Tracking Investments in CAADP’s Pillar IV
Public agricultural R&D spending trends inAfrica South of the Sahara
Nienke Beintema and Gert-Jan Stads
International Food Policy Research Institute
RE Capital's Visionary Leadership under Newman Leech
Tracking Investments in CAADP’s Pillar IV Public agricultural R&D spending trends in
1. Tracking Investments in CAADP’s Pillar IV
Public agricultural R&D spending trends in
Africa South of the Sahara
Nienke Beintema and Gert-Jan Stads
International Food Policy Research Institute
2013 Annual ReSAKSS Conference
Dakar, Senegal | 12-13 November, 2013
2. Why monitor agricultural R&D resources? (1)
asti.cgiar.org
• Many challenges in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA):
- Food insecurity / malnutrition
- Population growth
- Climate change
- Degradation of land and water resources
- Food price volatility
• Agricultural R&D is a major contributor to productivity
growth, food security, and poverty reduction
3. Why monitor agricultural R&D resources? (2)
asti.cgiar.org
• Quantitative data are essential for agricultural R&D
stakeholders to be able to analyze trends in agricultural
R&D investments; identify gaps; set future investment
priorities; and better coordinate agricultural R&D across
institutes, regions, and commodities
• R&D indicators are also an indispensable tool when
assessing the contribution of agricultural R&D to
agricultural growth and to economic growth more
generally
4. Agricultural S&T Indicators (ASTI) initiative
asti.cgiar.org
• Collects national-level investment and
human resource capacity data as well
as institutional developments in
agricultural R&D:
– Focus on low- and middle-income
countries; incl. 40 SSA countries
– Through institutional survey rounds
(primary data)
• Large network of national, regional
and international partners; led by IFPRI
• Provides:
– Trends over time at country / regional
levels
– Comparisons within and across countries /
regions
5. Public agricultural R&D investments, 1981–2011
asti.cgiar.org
• In 2011, spending
totaled $1.7 billion
(in 2005 PPP prices)
Spending (billion 2005 PPP dollars)
2.0
1.5
• Spending increased
by more than one
third during 2000–
2011
1.0
0.5
0.0
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2000-2011 growth
Nigeria
Uganda
Ethiopia
Ghana
Kenya
Tanzania
• Growth is driven by a
handful of countries
(Public = government,
higher education, nonprofit)
6. Challenge: Underinvestment
asti.cgiar.org
Target (UN/NEPAD): Allocation of at least 1% of GDP to R&D
• On average, 0.5% of SSA’s AgGDP was spent on public
agricultural R&D in 2011
• Declined since 2008 due to relative stronger AgGDP growth
• Caution when analyzing intensity ratios
4
Public agricultural R&D spending as a share of AgGDP, 2011
3
2
1
0
Guinea-…
Gabon
CAF
Cong, DR
Niger
Madagascar
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Ethiopia
Sudan
Zambia
Eritrea
Nigeria
Mozambiq…
Burkina Faso
Togo
Liberia
Côte d'Ivoire
Tanzania
Burundi
Mali
Benin
Lesotho
Rwanda
Ghana
Senegal
Chad
Mauritania
Congo, Rep.
Gambia, The
Malawi
Cape Verde
Kenya
Uganda
Swaziland
South Africa
Botswana
Namibia
Mauritius
Average
Share (%)
5
Preliminary data for some countries
7. Challenge: Uneven investment growth
asti.cgiar.org
Target (UN expert group): 5% annual spending growth over
the next decade
• 2000–2011 marked by spending decline or stagnation in
about half of the 30 countries with timeseries data
• However, more than one third of the countries experienced
increased agricultural R&D spending during 2008–2011
Annual public agricultural R%D spending growth, 2000–2011
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Eritrea
Guinea
Gabon
Togo
Zambia
Gambia, The
South Africa
Cote d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Mauritius
Mali
Senegal
Madagascar
Ethiopia
Botswana
Mauritania
Malawi
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Kenya
Niger
Sudan
Nigeria
Ghana
Burundi
Benin
Congo, Rep.
Uganda
Tanzania
Sierra Leone
Average
Annual growth (%)
15
Preliminary data for some countries
8. Country examples of underinvestment
asti.cgiar.org
million 2005 PPP dollars
100
80
DR Congo
60
40
20
0
2009
2010
2011
2010
2011
million 2005 PPP dollars
400
Ethiopia
300
200
100
0
2009
Actual public agricultural R&D spending
Required spending to reach 1% target
• DR Congo spent $16 million or
0.17% of AgGDP on agricultural
R&D in 2011
• Ethiopia spent $78 million or
0.22% of AgGDP on agricultural
R&D in 2011
• These levels are extremely low
considering population levels
(SSA’s 2nd and 3rd largest
countries)
• Spending needs to increase
sixfold in DR Congo and fivefold in
Ethiopia to reach the UN/NEPAD
1% target
9. Country examples of sustainable investment
asti.cgiar.org
• Uganda: High and continued government commitments to
agricultural research combined with donor support
• Côte d’Ivoire: Unique funding mechanism involving private
sector funding, which has resulted in stable research
investment levels over time
Total public agricultural R&D spending trends, 1996-2011
120
60
Côte d’Ivoire
Uganda
45
90
30
60
15
30
0
0
1996
2001
2006
2011
1996
2001
2006
2011
10. Challenge: Investment volatility
asti.cgiar.org
• Annual agricultural R&D
spending in SSA has been
considerably more volatile than
in other developing regions
• Volatility is more pronounced
in donor-dependent lowincome countries
• Donor/development bank
funding is generally short-term
and ad-hoc (and 2-3 times
more volatile than government
funding)
11. Challenge: Fragmentation
asti.cgiar.org
• More than 600
agricultural R&D
agencies scattered
across the region
100%
80%
• Enhanced role of
universities
60%
40%
• …but increased
fragmentation of
agricultural R&D
20%
0%
1981
Government
1991
2001
Higher education
2011
Nonprofit
• Economies of scale are
lower than in other
(developing) regions
12. Challenge: Staff turnover and composition
asti.cgiar.org
• Number of researchers (in full-time equivalents)
increased by about 50%:
– Initially driven by recruitment of junior BSc holders
– Since 2008, increase in MSc holders too
– Increased role of universities (Nigeria, Sudan)
• Many small countries lack a critical mass of researchers
(especially PhD holders)
• In about half of the sample countries more than 50% of
PhD holders is 50 or older; more pronounced in West
Africa
• Urgent need to recruit and train next generation of
scientists in these countries
13. Concluding remarks
asti.cgiar.org
• To achieve future growth targets, national governments will
need to provide sufficient and stable financial
resources, adequate human resources in terms of numbers
and quality, and support institutional improvements in
agricultural R&D
• There are encouraging signs that SSA is moving (although
slowly) in the right direction in terms of agricultural R&D
– Expansion in its agricultural investment and capacity
– A number of countries are putting measurements in place to
address current investment and capacity challenges
– Enhanced recognition of the importance of agricultural R&D by
national governments and international community
– Latter resulted in the development of the Science Agenda for
Agriculture in Africa
14. Coming soon
•
•
•
•
New series of country fact sheets
Regional publications
Various enhancements to www.asti.cgiar.org
Dissemination and outreach activities
Editor's Notes
Ratios don’t take into account the policy and institutional environment within which agricultural R&D takes placeRatios don’t take into account the influx of foreign technologiesIncreased ratios don’t always reflect increased agricultural R&D spending; they can also reflect declining or stagnating agricultural output