2. Automated Hematology Analyzers
- Haemogram- Backbone of any lab evaluation
- As a routine investigation including anaemia,
polycythemia, infection, inflammation, allergy, drug
toxicity, malignancy, bleeding tendency etc
- Aim- to study RBC, WBC series and platelets
5. 3 part analyser 5 part analyser
• Advantage: Cost effective
• Disadvantage:
1. Granulocytes taken together
2. Blasts counted as
lymphocytes
3. Cannot distinguish activated
lymphocytes and monocytes
4. Platelet count irregularities
5. No scatter plot
• Advantage:
1. Full differential
2. Platelet count more accurate
3. Flag for blasts, left shift,
giant platelets
4. Scatter plot obtained
5. Malaria parasite
• Disadvantage
1. Blasts still not detected
2. Newer parameters not given
3. Cannot distinguish between
activated lymphocytes and
monocytes/basophils
9. Discrimination Thresholds
WBC Discriminator
WBC LOWER discriminator-the optimum position in 30 - 60 fL .
Upper discriminator : 300 fL.
RBC Discriminator
RBC LOWER discriminator- optimum position in 25 -75 fL and UPPER
discriminator, 200 - 250 fL.
RBC is calculated from the particle counts between this LOWER
discriminator and UPPER discriminator.
PLATELET Discriminator
PLT LOWER discriminator, the optimum position in 2 – 6 fL and and
UPPER discriminator- 12 - 30 fL,
11. Electrical Impedance
Coulter principle
Diluent displacement causes
potential difference.
No. of impulse = No. of cells.
Height = vol. of cells.
Freq dist curve & size distribution
histograms
Requisite – High dilution
12. Optical Light Scatter
Each cell flows in a single line
through a flow cell
A laser device focused
On striking the cells scattering
in different directions
Sensor capture
Forward angle light scatter
(FALS)-Cell Size
Side scatter(SS)-Granularity
16. Normal RBC count:
Men: 4.5 to 5.5 x 106 per cumm
Women: 4 to 5 x 106 per cumm
17.
18. Hemoglobin:
Men: 13 to 16.5 g%
Women: 12 to 16 g%
Pregnant women: 11 to 16 g%
19.
20. Mean corpuscular volume
Normal: 80 to 100 fL
Low MCV: Microcytosis
High MCV: Macrocytosis
Megaloblastic
Non-megaloblastic
21.
22. MCH/MCHC
MCH: The amount, or the mass, of hemoglobin
present in one RBC, picogram
26-32 pg
MCHC: The amount of Hb in the hematocrit,
percentage
32-37 g/dL
23. RDW
Uniformity in size of RBCs
11.5 - 14.5 %
Low value: more uniform (<14)
High values:
Mixed population of small and large RBCs
Anisopoikilocytosis
71. WBC Research Population Data Case Study – Malaria Parasites(Normal plot and
Research Population Data compared to a patient infected with malaria type
Plasmodium falciparum. Note the increased size and variation of the lymph's and
Monocyte's.)
NORMAL
Normal
Normal MO
Normal LY
Macrophage
Parasitized
RBC
MALARIA
MP Positive
Reactive LY