S9 c impl_ethics

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INTRODUCTION: THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making ***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms. Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider? WHAT IS ETHICS? Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on. According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.” “Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”. WHAT ETHICS IS NOT: • Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard. Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face. • Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..

INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docx

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A Framework for Thinking Ethically This document is designed as an introduction to thinking ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be. Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone.What is Ethics? Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on. It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT: · Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard. · Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face. · Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems. · Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfactory ethical standard. · Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it. Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical standards we are to follow: 1. On what do we base our ethical standards? 2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we face? If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical question. They have suggested .

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“The biggest corporation, like the humblest citizen, must be held to strict compliance with the will of the people.” --Theodore Roosevelt Ethics: The values an individual uses to interpret whether any particular action or behavior is considered acceptable or appropriate. The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong. The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence. Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together. The collective values of a business organization that can be used to evaluate whether the behavior of the collective members of the organization are considered acceptable and appropriate. Business Ethics: Moral/Ethical problems in business: a conflict between financial performance (revenues, costs, & profits) and social performance (obligations to all stakeholders). Ethical standards get confused with: Law Etiquette Conscience Corporate/Professional codes Religion Moral or Ethical Perspectives: Moral RelativismMoral UniversalismMoral Perspecivalism Moral Relativism: The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right. e.g. abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan. Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard, no universal definition of right or wrong. e.g. polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another Moral Relativism Presents some unpleasant implications: 1. it undermines any moral criticism of the practices of other societies as long as their actions conform to their own standards e.g. can't say that slavery in the American South was immoral as long as that society allowed it to be morally permissible 2. the concept of ethical progress does not exist e.g. can't say that our moral standards today are more enlightened than those in the Middle Ages Moral Universalism: In contrast, is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values. Which is right?? It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices. Moral Perspectivalism: Compromise position is between moral relativism and universalism.the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.through examination of a variety of perspectives, one might be able to come closer to the ideal moral standards toward which to strive. Ethical Theories: There are many, many ethical theories, or in other words, ethical frameworks through which we can examine and attempt to understand an ethical dilemma. In the following ...

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Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholder I Morals & Ethical Principles II Ethical Decision Making in Business (Why good people do bad things) Greg Smith Choice of Ethical Perspective Morality: The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong. The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence. Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together. When we make a decision or take an action we can be: Moral - in compliance with moral standards key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?" Immoral - in opposition to moral standards key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?" Amoral - without consideration of moral standards key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?" Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern Moral standards get confused with: Law Etiquette Conscience Corporate/Professional Codes Religion Moral Relativism: The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right. abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong. polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values. Which is right? It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices. Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism, the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths. Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development * 1. Preconventional Level: - how we behave as infants & children - emphasis in decisions is on ourselves Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie 2. Conventional Level: - child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system 3. Postconventional Level: - a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated - moral principles are internalized, seen as "right" - focus is on humanity as a whole - f.

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