1. ISSN (Print): 2328-3777, ISSN (Online): 2328-3785, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3793
American International Journal of
Research in Formal, Applied
& Natural Sciences
AIJRFANS 14-242; © 2014, AIJRFANS All Rights Reserved Page 73
Available online at http://www.iasir.net
AIJRFANS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by
International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)
Distribution of ABO and Rh (D) Allele Frequency among Five
Endogamous Groups of Haryana, India
Manisha Saini1
& Abhay Singh Yadav2
1
Junior Research Fellow (HSCST), Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra
University, Kurukshetra, India
2
Professor, Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
I. Introduction
Haryana is a state of mixed populations because of continuous migrations and mixing. It is situated in
north-west region of India. There are 82 communities identified in Haryana [1]. Although these communities are
quite widely distributed yet only infrequent studies are available regarding the distribution of ABO and Rh (D)
blood groups in different endogamous groups of Haryana [2]-[18]. Knowledge of blood group systems is
important in management of provincial blood bank and transfusion services and also in presenting insight into
potential of future burden of diseases and helps to take precautionary measures against it. The present study was
planned to investigate the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups in five endogamous groups belonging
to Haryana (Bishnoi, Nai, Sunar, Gujjar and Kamboj).
II. Materials and methods
Sample collection and analysis
Blood samples were collected by finger-prick method from 1000 healthy, unrelated individuals of both
sexes belonging to Bishnoi, Sunar, Nai, Gujjar and Kamboj populations of Haryana. All of these communities
belong to backward class of Haryana and samples were collected from Gurgaon, Karnal, Panchkula,
Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Rohtak and Jind district of Haryana.
ABO and Rh (D) blood grouping was performed simultaneously. Slide agglutination method was used
for the present investigation. A drop of each antisera-A, antisera-B and antisera-D was placed on to a clean,
labeled glass slide and a drop of blood was added and mixed immediately. Agglutination with antisera-A
showed A blood group, with antisera-B showed B blood group and with both A and B showed AB and with
neither of these showed O blood group. Agglutination of blood with D showed positive test for D antigen.
Statistical Analysis
Allele frequencies of ABO blood group system were calculated according to Yasuda [19] and d allele
frequency was calculated by square root method. Statistical calculations were done using chi-square test.
III. Results
Table 1 represents the phenotypes and allele frequencies of ABO blood groups. In ABO blood group
system, the frequency of A allele was found to be highest in Nai (0.31) and lowest in Bishnoi (0.09). Gujjar
(0.45) has the highest frequency of B allele while Bishnoi (0.18) has the lowest B allele frequency. The allele
frequency for O blood group was found to be highest in Bishnoi (0.72) followed by Sunar and Kamboj (0.49),
Gujjar (0.40) and lowest in Nai (0.35). Chi-square value for ABO blood groups was significant only in Gujjar
population group indicating heterogeneous distribution and the remaining population groups showed non-
significant differences demonstrating homogenous distribution.
The phenotype and gene frequencies of Rh (D) blood group are given in table 2. The gene frequency of
D allele was found to be maximum in Bishnoi (0.76) and minimum in Sunar (0.63). Frequency of allele d was
highest in Sunar (0.37) followed by Gujjar (0.28), Nai and Kamboj (0.26) and lowest in Bishnoi (0.24).
Abstract: The present study was intended to investigate the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) allele
frequencies in five endogamous groups of Haryana (Bishnoi, Sunar, Nai, Gujjar and Kamboj). The
frequency of allele A ranges from 0.09- 0.31 while of allele B varies from 0.18- 0.45 and of O varies from
0.35- 0.72. In Rh (D) blood group system the frequency of allele d varies from 0.24- 0.37 while the
frequency of allele D ranges from 0.63 – 0.76. The frequency range of all the alleles studied falls well
within the range of other populations of Haryana.
Keywords: ABO, Rh blood groups, allele frequency, endogamous groups

2. Manisha Saini et al., American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 6(1), March-May 2014, pp. 73-75
AIJRFANS 14-242; © 2014, AIJRFANS All Rights Reserved Page 74
Table I. Phenotype and allele frequency of ABO blood group in five endogamous populations of Haryana
Population group N ABO phenotype ABO allele frequency Chi- square value Significance
A B AB O O A B
Bishnoi 200 Obs.
Exp.
30
30
54
58.8
12
7.09
104
103.97
0.72 0.09 0.18 3.78 Non-significant
Nai 200 Obs.
Exp.
64
63.42
84
69.78
28
42.19
24
24.5
0.35 0.31 0.34 7.68 Non-significant
Sunar 200 Obs.
Exp.
40
39
88
89.8
24
23.12
48
48
0.49 0.17 0.34 0.39 Non-significant
Gujjar 200 Obs.
Exp.
28
28.08
128
113.2
12
26.76
32
32
0.40 0.15 0.45 10.07 Significant
Kamboj 200 Obs.
Exp.
59
59
64
67
29
26.04
48
47.82
0.49 0.24 0.27 0.47 Non-significant
Obs. - observed, Exp. – expected
Table II. Phenotype and allele frequency of Rh (D) blood groups in five endogamous populations of
Haryana
Population group Rh (D) phenotype Rh (D) Allele frequency
Rh (D)+
Rh (D)-
D d
Bishnoi 188(94%) 12(6%) 0.76 0.24
Nai 186(93%) 14(7%) 0.74 0.26
Sunar 172(86%) 28(14%) 0.63 0.37
Gujjar 184(92%) 16(8%) 0.72 0.28
Kamboj 187(93.5%) 13(6.5%) 0.74 0.26
IV. Discussion
Several earlier studies have reported that frequency of allele A varies from 0.066 in Yadav to 0.356 in
Bazigar [18]. The frequency of A allele (0.09-0.31) observed in the present study fits well in the range earlier
data reported. The value of B allele frequency varies from 0.185 in Sunar to 0.566 in Sikh Harijans of Moga
[20] in various populations of North-West India and in the present study (0.18-0.45) it was found to be fit in the
above mentioned range. In Haryana, frequency of allele d ranges from 0 in Kamboj [21], [22] to 0.420 in Jat[8].
The allele frequency range for d allele (0.24-0.37) observed in present study is in agreement with the earlier
reported studies.
V. Conclusion
From the present study it can be concluded that the pattern of ABO and Rh blood groups distribution of
Haryana is in accordance with North-West Indian population. It was observed from the study that most frequent
allele is O in Bishnoi, Nai, Sunar and Kamboj population while it is B allele in Gurjar population. There is
homogeneous distribution of ABO alleles in all the castes studied except Gurjars. The least frequent allele in all
the populations is A and d.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are sincerely grateful to the authorities of Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra for providing all the mandatory facilities for
present study and to all the volunteers who gave the blood samples.