This document summarizes Cargill's bio-based additives for improving the performance and processing of biopolymers. It introduces various additive types including slip, anti-block, anti-scratch, and anti-static additives. Specific additive product examples are provided along with data on their effects. Test results show additives can improve properties like coefficient of friction, scratch resistance, and charge decay rate while maintaining clarity and mechanical properties of polymers. Food-contact approvals and renewable content information is also presented.

1. Bio-based Additives to Improve the
Performance & Processing of Biopolymers
Nathan Noyes
Global Business Development Manager
nathan.noyes@cargill.com
Sustainable Plastics
Los Angeles, 2023

2. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Agenda
2
Introduction to Cargill
Polymer Additives
Challenges of processing
biopolymers
Specialty additives for
biopolymers
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023

3. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Why Do We Need Additives in Biopolymers ?
3
Nowadays, most common polymers can be biobased, therefore the need for processing aid, mold
release, slip & anti-scratch performance, as well as anti-static and anti-fog effect is the same as in
fossil-based polymers.
Biopolymers such as PLA, exhibit high surface energy & low
shrinkage which can cause problems during film & sheet
extrusion and injection molding
Polyester-based biopolymers are used in engineering
applications
Polyester-based biopolymers are used in packaging
applications, where good aesthetics are required
Mold release & slip effect
Anti-scratch effect
Anti-static effect
Many biopolymers are transparent and are therefore used in
food applications Anti-fog effect
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023

4. How is Cargill Bioindustrial positioned to help?
4
Access To
Renewable
Crops
Portfolio
Approach
Partnerships
Application
Expertise
Feedstock
Conversion
Technologies
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023

6. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
What Additives Can Cargill Offer for Biopolymers?
Slip, anti-block &
anti-scratch
Migrating anti-static
& anti-fog
Processing aid Permanent anti-static
Ionphase™
Atmer™ 103 Atmer
Optislip
IncroMax™ 100
6
• Bio-based options available
• Food contact approval*
• Supplied as 100% active
• Incorporated either via compounding with the resin or dosed via masterbatch
• Generally used at dosages <1%, not impacting polymer compostibility, if applicable
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
* Food contact approval varies per product per region

7. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Bio-based additives, including carbon negative options
• We have calculated the Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of our
additives to determine the carbon footprint
• Our LCA calculations are possible due to our back integrated
raw material supply and supply chain transparency
• Our slip additives have a negative carbon footprint – we
remove more CO2 from the atmosphere than we emit during
production
• These excellent results are possible due to bio-based raw
materials, and sustainable transport, green energy choices
and efficient manufacturing processes
• Results are externally verified
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023 7

8. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
High Performance Slip, Anti-block & Anti-scratch Additives
8
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Product Effect Chemistry Polymer Renewable Carbon
Atmer 103 Processing aid Ester PLA & PLA blends 100%
Optislip ER Slip Amide Bio PE & PP, PLA, PBAT,
PHA, PHBH
100%
Optislip BR Anti-block Amide Bio PE & PP, PLA, PBAT,
PHBH
100%
Optislip SRV Slip Amide Bio PE & PP, PLA, PBAT 94%
IncroMax 100 Slip & anti-scratch Ester PLA, PBAT, PHA 100%
Range of products suitable in injection molding and film extrusion applications

9. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Can be optimized for internal or external lubrication
Migration mechanism of organic polymer additives
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Additive is uniformly
distributed in the polymer
immediately after
extrusion or injection
molding
As the polymer cools,
additive migrates to
the outer surface and
forms a partial layer,
providing the desired
effect
At equilibrium, complete
layers of additive form
on the surface. Effect is
maximized
9

10. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Processing Aid Effect of Atmer 103 on PLA
10
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Atmer 103 is used to improve
processability of the polymer
during injection molding and film
extrusion.
It performs well in a variety of
biopolymers including PLA & PLA
blends.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15
Injection
pressure
(bar)
Screw position (mm)
Blank PLA PLA+1% Atmer103

11. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Effect of IncroMax 100 on CoF of PLA Films
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Blank 0.5% IncroMax100
Dynamic
CoF
Dynamic CoF of 50 μm cast extruded PLA films
11
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
When 0.5% of IncroMax 100
is used in different polymers,
the dynamic coefficient of
friction is significantly
reduced, leading to easier
processing of the polymer.

12. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Effect of IncroMax 100 on CoF of PLA based Films
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Blank 0.5% IncroMax 100
Dynamic
CoF
Dynamic CoF of 250 μm cast extruded Floreon PLA based films*
* PLA based films supplied by Floreon™
12
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Low coefficient of friction
value achieved with
IncroMax™ 100 in a PLA
based blend film.

13. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Blank PLA * PLA/PBAT + 0.5% Optislip ER
Dynamic
CoF
Dynamic CoF of 50 μm blown extruded PLA/PBAT films
Effect of Optislip ER on CoF of PLA/PBAT Films
* Blank CoF value for cast extruded PLA used as reference. With our specific equipment, we could not extrude blank PLA/PBAT
13
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Extremely low coefficient of
friction value achieved with
just 0.5% of Optislip ER in
PLA/PBAT films, providing
excellent slip performance for
easier processing.

14. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Effect of Additives on CoF of PLA/PHA Films
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Blank 0.35% Optislip ER 0.5% IncroMax
100
1% Optislip ER,
0.5% Optislip BR
Dynamic
CoF
Dynamic CoF of 50 μm cast extruded PLA/PHA films
14
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Low coefficient of friction value
achieved with blends of
Optislip ER & Optislip BR, as well
as with IncroMax 100, offering
excellent slip performance for
easier processing.

15. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Effect of IncroMax 100 on Scratch Resistance of Injection
Molded PLA Plaques
15
Control
PLA + 0.5% IncroMax 100
0.68mm
15N → 1N
15N 1N
9N
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
• Less damage caused by scratches when using
IncroMax 100, especially up to 9N load
• Scratches less visible due to lower contrast between
scratches and background
Erichsen Scratch Hardness Tester 430 PI
Scratch tip Ø = 1mm
Scratch load = 1 – 15N, 1N increment
Scratch speed = 100mm/s
Conditions = 23 ⁰C and 50% relative humidity

16. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
IncroMax 100 and Optislip ER do not affect the clarity of PLA at doses up to 0.5%
Optical Properties of Additives in Injection molded PLA Plaques
• Colour can be defined by L*, a*, b*, c* and h*
Haze
L: Luminance/lightness
a: Green-red
b: Blue-yellow
c: Chroma
h: Hue
Data name Haze L* a* b* c* h*
PLA control 1.83 95.64 -0.30 2.04 2.06 98.28
PLA + 0.5% IncroMax 100 1.52 95.96 -0.32 1.90 1.93 99.48
PLA + 0.5% Optislip ER 0.62 95.73 -0.32 2.11 2.13 98.74
16
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023

17. CONFIDENTIAL. This document contains Cargill Confidential information. Disclosure, use or reproduction outside Cargill or inside
Cargill, to or by those who do not have a need to know is prohibited. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Introduction to
Migrating Anti-static
& Anti-fog Additives

18. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Internally added anti-fog and anti-static additives into biopolymers
18
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Product Effect Chemistry Polymer Application
ATMER 190 Anti-static Alkyl sulphonate Bio PE & PP, PLA,
PBAT, PHA, PHBH
Food packaging
Atmer 129 Anti-static Glycerol Ester Bio PE & PP Food packaging
Atmer 110 Anti-fog Sorbitan Ester PBAT based blends Food packaging
Atmer 185 Anti-fog Glycerol Ester Bio PE & PP Agricultural films
Atmer 1440 Anti-fog Glycerol Ester Bio PE & PP Food packaging
Range of products suitable in injection molding and film extrusion applications

19. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Anti-static effect of Atmer 190
Material
Charge decay
half-life (s)
Blank PLA > 40
PLA + 2% Atmer 190 3
PLA + 3% Atmer 190 3
Floreon PLA blend - blank > 40
Floreon PLA blend + 2% Atmer 190 1
19
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
7.E+14
2.E+11
3.E+10
2.E+14
1.E+11
1.E+08
1.E+10
1.E+12
1.E+14
1.E+16
Blank PLA 2% Atmer 190 3% Atmer 190 Blank Floreon
PLA blend
2% Atmer 190
Surface
Resistivity
(Ω)
Atmer 190 decreases the time it takes to
dissipate 50% of the initial charge, compared
to blank PLA and blank Floreon PLA blends
• Atmer 190 can be added to polymers as a masterbatch, during compounding or directly in extrusion or injection molding
• Atmer 190 is recommended at the following doses:
- PLA: Up to 3%
- Floreon PLA blends: Below 3%
* PLA based films supplied by Floreon™

20. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Effect of Atmer 190 on Mechanical Properties
• Tests conducted using ASTM D638
20
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
2% of Atmer 190 has no major effect on tensile properties of either PLA or PLA blends*
* PLA based films supplied by Floreon™
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Blank PLA 2% Atmer
190
Blank
Floreon
PLA blend
2%
Atmer190
Young's
modulus,
E
(GPa)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Blank PLA 2% Atmer
190
Blank
Floreon
PLA blend
2%
Atmer190
Tensile
strength,
UTS
(MPa)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Blank PLA 2% Atmer
190
Blank
Floreon
PLA blend
2%
Atmer190
Strain
at
break,
ε
(%)

21. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. 21
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
Blank
PLA
PLA
+ 2% Atmer 190
PLA
+ 3% Atmer 190
Floreon PLA
blend - blank
Floreon PLA
blend
+2% Atmer 190
Effect of Atmer 190 on Optical Properties
Atmer 190 has no effect on either the haze or color of PLA and Floreon PLA blends*
* PLA based films supplied by Floreon™
Data name Haze L a b c h
Blank PLA 0.2 97.1 -0.02 0.27 0.27 93.72
PLA + 2% Atmer 190 0.22 97.12 -0.01 0.25 0.25 93.23
PLA + 3% Atmer 190 0.86 96.99 -0.02 0.28 0.28 93.41
Floreon PLA blend –
blank
n/a 66.82 -0.84 -4.38 n/a n/a
Floreon PLA blend
+2%Atmer 190
n/a 65.48 -0.8 -4.29 n/a n/a

22. © 2022 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Permanent Anti-Static Additives
22
Additives in Biopolymers - 2023
• Ionphase Inherently Dissipative Polymers (IDP), also known as ion conductive polymers, reduce the resistivity of the
polymer providing control and safety for static related issues
• These additives offer an immediate and permanent effect, are humidity independent and offer good compatibility with host
polymers with minimal change to the properties of the host polymer
• Ionphase additives are suitable for compounding, extrusion or injection molding, and generally can be recycled
• Ionphase is suitable for use in polymers including:
– PLA & PLA blends
– PBS
• Recommended grade:
– Ionphase trSTAT