The History Of Computer

1. The World
Of
Computer

2. A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY
The computer as we know it today had its
beginning with a 19th century English mathematics
professor name Charles Babbage.He designed the
Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic
framework of the computers of today are based on.
Charles Babbage KH FRS was an English
polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and
mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a
digital programmable computer.

3. Three Generations Of Computer
Generally speaking,
computers can be classified into
three generations. Each
generation lasted for a certain
period of time , and each gave us
either a new and improved
computer or an improvement to
the existing computer.

4. First Generation Computers
Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory. As a result they were enormous, literally
taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune to run. These were
inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat, sucked huge
electricity and subsequently generated a lot of heat which caused
ongoing breakdowns.
These first generation computers relied on ‘machine
language’ (which is the most basic programming language that can
be understood by computers). These computers were limited to
solving one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards
and paper tape. Output came out on print-outs. The two notable
machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the
UNIVAC is the first every commercial computer which was purchased
in 1951 by a business – the US Census Bureau.

5. Second Generation Computers
Transistor (1956-1963)
The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the
advent of the second generation of computing. Although first invented in
1947, transistors weren’t used significantly in computers until the end of the
1950s. They were a big improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still
subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat. However they were
hugely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster,
cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still relied on punched card
for input/printouts.
The language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic
(‘assembly’) languages. This meant programmers could create instructions
in words. About the same time high level programming languages were
being developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN). Transistor-
driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into their
memories – moving from magnetic drum to magnetic core ‘technology’.
The early versions of these machines were developed for the atomic
energy industry.

6. Third Generation Computers
Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised
and put on silicon chips (called semiconductors). This led to a
massive increase in speed and efficiency of these
machines. These were the first computers where users
interacted using keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an
operating system, a significant leap up from the punch cards and
printouts. This enabled these machines to run several
applications at once using a central program which functioned to
monitor memory.
As a result of these advances which again made machines
cheaper and smaller, a new mass market of users emerged
during the ‘60s.

7. Fourth Generation Computers
Microprocessors (1972-2010)
This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker
developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which positioned all computer
components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) onto a single chip.
What filled a room in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the hand. The
Intel chip housed thousands of integrated circuits. The year 1981 saw
the first ever computer (IBM) specifically designed for home use and
1984 saw the MacIntosh introduced by Apple.Microprocessors even
moved beyond the realm of computers and into an increasing number
of everyday products.
The increased power of these small computers meant they could
be linked, creating networks. Which ultimately led to the development,
birth and rapid evolution of the Internet. Other major advances during
this period have been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse
and more recently the astounding advances in lap-top capability and
hand-held devices.

8. Fifth Generation Computer
Artificial Intelligence (2010)
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still
in development, but some of these technologies are
beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition.
AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and
superconductors. Leaning to the future, computers will be
radically transformed again by quantum computation,
molecular and nano technology.
The essence of fifth generation will be using these
technologies to ultimately create machines which can
process and respond to natural language, and have
capability to learn and organise themselves.

9. 5 Biggest
Companies
Of
Computers

10. Apple Incorporation
Headquartered in Cupertino, California, Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL) has
been at the forefront of the computer hardware industry since its founding in
1976 by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak and Gerald Wayne. Its hardware products
include Mac personal computers, iPod portable media players, iPad tablet
computers, iPhone smartphones and Apple Watch smartwatches. Apple sells
its products through retail and online stores, direct sales and third-party
network carriers, wholesalers, retailers and value-added resellers. As one of
the most recognizable and popular brands in the world, Apple has sales of
$199.4 billion and assets of $261.9 billion, and is the most valuable company
in the world with a market capitalization of $621.6 billion as of December 2015.

11. Samsung Electronics Corporation
Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. is a South Korean electronics
company focusing on producing mobile electronic devices.
Since introducing its first flagship Android phone, the Galaxy S,
and the Galaxy Tab , the first mainstream Android tablet,
Samsung has been one of the most successful tech companies
in the world. Samsung makes more smartphones than any other
company in the world. It is also one of the leading producers of
HDTVs and home theater equipment. As of December 2015,
Samsung has sales of $195.9 billion, assets of $209.6 billion and
a market capitalization of $187.8 billion.

12. International Business Machines Corporation
(IBM)
Founded in 1911, New York-based International Business Machines Corp.
(NYSE: IBM) started as a producer of punch-card tabulating machines. IBM
launched its first personal computer in 1981 called the IBM PC, which quickly
became the industry standard. IBM’s failure to compete effectively in the rapidly
changing personal computer industry led to financial problems in the 1980s, but
its focus on business solutions and networking has helped the company remain a
major force in the hardware industry. As of December 2015, IBM has sales of
$93.4 billion, assets of $177.5 billion and a market capitalization of $130.8 billion.

13. Foxconn Technology Group
Foxconn Technology Group is a Taiwanese electronics
contract manufacturing company headquartered in Tucheng, New
Taipei, Taiwan. With over 1 million employees, it is one of the world's
largest electronics contractor manufacturers and the largest producer
of Apple products. While Foxconn continues to benefit from the
success of surging sales of iPhones, the company plans to diversify
its production. Rising competition for Apple contracts and improving
Chinese labor standards have cut into company profits. As of
December 2015, Foxconn has a market capitalization of $40.3 billion.

14. Hewlett-Packard Incorporated
(HP Inc.)
The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), also known as HP Inc., is
one of the two companies resulting from the split of HP. in 2015. The
company, headquartered in Palo Alto, California, produces personal
computers and printers. Facing a decline in the personal computer market,
HP decided to streamline operations by creating two smaller companies.
The other company, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, focuses on server and
other hardware sales to businesses. By splitting, HP hopes to have more
resources to allocate toward research and development, leading to more
innovative products. As of the split in 2015, HP Inc. has a market
capitalization of $21.9 billion.

15. Thanks For Watching
Ian Fred Caballero Gr. 10 SSC
Bato National High School
Bato Toledo City Cebu