20320140507010

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 89-99 © IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 89-99
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.9290 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
89

IJCIET
©IAEME
CORROSION INHIBITION OF REINFORCED STEEL BY THYMUS
VULGARIZE (THYME) EXTRACT IN SIMULATED CHLORIDE
CONTAMINATED CONCRETE PORE SOLUTION
AbdulrasoulSalih Mahdi1*, ShymmaKadhem Rahem2*
1, 2Electrochemical Eng. Department, College of Engineering, Babylon University, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Thymus Vulgarize extract (TVE) was reported to be good corrosion inhibitor for copper and
brass in acid media. This paper presents experimental study to investigate the efficiency of Thyme
leaves extract as corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforcing steel samples exposed to alkaline
solution consisting of 2% KOH and 3% NaCl which is a simulation to the chloride contaminated
concrete pore solution (SCP) using open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization
technique. Various concentration (100 ml/L, 150 ml/L, 250 ml/L) of TVE were used in this
experiment. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements indicated a shifting in potential toward
noble direction for steel samples immersed in SCP solution containing TVE compared with control
sample.
Potentiodynamic polarization measurements was done after zero hr. immersion in test
solutions and after 30 day. Data from these measurements showed that the corrosion parameters
values of the reinforced steel were decreased and inhibition efficiency increased higher than that
values of zero hour immersion, maximum efficiency of 89.71% and lower corrosion current density
of 0.56 μA/ cm2 was achieved at TVE concentration of 250 ml/L. This is an indication that TVE
inhibitor maintained stable protective film on the steel surface even in the presence of chloride ions.
The results of this experimental work showed that thyme extract worked effectively as green
corrosion inhibitor, gave good corrosion inhibition for concrete reinforced steel samples immersed in
simulated chloride contaminated concrete pore solutions during the time of this research.
Keywords: Thymus Vulgarize Extract (TVE), Concrete Reinforced Steel, Corrosion Inhibitor,
PotentioDynamic Polarization, Simulated Concrete Pore Solution (SCP).

90
1. INTRODUCTION

Corrosion inhibitors have been proved to be effective and practical way to reduce or stop the
corrosion process of reinforcing steel in most corrosive environments enhancing the surface life of
concrete structures [1-10]. There are two types of corrosion inhibitors, the first one inhibit corrosion
by enhancing the formation of protective oxide film through oxidizing process and the second one
inhibit corrosion by adsorbing on the metal surfacecreating a barrier have ability to prevent the
aggressive ions to access to the metal surface [11]. Several studies indicated that most syntheses
organic and inorganic inhibitors are toxic causeseverehazards to both human beings and environment
during its applications [12-15]. Thus many researchers focus their efforts to replace these toxic
inhibitors with nontoxic one, so there is a great interest toward the using of green corrosion inhibitors
to protect concrete rebar from corrosion because these inhibitors are not only nontoxic and
environmental friendly, but also readily available and renewable[16- 19].
Green inhibitors are reported to be low cost, safe, easily applicable, ecofriendly, preserve the
environment and are easily available, they can be extracted by simple procedures with low costfrom
natural products such as plant extracts [20]. Extracts from plant leaves, seeds, stems, peels, barks,
roots and flowers have been widely studied and reported to be efficient inhibitor to metallic
corrosion in acidic media [12, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24]. These extracts are organic in nature, its inhibition
efficiency is related to the presence of complex organic compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, amino
acids and saponnins in their composition [25]. Most of these organic compounds contain
electronegative atoms such as phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and multiple bond in their
molecules which strongly adsorbed to metal surface through the coordination of their electrons with
the ions of the corroding metal, so protective barrier film is formed on the metal surface block the
active sites and then reducing the corrosion rate[26, 27, 28 , 29, 30].
In recent time several investigations have been reported about using plant extract as corrosion
inhibitor for concrete reinforcing steel such as Vernoniaamygdalina leaves extract [31],
BambusaArundinacea (Indian Bamboo) leaves extract [32], Extracts of kola plant and tobacco [33],
pawpaw (carica papaya) leaves extract[34], ChamaeropsHumilis L. leaves extract [ 35] which have
been found to be efficient corrosion inhibitors.
Thyme herb (Thymus Vulgarize) is an aromatic plant, literatures show that it has a number of
medical applications [36]. Thymus Vulgarize extract (TVE) is known to contain essential oil,
tannins, flavonoids, saponins and triterpenic acid, these compounds having polar functions with S, O
or N atoms in their molecule, heterocyclic compounds and pi electron Thyme constituents such as
saponnins and tannins can be strongly adsorb onto the metal surface enhancing its corrosion
resistance in corrosive environments [37]. TVE was found to be good corrosion inhibitor for copper
and brass in acid media [37]. However, no study till date according to our knowledge has been
reportedabout TVE inhibition effect on reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to corrosive
environment containing chloride ions.
In the present paper experimental study was done to investigate the efficiency of Thyme
leaves extractas corrosion inhibitor for reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to simulated chloride
contaminated concrete pore solution consisting of 2% KOH and 3% NaCL using open circuit
potential and potentiodynamic polarization technique.
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
2.1. Inhibitor preparation
Thyme herb was purchased from local food supermarket. Digitally weighed 6 gram from
crushed thyme leaves herb boiled for one minute in 500 ml distilled water, cooled and filtrated by
filter paper. This filtrate solution was used in this experiment as a corrosion inhibitor.

91
2.2 Reinforced steel samples preparation

Steel bar which is already used as concrete reinforcement was purchased from local market.
For open circuit test four specimens of 0.095 cm diameter and 4.5 cm length were cut from the rebar.
For electrical connection one end of the specimen was soldered to copper wire. All specimens were
grinded by grinding machine in order to remove any rust stains or mill scales 2.5 cm of the sample
length was defined as the exposing length and the remaining was painted with epoxy paint. For
potentiodynamic polraization tests 12 disc of 1 cm diameter were cut from rebar and then braded
with different grades grinding papers.For optical images tests 4 discs of20 mm diameter were cut
from steel bar, braded with abrasive grinder machine and then polished by polishing machine till
mirror surface. The samples were immediately decreased by acetone and air dried and then immersed
in the tests solutions.
2.3 Solutions preparation
Analytical grade chemicals purchased from local supplier were used to prepare the test
solutions. Simulated concrete pore solution (SCP) was prepared by dissolving appropriate amount of
solid KOH in the required deionized water to obtain 2% KOH solution. The aggressive environment
in this experiment consist of 2% NaCL was made by adding appropriate amount of solid NaCl to
SCP solution to simulate the chloride contaminated SCP solution (control solution). 100 ml ,150 ml
and 250 ml of TVE was added to each liter of the control solution to form three thyme inhibitor
solutions so in this experiment four solutions were prepared one as a control solution ( PH = 12.85 )
and the others as thyme extract inhibitor solutions (PH = 13.04).
2.4. Electrochemical Measurements
Experimental work was carried out using potentiodynamic polarization and open circuit
potential technique to evaluate the inhibition effect of TVE inhibitor in SCP solution contaminated
with corrosive NaCl. All tests were carried out in aerated solution at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure.
2.4.1 Polarization measurements
The potentiodynamic polarization measurements of concrete reinforced steel were carried out
using three electrode cell, consisting of Ag/AgCl electrode as reference electrode, platinum wire as
counter electrode and working electrode. The working electrode was rebar steel disk axially
embedded in a Teflon holder to offer a flat disc shaped exposed surface area of 0.785 cm2. Before
each test disc was abraded with different types of silicon carbide paper, degreased with acetone and
rinsed with distilled water. Steel disc representcontrol specimen was immersed in SCP solution and
the other three discs immersed in SCP solution containing thyme extract inhibitor at concentrations
of 100ml/L, 150 ml/L and 250 ml/L respectively.
The experiments were performed in SCP solution with and without thyme inhibitor after
zero hour of immersion as (Initial), after one day of immersion, and after 30 days of immersion
(final) to verify the stability of the passive film even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions.
Polarization curves were conducted by changing the electrode potential automatically 200 mV more
negative to open circuit potential (OCP) toward 200 mV more positive to OCP at a scan rate of 1
mV/s. Wenking M Lab Potentiostat Galvanostat instrument (GERMAN origin) under
potentiodynamic conditions was used to carry out the tests. The programs of this instrument was
used to evaluate the corrosion parameters such as corrosion current (Icorr), corrosion potential
(Ecorr), anodic Tafel slope (ba) and cathodic Tafel slope (bc) from the conducted polarization
curves. Corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE %) was calculated according to the measured corrosion
parameters by using the following equation [38]:

Where Io and I are the corrosion current density without and with the inhibitor respectively.
92
IE % = (Io- I) / Io× 100
2.4.2 Open circuit potential measurements

The potential of an electrode that measured with respect to a reference electrode when there
is no current flowing (zero current) into it or from it is called open circuit potential (OCP) Open
circuit voltage method doesnot give any information about the corrosion rate, it only indicates the
corrosion activity at the time of measurement [39, 40]. To indicate the corrosion inhibition of TVE,
open circuit voltage tests were performed for reinforced steel specimens immersed in four SCP
solutions, control solution was the first one and the other three solutions were the control solution
with TVE inhibitor at concentrations of 100 ml /L, 150 ml /L and 250 ml/L respectively. High
impedance digital voltmeter was used to measure the open circuit voltage at interval of 2 days for a
period of 7 days using Ag/ AgCl electrode as reference electrode. The more negative reading of the
voltmeter means the high corrosion activity on the reinforced steel at the time of experiments.
2.5 Digital optical microscope image
Digital optical microscope was used to examine the microstructure of the specimens surface
after six days immersion in both inhibited and uninhibited solution.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 potentiodynamic polarization
Figure 1 shows the polarization curves of concrete reinforced steel samples immersed in test
solutions for zero hour. Corrosion parameters such as corrosion potential (Ecor), corrosion current
(Icor), cathodic Tafel slope(bc) and anodic Tafel slope (ba) were measured from Tafel plots
,inhibition efficiency( IF% ) was calculated from the measured values and all these parameters were
tabulated in table 1.
From the table it was appear that in the case of control sample , the passivity that formed due
to the high alkalinity of the solution is destroyed by the chloride ions as indicated by the corrosion
potential of -492 mV and corrosion current of 11.4 μA/ cm2 . In the case of TVE inhibitor samples
the corrosion potential in 100 ml/L concentration shifted to more noble side (-403mV), and the
corrosion current density decreased to (5.91 μA/ cm2) with IF% of 47.9 and in 150 ml/L
concentration shifted to (-371 mV) and current density decreased to(3.45 μA/ cm2) with IF% of
69.73, and in 250 ml/L concentration to (-387.5 mV ) and corrosion current to (2.71 μA/ cm2) with
IF% of 76.2
From figure and table it can be observed that the increasing in the inhibitor concentration
not only decreased corrosion current density (Icor ) but also increased inhibition efficiency IF%
and changed anodic and cathodic Tafel slope (ba and bc) with more clear change in cathodic
branch compared with anodic branch which mean that TVE is a mixed type inhibitor with
predominantly cathodic action[41].This results indicate that the TVE blocking the cathodic and
anodic sites due to the adsorption of tannins ,alkaloid and saponnins molecules on steel surface
forming abarrier film prevent the diffusion of ions from or to the corroded surface then stopping
hydrogen evolution and steel dissolutionproviding protection to the passive film that formed due to
the solution alkalinity [42] .

93

Figure 1: Electrochemical parameters of concrete reinforced steel samples without and with thyme
extract at various concentrations studied after zero hr. immersion in the SCP solution
Table 1: Electrochemical parameters of concrete reinforced steel samples without and with thyme
extract at various concentration studied after zero hr. immersion in the SCP solution.
System Ecor
mV
Icor
μA/ cm2
ba
mV/dec
-bc
mV/dec
IE
%
Control -492 11.4 214.3 371.5
Control + 100ml/l thyme - 403.5 5.91 177 156.3 47.9
Control + 150 ml/l thyme - 371 3.45 112.1 131.9 69.73
Control + 250 ml/l thyme - 387.5 2.71 102.1 129.9 76.22
Figure 2 shows the polarization curve of concrete rebar samples immersed in SCP solution
without and with thyme extract immersed for one day. The corrosion parameters that measured and
calculated from the polarization curves were reported in table 2.The results show that Ecor also
shifted to more positive direction, Icor decreased and IF% increased more than that for zero hour
immersion with increasing in TVE concentrations .For 250 ml/L TVE inhibitor the IF% is 84.43%
which is more than that of zero hour immersion (76.22%) and the same thing is for other
concentration the IF% is more than that of zero hr. immersion.This an indication that TVE inhibitor
build up more protective film on the steel surface.

94

extract at various concentration studied after one day immersion in the SCP solution
extract at various concentration studied after one day immersion in the SCP solution
System Ecor
mV
Icor
μA/ cm2
Ba
mV/dec
-bc
mV/dec
IE
%
Control -384.2 13.3 325.5 196.4
Control + 100ml/l thyme -375.9 3.26 169.1 136 75.5
Control + 150 ml/l thyme -338.4 2.1 235.4 120.7 84.21
After 30 days immersion in SCP solution containing different concentrations of TVE
inhibitor the corrosion parameters values of the reinforced steel were decreased higher than that
values of zero hour and one day immersion as shown in figure 3 and table 3. This is an indication
that TVE inhibitor maintained stable protective film on the steel surface even in the presence of
chloride ions. It is observed from table 3 that the maximum efficiency is 89.71% and lower corrosion
current density of 0.56μA/ cm2 was achieved at TVE concentration of 250 ml/L.
According to the data in table 4 [43] which represent the proposed relationship between the
corrosion current density and the remaining service life, the reinforced steel samples immersed in
SCP solution without inhibitor (control solution) having corrosion current density of 11.4 μA/ cm2
for zero hr immersion and 13.3 μA/ cm2 for one day immersion and 5.44 μA/ cm2 for 30 day
immersion which is more than 2.7 μA/ cm2, that means that the expected corrosion damage is within
2-10 years but when TVE inhibitor was added to the control solution the corrosion current density
of the steel sample decreased after 30 days immersion to 0.56 μA/ cm2 at inhibitor concentration of
250 ml/Lwhich means that the expected corrosion damaged became 10-15 year instead of 2-10 years
due to the action of the inhibitor .Since the corrosion rate decrease with increasing TVE inhibitor so

it can expect that the inhibitor concentration more than 250 ml/L may decrease the corrosion current
density to less than 0.5 μA/ cm2 and then make the reinforced steel in the no corrosion damage state
or in a passive state. This results reveal that TVE has ability to be a good green corrosion inhibitor
for reinforced steel in concrete.
95

extract at various concentration studied after 30 days immersion in the SCP solution
extract at various concentration studied after 30 days immersion in the SCP solution
System Ecor
mV
Icor
μA/ cm2
Ba
mV/dec
-bc
mV/dec
IE
%
Control -401.1 5.44 264.1 198.9
Control + 100ml/l thyme -327.1 1.34 181 114.8 75.36
Control + 250 ml/l thyme -322 0.56 108.5 76 89.71
Table 4: Proposed relationship between corrosion rate and remaining service life (43)
Icor (μA/ cm2 ) Severity of damage
0.5 No corrosion damage expected
0.5 - 2.7 Corrosion damage possible in 10 to 15 year
2.7 – 27 Corrosion damage expected in 2 to 10 years
27 Corrosion damage expected in 2 years or less
3.2 Open circuit potential
Plots of open circuit potential readings against time, obtained during 7 days of the experiment
for concrete reinforced steel samples immersed in SCP solution with and without TVE inhibitor are
presented in Figure 4. From the open circuit potential readings shown in the plots of Figure 4, The

potential of all specimens in pore solution containing TVE inhibitor were shifted to more positive
direction compared with specimen immersed in control sample which indicates that the TVE
inhibitor slow the corrosion process on reinforced steel surface due to the attack of the aggressive
chloride ions.
96

Figure 4: Potential variation of reinforced steel samples with the exposure time in chloride
contaminated simulated pore solutions with and without TVE inhibitor for week.
3.3 Optical microscope image
Digital optical microscope was used to examine the surface of reinforced steel discs
immersed in control solution and in control solution with various concentration of TVE inhibitor for
six days. The results were presented inFigure 4. From micrograph(a) which represent the image of
steel specimen in control solution it can be visibly observed a large number of pitting due to the
attack of the chloride ions .where micrographs (b), (c) and (d) showed a decreased in the number of
pitting due to the inhibitive action of TVE inhibitor by forming barrier film on steel surface and the
decrease in pitting area decreased with increasing inhibitor concentration. This resultsarein good
agreementwith the results that obtained from open circuit and potentiodynamic polarization
technique that studies.
A B C D
Figure 4: Optical micrographs of reinforced steel surface after six days of immersion in
(A) Control sample, (B) 100 ml/L thyme inhibitor sample, (C) 150 ml/L thyme inhibitor sample,
(D) 250 ml/L thyme inhibitor sample

From the obtained results the following can be deduced:
97
4 CONCLUSION

a) Thyme (Thymus Vulgarize) can be used as good green corrosion inhibitor for reinforced steel.
b) The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing TVE concentration.
c) Maximum efficiency of 89.71% was obtained at TVE concentration of 250 ml/L after 30 day of
immersion in corrosive solution.
d) TVE inhibitor can increase the expected service life of concrete reinforced steel five times than
that withoutinhibitor.
e) Polarization results showed that TVE is mixed type inhibitor with predominantly cathodic
action on the steel surface.
f) Optical microscope images of reinforced steel surfaces showed that the pitting area decreased
with increasing TVE concentration due the formation of protective film on the steel surface.
g) Studies with actual concrete specimens are needed to know the effect of amoxicillin on the
concrete mechanical properties.
f) In order to recommend the final TVE inhibitor dosage required to protect concrete steel from
corrosion long term studies are needed.
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