached. The second method is to pressure–inject the liquid wax
into an aluminum mold. The mold is then turned upside down so the liquid wax is removed and the
remaining wax layer is left to cool and harden. 2. Wax Pattern Assembly In order to improve
productivity, workers usually assemble multiple patterns on a holder made of wax. They are held
together with melted wax, producing a "pattern tree" so that many wax patterns can be made at once.
Patterns with

Questions On Joint Pain And Stiffness
6 Exercises To Help In Joint Stiffness
Overview
Joint pain and stiffness is a common condition affecting most people today. Conditions such as
arthritis are the known causes of joint pain and stiffness. If you have ever suffered from joint
stiffness, then you know how difficult day to day activities can be. While medication will help ease
the pain in the long run, there are exercises that you may try that will help you relief the pain and the
stiffness. Forget the popular belief that exercise will increase the pain. On the contrary, it is lack of it
that will make the situation even worse. If you are suffering from severe joint pain, try one of these
exercises, However, before you start on any exercise ensure you consult your doctor so that he or
she may advice you on which exercise is safe for you. Such exercises include:
1. Aerobics
They are also known as endurance exercises. They are excellent if you are looking to improve
cardiovascular health, stamina or general weight management. The thing about aerobics is that they
will not only help you reduce the joint stiffness, but also help in overall fitness by keeping you
energized throughout the day. Aerobic exercises range from walking, swimming, cycling and such
activities. About thirty minutes of low impact aerobics three times a week will work wonder on your
joints.
2. Leg Stretch
This exercise targets the joints on the lower body. It is majorly known as the hamstring stretch. To
do this, sit on the edge of a chair and

Joint Venture
Joint Venture
The globalization strategy our team is going to explore for Moonglow is Joint venture. We are going
to discuss the pros and cons to a joint venture along with some environmental factors that
Moonglow needs to consider before deciding on a location. We are also going to explore different
organization structures and give a recommendation on how to restructure Moonglow to succeed in
the global market. Lastly, we will describe ways Moonglow can expand internationally while
maintaining its eco–friendly practices and continue producing organic products.
According to Jones (2011) a joint ventures is a "strategic alliance among two or more organizations
that agree to establish and share the ownership jointly of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Moonglow's joint venture alleviates this limited knowledge. Our host nation partner is already
accustomed to doing business in their country and already has the knowledge of the regulatory laws.
Along with regulatory laws there are legal restrictions that prohibit certain resources to foreign
businesses. Joint ventures make it easy to bypass these restrictions and allow us access to raw
materials we may not normally have (Hall, 1984).
Along with the benefits of knowledge and resources, local governments favor collaborating with
businesses in their country. Many foreign governments offer special incentives to outside countries
if they enter into joint ventures. They see this as a way to bring employment, new technology and
skills to their local people (Hall, 1984). This is a win win for everyone.
Just as there are pros to joint ventures, there are also cons. The cons to entering into a joint venture
are flexibility, technology transferred, employees, and loyalty to the U.S. partners (Hall, 1984).
Moonglow may have limited flexibility when operating on foreign soil. Depending on the
breakdown of ownership, depends on the flexibility Moonglow will have. That is why it is important
to have everyone's roles spelled out. Many foreign countries do not have the paten controls that we
do in the U.S. Any technology that Moonglow brings into the joint venture has the

Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JH)
Joint hypermobility (JH), which is when the joint has an exaggerated range of motion, may present
in several ways and is involved in a variety of conditions. Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) is
when the joint has increased range of motion in conjunction with musculoskeletal pain(73, 74). This
entity can exist in conditions such as Generalized Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, Benign Joint
Hypermobility Syndrome, and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (Hypermobile Type)(73, 75, 76). Children
with JHS may complain of cramps in their leg muscles, especially at night (Beighton). It may also
be associated with generalized pain, fibromyalgia, musculoskeletal injuries, and anxiety (Juul).
Conversely, El–Metwally et al demonstrated that in Finnish adolescents, hypermobility ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is therefore important to educate parents, coaches, and athletes about the danger of overuse injury
to the shoulder. In addition to the conditions described in this article, children and adolescents, like
adults, can suffer rotator cuff tears, labral tears, and instability episodes from athletic play. The
management of these injuries is beyond the scope of this focused article, yet these conditions are
nonetheless important diagnostic considerations in a young athlete with shoulder pain. Although
most pediatric shoulder injuries can be treated non–operatively with therapy and rest, some, such as
quadrilateral space syndrome, may require surgery. During examination of all pediatric
musculoskeletal complaints, global issues such as hypermobility must also be assessed. A
multidisciplinary approach with emphasis on proper training is vital to the prevention and treatment
of these

Hip Joint Research Paper
2
The hip joint is one of the largest joints in the human body. It is also commonly referred as ball and
socket joint. For a healthy hip joint, the bones are connected to each other with bands of tissue
called ligaments, which are lubricated with fluid to reduce friction. This joint is surrounded by a
type of tissue called cartilage that is designed to help support the joints and prevent bones from
rubbing against each other (O'Shea, 1998).
The major function of the hip joints is to support the upper body when a person is standing, walking
and running, and to help with certain movements like bending and stretching. It might be necessary
for you to have a hip replacement if one or both of your hip joints becomes damaged and causes you
persistent pain or problems with everyday activities like when walking, driving and getting dressed
(Kennon, p. 185, 2008). If you happen to undergo a hip or knee surgery, it will be of much
importance for you to do some stretches, cardiovascular training, and a handful of strength
exercises; this will have a valuable impact on the speed of your recovery, how you feel, and how
much you are able to do post surgery.
Cardiovascular exercise you can do for your hip replacement
Before you undergo surgery usually the upright bicycle in a weight room is best good ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When it comes to Post surgery, there may be a combination of stationary cycling on the upright bike
and the treadmill, but for post surgery much emphasis you should put in increasing your walking
volume as the weight bearing will build your endurance and strength back up (Berry, p.57, 2012). It
is important for you to know that Elliptical trainer is not as good as the treadmill because you never
have to transfer weight on one leg; hence the operated leg will not gain as much strength back as
you can when using the

Osteoarthritis Degenerative Joint Disease
Osteoarthritis is degenerative joint disease caused by mechanical wear and tear. Damage manifest as
breakdown of cartilage, injury of subhondral bone and changes to all articular surfaces. it presents as
pain in weight bearing joints that worsen with use. The joints that are mostly affected are the distal
interphalanges, knees, hips, toes and spine [1]. Knee osteoarthritis is suspected after a medical
history and physical examination is done. During the physical examination the doctor will examine
the knee and its series of motion. He will pay close attention to areas that are swollen, tender and
painful [2]. There are a variety of diagnostic tests that may help confirm the diagnosis if patient's
knee is affected. There is X–ray that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effect of utilization of ultrasound via an increase in local blood flow can be used to help reduce
local swelling and chronic inflammation, and, according to some studies promote bone fracture
healing [6]. There are two different ways in which US can be used to treat disease, continuous and
pulsed ultrasound. Continuous ultrasounds are typically responsible for the heating effect in the
tissues because it uses an unmodulated continuous–wave ultrasound beam with limited intensities.
In comparison, the pulsed ultrasound beam is modulated to deliver brief pulses of high intensity
separated by longer pauses of no power. It is suggested that pulsed Ultrasound be recommended for
acute pain and inflammation and continuous ultrasound for the treatment of restricted movement [7].
In general, ultrasound is a safe treatment that has been used in osteoarthritis therapy for years. It
delivers heat to deep structures of the body, and it is thought that this heat helps improve that way
that your body heals. Numerous studies found positive links between ultrasound and bone healing. It
is both cost effective and produced no serious complications or side effects which is an advantage
over other types of treatments used in therapy of bone

The Joint-By-Joint Approach
The purpose of this article is to introduce the joint–by–joint approach when treating any types of
injury. The idea of the article is based on the Functional Movement screen to treat joint by joint and
learn how the movements of the joints relate to training. The human body is made of muscle, tissue,
and bones and the joints join it. The article provides understanding of how the athletic trainer or
physical therapist should treat the injury.
The trainer or therapist should focus on muscles above and below the painful or injured part. The
authors argue that when the player or patient have lower back pain the therapist should treat hip
instead of focusing only on lower back. People who suffer from knee pain might have lost ankle
mobility and

What Are Synovial Joints
Synovial joints
Main types:
Freely moveable = knees , hips , shoulders
Slightly moveable = ribs , vertebrae fixed/immoveable = skull Synovial joint structure & function :
Joint type :
Capsule – protects joint ball & socket – hip
Membrane – secretes synovial fluid hinge – knee , elbow
Fluid – prevents friction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bones are also made up of connective tissue. These tissues are made up of cells called osteoblasts &
osteoclasts , they help the bone to heal and break down the old bone to help new bone develop/grow.
Collagens fibers also is what makes boes flexible.
Structure of long bone:
The long bone is composed of cartilage which covers both ends of the the bone(the epiphysis) and it
helps prevents bones rubbing off each other (friction) and also is a shock absorber. The outer layer
of the long bone is the hard compact bone, this allows the hollow part of the log bone some strength.
The spongy part in the long bone ( in the epiphysis where the red bone marrow is stored , this allows
for red blood cells to be produced. There's also a yellow bone marrow in the centre of the
bone(marrow cavity) this allows for white blood cells to be produced. The shaft of the bone is also
called the diaphysis. The periosteum of the long bone has no cartilage but also is a protective layer
of the long bone , this is also where tendons and ligaments connects.

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Analysis
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is a broad term that describes problems with the
temporomandiublar joint or the muscles in the surrounding area. It can cause facial pain, headaches,
and can restrict movement for some people. The temporomandiublar joint connects the lower jaw,
mandible, to the temporal bone. It is essentially the articulation between the condyle of the mandible
and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. In between these two bones is an articular disc that
acts as cushion between the two, allowing the condyle to move across the mandibular fossa.
Anteriorly the articular disc is attached to the lateral pterygoid muscle and posteriorly it is attached
to the retrodiscal tissue. The temporomandibular joint is classified

Knee Joint Research Paper
The Knee Joint (tibiofemoral joint) is a bicondylar synovial joint named a hinge joint, which permits
flexion and extension with a slight degree of medial and lateral rotation. The joint is formed by the
two articulations between the femur, tibia and patella. The joint consists of two articulations. The
Tibiofemoral, which is, the medial and lateral condyles of the femur that articulate with the tibial
condyles. The second being the Patellofemoral, which is, the anterior and distal section of the femur
which articulates with the patella. The tibiofemoral joint is referred to as the weight–bearing joint of
the knee. Whereas the patellofemoral joint allows for the tendon of the quadriceps femoris (the
primary extensor of the knee) to be directly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The knee has two collateral ligaments, which are strap–like ligaments, that stabilises the hinge
motion of the knee to prevent excess medial and lateral movement. The Tibial (medial) collateral
ligament originates on the medial side of the joint. It attaches to the medial side of the tibia to
prevent forces applied to the lateral side of the knee from moving the knee medially. The Fibular
(lateral) ligament is a thin and rounder ligament that attaches laterally to the epicondyle of the femur
to the fibular head. The knee joint has two internal ligaments, the anterior and posterior cruciate
ligaments which contribute to maintain the proper alignment of the knee. The anterior cruciate
ligament attaches to the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia where it mergers with the medial
meniscus. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), located behind the ACL, which extends obliquely from
the surface of the medial condyle of the femur to the posterior intercondylar space of the tibia. The
PCL prevents the posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur. The medial and lateral menisci are
fibrocartilage structures in the knee that, protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends and
increases stability of the joint. They are C shaped in appearance and attach at both ends of the
intercondylar

Hip Joint Research Paper
The hip joint is one of the most important joints in the body and helps support half of our body
weight while acting as a stable joint that allows three degrees of freedom. It also serves as a ball and
socket joint, formed from the femoral head of the femur and the acetabulum on the pelvis. The hip
joint functions to support and distribute loads on the hip between the upper and lower extremities.
The hip's linkage of upper and lower extremities functions to maintaining balance, standing body
posture and coordination. The majority of the femoral head is composed of spongy bone which
plays a major role in assisting the distribution and absorption of loads. The progressive death of
bone cells due to ischemia results in structural damage and

Functional Classification of Joints
A joint is the site where two skeletal elements connect(1). Joints can be classified by both structure
and function. Structural classifications are based on the type of connective tissue binding the
structures together and whether a joint capsule is present(2, 3). There are three structural
classifications of joints; fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Functional classifications are based on
the amount of movement present(2). There are three functional classifications of joints; synarthroses
which are immobile, amphiarthroses which are slightly mobile, and diarthroses which are freely
mobile(3).
Fibrous joints are classified as having articulating bones joined by dense regular connective tissue
(mainly consisting of collagen) and no joint cavity(3). Majority of fibrous joints are synarthroses or
amphiarthroses. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. Sutures
are synarthroses joints present on the skull(2). The sutural ligament which is composed of
connective tissue fibers and is continuous with the periosteum joins the two skull bones(1,2).
Sutures give strength and allow growth of the skull during childhood(3). Once growth has occurred
the dense regular connective tissue becomes ossified and the bones fuse together(3). Gomphoses are
synarthrosis joints that only occur between teeth and sockets of the mandible and maxillae(3).
Collagen fibers in the periodontal ligament link the root of the tooth and the bony socket(1).

A Study On Joint Venture
Joint venture is the agreement in between the business organizations that tends to do work together
by mutual contract. This is termed as the business agreement that is concerned with the development
of mutual consent for the limited rime period. Considering the bigger picture Xtech is the leading
Extrusion technology incorporation and the CEO of this incorporation has visited China for the
development of XTech. It is termed as the leading global manufacturer that is based on the wide
range of mechanical solution that is usually used for the circuit boarding. After the numerous
meetings in Xiamen Foreign investment board the top management has started making the things in
order to make some setup of Xtech in China. In order to cultivate the new project the business is
likely to project the new idea as well as to have geography where the establishment of business is
made possible. In the idea of expanding the resources it is necessary to make a joint venture. At X
Technologies is the organization that is providing services and quality operation in field of
engineering, security programs, information technology and different technological programs that
can help the commercial and federal organizations. This organization is very effective for managing
and introducing new improvements and advancements for increasing services of contracting
vehicles. Most important feature that has considered by this organization is the teaming partners and
joint venture with other

Why People Have Joint Pain
Why Many People have Joint Pain and How to Help Ease It As people age they begin to feel that
they are experiencing pain in their joints more so than they did during their youth. There can be
many reasons for this pain. Or can it be just a part of ageing. During our youth we don't pay much
attention to how hard we played, what we eat, or if we took vitamins. Our mothers for the most part
were responsible for what we eat, how much sleep we got, and in general how well we take care of
ourselves. As children our bodies are pretty resilient and other than broken bones, skinned knees,
bumps, and bruises pretty much heal and go away without any need or concern to see a physician.
Years ago mothers made sure that we got the proper amount of sleep, which for the most part once
we got to sleep our bodies took care of how much sleep we got all by its self, for most children that
was anywhere from 8 to 10 hours a night if undisturbed. Most children got a balanced diet, some
even got a daily vitamin or eat foods that were enriched in vitamins such as cereal and milk. A lot of
kids ate in the cafeteria at school. Schools did their best to make sure that the lunches were well
balanced. Children for the most part played outside for recess which usually involved some sort of
running, hopping, skipping, or throwing a ball. And when they got home after some kind of snack
they couldn't wait to get out to ride their bike, or play some sort of game that normally again

The Joint Commission Visit
The roots of The Joint Commission began in the American College of Surgeons (ACS), founded in
1913, which eventually lead to voluntary onsite inspections of hospitals in 1918. In 1951, The
American College of Physicians, the American Hospital Association, the American Medical
Association, and the Canadian Medical Association joined forces with the ACS to create the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH). JCAH was formed as an independent, not–for–
profit organization whose primary purpose was to provide voluntary accreditation for meeting
established minimum quality standards. It was not until 1970 that the standards of quality were
reformed to represent the highest achievable levels, instead of minimum necessary levels. In 1987,
the company was renamed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
(JCAHO), which was shortened to today's The Joint Commission after rebranding in 2007.
(Stanberry, 2012)
The Joint Commission evaluates and accredits more than 20,000 health care organizations and
programs in the United States. The Joint Commission also provides certification of more than 1,000
disease–specific care programs, primary stroke centers, and health care staffing services. An
independent, not–for–profit organization, The Joint Commission is the nation's oldest and largest
standards–setting and accrediting body in health care. The Mission of the Joint Commission is to
continuously improve health care for the public, in collaboration

Scientific Name Of Joint Essay
What is the scientific name of this joint?
There are three joints at the elbow, the first is the hinge joint, between the humerus and the ulna
called the humeroulnar joint, this joint allows us to bend and straighten our elbows.
The second is the humeroradial joint between the radius and humerus which also allows flexion and
extension but is also involved in the more complex motion of turning the hand over so the palm
faces up or down. The third is a pivot joint formed by the radius and ulna and is called the proximal
radioulna joint.
What bones make up this joint?
Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus (upper arm), and the paired radius and ulna bones (
forearm).
Name ALL of the ligaments, tendons and muscles that are involved in the movement of this joint.
Ligaments: There are three main ligaments supporting the elbow joints.
Medial Collateral Ligament: Sometimes known as the Ulnar Collateral Ligament and consists of
two triangular bands, anterior and posterior. Both sections arise from the Medial Epicondyle and
pass over the inside of the elbow joint. The anterior portion then attaches to the front part of the top
of the Ulna, known as the Coranoid process and the posterior part to the back of the Ulna, or ...
The bicep contracts or shorten, pulling the lower arm up, and causing the elbow to bend. At this time
the tricept relaxes or lengthens. To straighten the elbow it is then the tricep which contract or
shortens in order to pull the lower arm down, and at this time the bicep relaxes.
The images above show the muscles in and surrounding the elbow.
What type of joint is it?
The elbow joint is a ginglymus, which is just another name for a hinge–joint.
Name all of the movements this joint makes (scientific terms)
Being a hinge joint, the only movements allowed by the elbow are flexion and extension of the joint
and rotation of the

Chronic Joint Disease ( Djd )
According to Petterson and Jacobsson (2002), degenerative joint disease (DJD) or osteoarthritis is
the most common joint disorder seen in humans, affecting 60% of adults 60 years of age and older.
Many studies have attempted to treat patients with DJD in a number of different ways including the
use of the drug glucosamine, glucosamine and alendronate. Hamid Reza Arti and Mohammad
Ebrahim Azemi undertook their own research in 2012 by comparing the effect of glucosamine and
glucosamine with alendronate in symptomatic relieve of degenerative knee joint disease. They
believed that due to the high prevalence of osteoarthritis especially knee osteoarthritis identification
of effective treatment methods was an important factor in medical treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
According to Arti and Azemi (2012) no previous study had addressed these issues.
The nature of their study was a prospective double blind randomized clinical trial study. Double
blind studies are 'experiments designed to test the effect of a treatment or substance by using groups
of experimental and control subjects in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know which
treatment or substance is being administered to which group' (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary,
2008). The aim of the study was to compare the effects of glucosamine alone and combination of
glucosamine and alendronate administration to treat knee osteoarthritis. Arti and Azemi aimed to test
the hypothesis that combination

The Shouldr Joint
I am the shoulder joint but some people call me the glenohumoral joint. The shouldr joint is a ball
and socket type joint and is connected to part of the humerus and the scapula at the glenoid cavity.
This is the most mobile joint in the body, but also the most frequently injured. The rotator cuff,
which is a main component of the shoulder joint is often injured so research on how to efficiently
heal that injury is ongoing. The shoulder joint is extremely flexible compared to the rest of the joints
in the body. This flexibility is partly due to the fact that it is a ball and socket joint. By being a ball
and socket joint it means that it is capable of circumduction, angular, and rotational movement. It
allows one's arm to move up, down, to the right, to the left, and in a circle. Because it has a large
range of movement, it is unstable and easily damaged. To make up for this, it has many ligaments
and tendons to keep it in place. In addition, it also has the glenoid labrum which deepens the shallow
glenoid cavity and makes it more stable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When this happens, it can very painful and even cause small, everyday things to hurt, lowering the
quality of life for someone. In some cases the tear is so severe that it causes pseudo paralysis, which
means that the patient has a very limited range of motion in their shoulder. Some ways to treat
rotator cuff injuries include physical therapy and surgery. There has been a recent study to find ways
to make the rotator cuff heal on its own. Some of these ways to improve tissue regeneration in the
rotator cuff include growth factors, platelet–rich plasma (PRP), and stem cell( Randelli et al. 2014).
Another method that helps the rotator cuff is reverse arthroplasty, which relies on other muscles in
the shoulder to keep the placement of the shoulder because the muscles of the rotator cuff are no
longer

Hinge Joint Research Paper

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