1 John Johnson COMM 300/4010 Research Study Analysis January 25, 2015 According to Arlene (2005), Literature Review is a text written text by researchers, scholars, and practitioners that systematically, explicitly, and reproducibly identify, evaluate, and synthesize the existing body of completed and recorded work. A good literature review should be critical, comprehensive and contextualized (Arlene, 2005). It is guided by one’s research objective or by the issue or thesis, you are arguing. It shows that you have up-to-date awareness of the relevant studies of other scholars, and that the study questions under focus are relevant. Further, it ascertains that your research will address a certain gap. Literature review will help you place your original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature by showing that there are gaps in knowledge in your field that merit a closer investigation (Arlene, 2005). It demonstrates that your work will fill this gap by adding knowledge in and understanding of your field. Secondly, it illustrates that your work has not been done before by any scholar as it affirms your intellectual contribution is indeed original. Thirdly, it provides a critical approach to scholarship. Literature review shows that you have analyzed and critiqued the theories or methodologies in the field and that you know the main arguments related to your topic. Fourthly, it helps yourself to focus on the primary theoretical and methodological approaches to your discipline, as well as the primary factors of your research. In addition, it identifies controversies and differences of opinion among scholars in the specific field under focus, and provides a scenario for the study as the valid, crucial response as well as considerable addressing of those controversies. Lastly, it synthesizes the results of your research into a precise account of what is known in your field of inquiry and what remains to be investigated, in a manner that it would address the thesis, problem, or research question (Arlene, 2005). The research defines different terms. For instance, Status cues are defined as important guidelines in normal Face-to-Face (FtF) interactions which affects the interpretation and processing of communication. Heuristic processing is outlined a set of rules that makes more efficient the cognitive processing. The use of heuristic processing may have effects that are negative and inaccurate results. Language and linguistic style- the study has examined the impact of languages on the credibility, persuasiveness and attractiveness on computer mediated communications. A variety of languages used in the study such as the Standard Singapore English and the colloquial Singapore English, which have been developed and used within the community. This study further suggests how language variation influences perception of the audience. Source expertise is explained as a status cue that may place judgmen.

1. 1
John Johnson
COMM 300/4010
Research Study Analysis
January 25, 2015
According to Arlene (2005), Literature Review is a text written
text by researchers, scholars, and practitioners that
systematically, explicitly, and reproducibly identify, evaluate,
and synthesize the existing body of completed and recorded
work. A good literature review should be critical,
comprehensive and contextualized (Arlene, 2005). It is guided
by one’s research objective or by the issue or thesis, you are
arguing. It shows that you have up-to-date awareness of the
relevant studies of other scholars, and that the study questions
under focus are relevant. Further, it ascertains that your
research will address a certain gap.
Literature review will help you place your original work (in the
case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing
literature by showing that there are gaps in knowledge in your
field that merit a closer investigation (Arlene, 2005). It
demonstrates that your work will fill this gap by adding

2. knowledge in and understanding of your field. Secondly, it
illustrates that your work has not been done before by any
scholar as it affirms your intellectual contribution is indeed
original. Thirdly, it provides a critical approach to scholarship.
Literature review shows that you have analyzed and critiqued
the theories or methodologies in the field and that you know the
main arguments related to your topic.
Fourthly, it helps yourself to focus on the primary theoretical
and methodological approaches to your discipline, as well as the
primary factors of your research. In addition, it identifies
controversies and differences of opinion among scholars in the
specific field under focus, and provides a scenario for the study
as the valid, crucial response as well as considerable addressing
of those controversies. Lastly, it synthesizes the results of your
research into a precise account of what is known in your field of
inquiry and what remains to be investigated, in a manner that it
would address the thesis, problem, or research question (Arlene,
2005).
The research defines different terms. For instance, Status cues
are defined as important guidelines in normal Face-to-Face
(FtF) interactions which affects the interpretation and
processing of communication. Heuristic processing is outlined a
set of rules that makes more efficient the cognitive processing.
The use of heuristic processing may have effects that are
negative and inaccurate results.
Language and linguistic style- the study has examined the
impact of languages on the credibility, persuasiveness and
attractiveness on computer mediated communications. A variety
of languages used in the study such as the Standard Singapore
English and the colloquial Singapore English, which have been
developed and used within the community. This study further
suggests how language variation influences perception of the
audience. Source expertise is explained as a status cue that may
place judgment about a speaker’s level of expertise and evaluate

3. the message he delivers.
Hypothesis is a concept developed because of a study and which
tries to explain a certain concept or phenomenon. The objective
of the hypothesis is to try to explain a research focuses on,
stating the purpose and identifying the variables used in the
study. The study uses four hypotheses as mentioned;
a. If discussants use Singlish, they will be perceived to be less
informative, less persuasive than those who use Standard
English.
b. The discussants whose status cues indicate that they are
novices will be perceived to be less informative, less persuasive
and having lower source of credibility than those whose status
cues indicate they are experts.
c. If the discussants use Singlish, participants will participate
more in the discussion than when discussants are Standard
English.
d. The discussants whose status cues indicate they are novices
will have less discussion participants than those whose status
cues indicate they are experts.
Methodology has been used after the literature review. It
assumes a sample of 80 participants, where 38 represents
women while 42 represents men, having been recruited through
online advertisements.
The study had two political discussions, which were extracted
from existing online Singaporean fora. The first topic related to
a dispute between the Singaporean Airlines pilots union and the
management whereas the other was a recent change observed in
the government’s public housing policy. The discussions
compared the average words count per discussant. The
participants manipulating the languages of the discussants made
evaluation.
The hypotheses were categorized into four areas. The first
discussed the in formativeness, whereas the second category

4. addressed persuasiveness by the participants. The third category
looked at the credibility while the fourth and the last discussed
about the willingness to participate. After the analysis of the
study, it was found that the hypothesis that addressed the
participant’s credibility were either partly supported or
provisionally supported. The other classes of hypotheses were
not supported after the analysis.
The findings infer that the mental transforming of expert cues in
CMC is not the same as that of Face-to-Face. Investigations of
the recent have discovered that higher source aptitude has
critical impacts on enticement (Smith et al., 1998). The unlucky
deficiency of a relationship between expertise and perceptions
of persuasiveness and in formativeness is present in the study.
Proposes that the elucidation of status cues online is not direct
or effectively perceived.
It might be that the expert title does not particularly distinguish
the sort of learning or experience held by the discussant, instead
of past conceptualizations of expertise that utilized titles that
were rich as a part of social data. For instance, the title of
"specialist" suggests that the individual has had far-reaching
formal training and is likewise experienced in the territory of
prescription. By differentiation, it is difficult to tell if an
"Expert" has an abnormal state of training, knowledge, or the
sort of specific Information applicable to the subject of
discussion.
The use of truncated or ungrammatical styles is normal in
the setting of Internet correspondence. This is steady with the
etymological idea of dialect register, which tags what dialect
style is suitable and anticipated to be utilized as a part of a
specific setting (Halliday, 1978). The improvement of the
shortened style of composing that is usually seen in Internet-
based interpersonal correspondence, close by more formal
written work seen on corporate and instructive sites, could show
that both formal and informal registers work in the online

5. setting.
Hence, when an ungrammatical or colloquial composition style
is utilized, it may not be seen a peculiarity to ordinary Internet
correspondence, and it might consequently be marked down as
data important to impression formation.
References
Arlene Fink (2005) .Conducting Research Literature Reviews -
2nd ed. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks
Smith, V., Siltanen, S. A., & Hosman, L. A. (1998). The effects
of powerful and powerless speech styles and speaker expertise
on impression formation and attitude change. Communication
Research Reports,15 (1), 27–35
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as a Social Semiotic: The
Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London:
Edward Arnold.
Classes of securities
inal Project
Focus of the Final Project
Students will construct a well-diversified portfolio using an
initial investment stake of $50,000 (the portfolio should use at
least 95% of the initial investment, but they may not use more
than $50,000). Students may include stocks, common or
preferred; bonds, corporate or U.S. Treasury bonds; mutual
funds, and futures contracts, or options. Students will use the
closing prices from the first day of the class to determine the
price of each issue. Only whole lots of any issues may be
acquired; that is, no less than 100 shares of common or
preferred stock, no less than five corporate bonds or $10,000 for
U.S. Treasury Bonds, no fewer than the minimum required
investment for any mutual fund, and no fewer than five
contracts for any option or futures position. The settlement date

6. will be the first day of Week Three. Students do not have to use
all of the above mentioned securities, but they must use more
than one class of security. Transaction costs are ignored in the
creation of the portfolio.
The Final Project is to be written in accordance with APA
guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
1. Explains their investment strategy, including an assessment
of their willingness to bear risk.
2. Describes the securities in the portfolio, including a
description of the historical information for each firm.
3. Calculates a quarterly and annualized return on the portfolio,
and the expected return for the portfolio (students may use the
closing prices as of December 31st of last year).
4. Computes the beta of the portfolio (MERGENT, in the
Ashford Online Library, can be used to find the historical betas
of each security) using concepts learned within the course.
5. Summarizes the risks of their portfolio and determines any
areas where they might consider reinvesting portions of their
portfolio to achieve either less risk or higher expected return.

7. Writing the Final Project
The Final Project:
1. Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length (not
including title and reference pages), and formatted according to
APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
2. Must include a title page with the following:
a. Title of paper
b. Student’s name
c. Course name and number
d. Instructor’s name
e. Date submitted
3. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct
thesis statement.
4. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
5. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
6. Must use at least four scholarly sources, including a
minimum of two from the Ashford University Library.
7. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
8. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according
to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.