Diesel engines plays a pivotal role in the transportation sector as diesel engines have wide applications in transportation, from railways to waterways to roadways the diesel engine finds an application in every field. It can also be said that Diesel engine is a popular prime mover in rural areas, particularly in the places where electrical power is not available. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel with increased environmental concern has stimulated worldwide efforts to produce alternative to diesel. Biodiesel has recently become very attractive, because of its environmental benefits due to its production from renewable sources.

1. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
217
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON FOR FUEL PROPERTIES OF
SIMAROUBA AND CALOPHYLLUM BIODIESEL
1
Abhishek V, 2
Nithyananda B S, 3
Anand A, 4
Dr. G V Naveen Prakash
1, 2, 3, 4
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardaka college of Engineering, Mysore-570002, Karnataka, India)
ABSTRACT
Diesel engines plays a pivotal role in the transportation sector as diesel engines have wide applications in
transportation, from railways to waterways to roadways the diesel engine finds an application in every field. It can also
be said that Diesel engine is a popular prime mover in rural areas, particularly in the places where electrical power is not
available. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel with increased environmental concern has stimulated worldwide efforts to
produce alternative to diesel. Biodiesel has recently become very attractive, because of its environmental benefits
due to its production from renewable sources. Biofuels have become a matter of global importance because of
the need for an alternative energy at a cheaper price and with less pollution. The objective of this paper is to investigate
the fuel properties of biodesel extracted from simarouba and calophyllum seeds. The objective is achieved by
transesterifying the oil using transesterification setup. The fuel properties are then investigated by using lab equipments
which are validated with ASTM standards.
Keywords: Calophyllum Oil, Simarouba Oil, Transesterification.
1. INTRODUCTION
A lot of work in this field has been already done and in many of the counties biodiesel is commercially in use.
There are thousands of edible and non-edible oils that can be extracted on this planet as renewable source, as methyl
esters of these oils possess different physical properties and chemical compositions. The esters also changes depending
upon the oil as well as type of catalyst whether it is acid or base. The engine parameters like speed, set-up and Engine
type will vary with different oil and its blend.
Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption. India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling
nations in the world and the third largest oil user in Asia behind China and Japan. The oil production in India today is
peaking at 45 million tonnes compared to its demand of 160 million tonnes, thereby relaying heavily on the net oil
imports to meet up with the demand. It is estimated that by 2020 India’s net imports of oil will be at 92% compared to oil
production of 8 %. Such dependency on imports for a primary energy source can put India in a vulnerable position in the
future, major changes have to be made in order to avoid such situations, and biodiesels are one such option which can
help a country like India in reducing its dependency on oil producing countries for its oil needs.
2. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of the study is to produce biodiesel from calophyllum and simarouba and compare the fuel
properties for the blends of biodiesel.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)
Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 217-221
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2. Proceedings of the 2nd
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17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
218
3. METHODOLOGY
Oil extraction from seeds
Oil filtering
Estimation of 'FFA' percentage
Esterification/Transesterification process
Washing of biodiesel
Drying of biodiesel
Evaluation of properties of biodiesel.
3.1 Fuel properties of Diesel, Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends.
Table 1 shows the fuel properties of Diesel and Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends. Biodiesel blends of
Calophyllum methyl esters with diesel on 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis was prepared and fuel properties are
measured following standard procedure.
Table 1: Fuel properties of Diesel, Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends
Properties Units Diesel B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100
Viscosity Cst 2.32 2.68 2.73 2.82 2.90 2.98 5.81
Density Kg/m3
806.0 812.2 817.9 823.1 827.9 834.9 864.0
Flash point o
C 52 58 61 64 66 69 160
Fire point o
C 61 66 68 72 75 77 175
Calorific value KJ/Kg 43796 42920 42532 42060 41578 41072 37400
3.2 Fuel properties of Diesel, Simarouba biodiesel and its blends
Table 2 shows the fuel properties of Diesel and simarouba biodiesel and its blends. Biodiesel blends of
simarouba methyl esters with diesel on 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis was prepared and fuel properties are
measured following standard procedure.
Table 2: Fuel properties of Diesel, Simarouba biodiesel and its blends
Properties Units Diesel B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100
Viscosity Cst 2.32 2.45 2.68 2.80 2.83 3.07 5.3
Density Kg/m3 806.0 825 827 829 831 836 867
Flash point oC 52 56 60 64 67 69 163
Fire point oC 61 64 67 70 74 78 175
Calorific value KJ/Kg 43796 42870 42465 41960 41458 40907 37500
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The raw calophyllum oil having FFA of 32% is treated with two processes. The first process is esterification in
which the Calophyllum oil is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid as catalyst to remove excess % of FFA. After
esterification process the FFA of calophyllum is found to be 2.5%. This oil is taken into second process
transesterification, where oil is treated with NaOH catalyst. This reduces the FFA to 0.86%. After processing through
above two treatments the oil is washed with warm water and heated to 110o
C to remove excess water in it. The dried oil
is now free from all impurities. Then the processed Calophyllum oil is the biodiesel which further blended with diesel
on a 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis and fuel properties are determined using standard procedure.
The raw simarouba oil having FFA of 3.08% is treated with one process. The oil is taken into
Transesterification process where it is treated with NaOH catalyst reducing to 0.38%. By processing through the above
treatment the oil is washed with warm water and heated to 110o
C to remove excess water in it. The dried oil is now free
from all impurities. Then the processed simarouba oil is the biodiesel which is further blended with diesel on a 5, 10,
15, 20 and 25% volume basis and fuel properties are determined using standard procedure.

3. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
219
4.1 Comparison of properties of simarouba and calophyllum
Fig.1: viscosity vs blends
Fig.2: Density vs Blends
In Fig 1, the kinematic viscosity of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel blends B5, B10,
B15 B20, B25 are higher than the viscosity of diesel. But it is observed that the viscosity of calophyllum biodiesel is
slightly higher than blends of simarouba biodiesel.
The density of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel is increased with the increase in blend
percentage as shown in Fig 2.The high density of biodiesel can be reduced by heating. It is clear from above figure that
density of calophyllum biodiesel is lesser than that of blends of simarouba biodiesel.
The flash points of different blends of methyl esters are increased with the increase in methyl ester percentage as
shown in Fig 3. It is also observed that the flash points of blends B5 and B10 are close to diesel.Also the flash point for
different blends of calophyllum and simarouba are very close to each other.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DIESEL B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100
ViscosityCst
BLENDS
Comparision for viscosity of calophyllum and
simarouba biodiesel blends
CALLOPYLLUM SIMROUBA
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
DENSITY
kg/m3
BLENDS
Comparision for density of calophyllum and simarouba
biodiesel blends
CALOPHYLLUM
SIMAROUBA

4. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
220
Fig.3: Flash point vs blends
Fig.4: Fire point vs blends
The fire points of different blends of methyl esters are increased with the increase in methyl ester percentage
as shown in Fig 4. It is also observed that the fire points of blends B5 and B10 are close to diesel. Also the fire point for
different blends of calophyllum and simarouba are very close to each other.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
FIREPOINT0c
Comparision for fire point of calophyllum and simarouba
biodiesel blends
CALOPHYLLUM
SIMAROUBA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
FLASHPOINT
0c
Comparision for flash point of calophyllum and simarouba
biodiesel blends
CALOPHYLLUM
SIMAROUBA

5. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
221
Fig.5: Calorific value vs blends
The calorific values of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel are lesser than the calorific
value of diesel as shown in Fig 5. The biodiesel blends B10 and B20 have calorific values closer to diesel. Calorific
value of simarouba and calophyllum blends is almost same upto B15 and calorific value of simarouba is slightly higer
than calophyllum biodiesel.
5. CONCLUSION
The engine performance is highly influenced by the factors like viscosity, density and volatility of fuel. For
biodiesel, these factors are mainly decided by the effectiveness of the transesterification process. The simarouba and
calophyllum biodiesel can provide a useful substitute for diesel thereby reducing our dependency on foreign countries
for oil and improving the economic scenario of our country.
Based on the experimental investigation the following conclusions can be drawn.
• Simrouba and calophyllum biodiesel blends can be directly used in diesel engines as an alternative fuel
without any engine modification.
• The fuel properties of different blends of biodiesel are nearer to the diesel and blends B5 ,B10 ,B15 and B20 is
giving good results.
• The fuel properties of biodiesel B100 are not in good agreement with the diesel so it is advisable not to use
B100 biodiesel in CI engines.
• The simarouba biodiesel shows better fuel properties than the calophyllum biodiesel up to blend B20.
6. REFERENCES
[1] Y. V. V. Satyanarayana Murthy, “Performance of tobacco oil-based bio- diesel fuel in a single cylinder direct
injection engine”, International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(13), 2010, pp2066-2074.
[2] Chincholkar Saurabh Srivastav, A Rehman, Savita Dixit and Atul Lanjewar, “Biodiesel as an alternative fuel
for pollution control in diesel engine”, Asian J. Exp. Sci in 2005, pp13-22.
[3] Rehman A, Pandey R K, Dixit S and Sarviya R M “Performance and Emission Evaluation of Diesel Engine
Fueled with Vegetable Oil”, Int. J. Environ. Res,2008 pp463-470.
[4] G Amba Prasad Rao and P Rama Mohan, “Performance Evaluation of DI and IDI Engines with Jatropha Oil
based Biodiesel “IE (I) journal.MC, 2004, pp72.
[5] Nithyananda B.S, Anand A & Dr. G. V. Naveen Prakash, “Performance Study on Diesel Engine Using
Different Blends of Neem Biodiesel”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1778-1781.
34000
36000
38000
40000
42000
44000
46000
DIESEL B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100
CALORIFICVALUE
KJ/KG
Comparision for calorific value of calophyllum and
simarouba biodiesel blends
CALOPHYLLUM SIMAROUBA