1 Center for American Progress Fact Sheet Health Disparitie.docx

1 Center for American Progress | Fact Sheet: Health Disparities
by Race and Ethnicity
Fact Sheet: Health Disparities by
Race and Ethnicity
Many Groups Suffer from Lack of Health Coverage and
Preventable Chronic Illnesses
Lesley Russell December 16, 2010
Below are the facts that outline racial and ethnic health
care disparities in the United States. The reports “Easing
the Burden: Using Health Care Reform to Address Racial
and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care for the Chronically
Ill” and “Measuring the Gaps: Collecting Data to Drive
Improvements in Health Care Disparities” outline how
robust implementation of provisions in the Affordable Care
Act can help address these disparities and ensure that all
Americans, regardless of race and ethnicity, get the quality
health care services they need when they need them.
African Americans or blacks
Black or African American refers to people having origins in
any of the black racial
groups of Africa, including those of Caribbean identity.
Health coverage
• Seventy-nine percent of African Americans had health
coverage in 2009 com-
pared to 88 percent of white Americans.

• A total of 16.6 percent of African Americans aged 18
years and over do not have
a regular source of health care.
• Nearly half (46 percent) of nonelderly black adults who
do not have insurance
report having one or more chronic health conditions.
Who has health coverage?
Percent of Americans with health coverage, by race
79%
88%
68%
68%
80%
82%
Whites
Asian Americans
Native Hawaiian or
other Pacific Islander
African Americans or blacks
Hispanics

American Indians and
Alaskan Natives
Note: Percentages for Native Hawaiian or other
Pacific Islander and American Indian and Alaskan
Natives is based on 2005–2007 data, all other
percentages based on 2009 data.
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/12/easing_the_bu
rden.html
rden.html
rden.html
rden.html
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/12/measuring_the
_gaps.html
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/12/measuring_the
_gaps.html
http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p60-226.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_249.pdf
http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/411161_uninsured_american
s.pdf
Chronic health conditions
• Thirteen percent of African Americans of all ages report
they are in fair or
poor health.
• Adult obesity rates for African Americans are higher than

those for whites in
nearly every state of the nation—37 percent of men and nearly
50 percent of
women are obese.
• African Americans have higher rates of diabetes,
hypertension, and heart disease
than other groups. Nearly 15 percent of African Americans have
diabetes com-
pared with 8 percent of whites.
• Asthma prevalence is also highest among blacks. Black
children have a 260 percent
higher emergency department visit rate, a 250 percent higher
hospitalization rate,
and a 500 percent higher death rate from asthma compared to
white children.
• African Americans experience higher incidence and
mortality rates from many
cancers that are amenable to early diagnosis and treatment.
African-American
adults with cancer are woefully underrepresented in cancer
trials and are much
less likely to survive prostate cancer, breast cancer, and lung
cancer than their
white counterparts.
Leading causes of death
• Leading causes of death among this group are heart
disease, cancer, and stroke.
• There are 13.24 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in this
population.
Hispanics

The federal government defines Hispanic or Latino as a person
of Mexican, Puerto
Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish
culture or origin
regardless of race. Hispanics are thus a heterogeneous group
and may be any race.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/black_health.htm
http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/303/3/235.full
http://www.ndep.nih.gov/media/FS_AfricanAm.pdf
http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/content.aspx?ID=6170
http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/TFAH
2010Top10PrioritiesLowIncome.pdf
Health coverage
• Sixty-eight percent of Hispanics had health insurance
coverage in 2009 com-
pared to 88 percent of white Americans.
• Thirty-five percent of nonelderly uninsured Hispanics
report having chronic
health conditions.
• Close to a third of Hispanics lack a usual source of health
care and 46 percent of
uninsured Hispanics who report having chronic health
conditions lack regular care.

• Ten percent of Hispanics of all ages report they are in fair
or poor health.
• A total of 37.9 percent of Latinos age 20 and over were
obese in 2008. Obesity
rates were higher in women (43 percent) than men (34.3
percent).
• Fourteen percent of Hispanics have been diagnosed with
diabetes compared
with 8 percent of whites. They have higher rates of end-stage
renal disease,
caused by diabetes, and they are 50 percent more likely to die
from diabetes as
non-Hispanic whites.
• Hispanic women contract cervical cancer at twice the rate
of white women.
• One in five Latinos report not seeking medical care due to
language barriers.
disease, cancer, and
accidents.
• For reasons that are not understood Hispanics live longer
than other Americans
and have lower rates of infant mortality (5.52 infant deaths per
1,000 live births).
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander refers to people having
origins in any of the
original peoples of the Pacific Islands including Polynesian,
Micronesian, and
Melanesian ancestry.
s.pdf
s.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/hispanic_health.htm
http://www.spectracell.com/media/200fullpaper2010jamaobesity
-trends.pdf
http://www.healthreform.gov/reports/healthdisparities/index.ht
ml
http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/upload/Health-Care-Experiences-
2002-National-Survey-of-Latinos-Survey-Brief.pdf
Health coverage
• In the 2005 to 2007 period about 80 percent of the Asian,
Native Hawaiian, and
other Pacific Islanders racial group had health insurance
coverage. Given that
in the same time frame 83.5 percent of Asians had health
insurance coverage,
this would suggest that coverage rates for Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific
Islanders were less than 80 percent.
• Eight percent of this population reports it is in poor or
fair health.
• In comparison to other racial and ethnic groups, Native
Hawaiians and Pacific
Islanders have higher rates of smoking, alcohol consumption,
and obesity. This
group also has little access to cancer prevention and control
programs.
• The state of Hawaii found that the diabetes rate for Native
Hawaiians was twice
that of the white population. Native Hawaiians are also more
than 5.7 times as
likely as whites living in Hawaii to die from diabetes.
• Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are 30 percent
more likely to be diag-
nosed with cancer compared to non-Hispanic whites.
• The leading causes of death among this group are cancer,
heart disease, acci-
dents, stroke, and diabetes.
• The infant mortality rate for Native Hawaiians is 9.6 per
1000 live births, which
is 1.7 times greater than non-Hispanic whites.
American Indians and Alaskan Natives

American Indian or Alaska Native refers to people having
origins in any of the
original peoples of North and South America (including Central
America) who
maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/asian_health.htm
http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlI
D=71
D=71
D=71
D=71
D=71
Health coverage
• About 68 percent of American Indians and Alaskan
Natives under 65 years of
age had health insurance in the 2005 to 2007 period.
• The prevalence of overweight and obesity in American
Indian and Alaska Native
preschoolers, school-aged children, and adults is higher than
that for any other

population group.
• Thirty-one percent of men and 26 percent of women aged
18 years and over in
this population smoke.
• American Indian and Alaska Native adults were 2.1 times
as likely as white
adults to be diagnosed with diabetes. They were almost twice as
likely as non-
Hispanic whites to die from diabetes in 2006.
In general, American Indian and Alaska Native adults are 60
percent more likely
to have a stroke than their white adult counterparts and
American Indian and
Alaska Native women have twice the rate of stroke than white
women.
disease, cancer, and accidents.
• Suicide is the eighth leading cause of death for American
Indians and Alaska
Natives. It is the second leading cause of death for those age 10
to 34 years.
When compared to other racial and ethnic groups, American
Indian and Alaska
Native youth have more serious mental health problems such as
depression,
anxiety, and substance abuse.
• There are 8.28 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in this
population group.
American Indian and Alaska Native infants are 3.7 times as

likely as white
infants to have mothers who began prenatal care in the third
trimester or did not
receive prenatal care at all.
http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/TFAH
2010Top10PrioritiesLowIncome.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/indfacts.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/indfacts.htm
http://www.sprc.org/library/ai.an.facts.pdf
D=52
Asian American
This racial group is defined as people having origins in any of
the original peoples
of eastern Eurasia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.
Asian Americans
represent both extremes of socioeconomic and health indices.
Health coverage
• About 82 percent of Asian Americans had health
insurance coverage in 2009
compared to 88 percent of white Americans.
• Eight percent of this population reports it is in poor or

fair health.
• Obesity is not generally a problem in this group. In fact,
about 1 in 10
Vietnamese and Korean adults are underweight.
• Asian Americans suffer disproportionately from certain
types of cancer, tuber-
culosis, and Hepatitis B. Vietnamese-American women, for
example, have cervi-
cal cancer rates five times those of white women.
• Southeast Asian refugees are at significant risk for
posttraumatic stress disor-
der associated with trauma experienced before and after
immigration to the
United States.
• Leading causes of death in this group are cancer, heart
disease, and stroke.
• There are significant variations in infant mortality among
subgroups of Asian
Americans that are not readily explained by known risk factors.
• Older Asian-American women have the highest suicide
rate of all women over
age 65 in the United States.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/asian_health.htm
D=71
http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/populations/AsianAm/AsianAm.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/populations/AsianAm/AsianAm.htm
http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/achandr/APAM_NeonatalMortali
tyWhitesAsianAmericans_2007.pdf
· Wafaa’s post
Rebeca trying to make her decision whether to buy or rent
condo in Toronto, her current situation is that she rents a two
bed room apartment for $3000 monthly and there is another
apartment to buy for 620,000
From the qualitative aspect she has many factors that affect her
decision such as her future job and personal situation and prices
market in Toronto from the quantitative analysis, Rebeca
wanted to pay 20%(480.000) and $2000 at signing added to
lump sum $140.000 and her mortgage payment to be $2,533 per
month and 4% for monthly maintenance fees, repairs, and taxes
Four scenarios are proposed the first is that the condo price
remains unchanged; the second is that the condo price drops 10
per cent over the next two years, then increases back to its
purchase price by the end of five years, then increases by a total
of 10 per cent from the original purchase price by the end of 10
years; the third is that the condo price increases annually by the
annual rate of inflation of 2 per cent per year over the next 10
years. Finally, the condo price increases annually by an annual
rate of 5 per cent per year over the next 10 years.
I would recommend her to rent 2 and 5 years which are
cheaper options because she is not sure about her future plans,
but at the same time if she was not able to move in period of 5
years she would lose a lot f money
And prices will arise at the rate as the Canadian housing market
is currently in extreme bubble (Russell, 2016)
References
Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation (2014). Time
Value of Money: The Buy Versus Rent Decision. Retrieved

from https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/content/56465167
-Jeffrey’s post
This problem was presented as a way to determine if Rebecca
should continue renting her current apartment at a cost of 3,000
a month or if she should buy a separate apartment in the same
building at a price of $600,000. There are many factors that
should be considered in addition to the quantitative factors
associated with the problems. Can the purchase be considered
an investment that will generate revenue for her down the line
when she sells it? Will the space in the apartment be enough for
her and possibly her family down the line? And will she want to
stay there after a couple of years?
After doing the computations it seems that the costs associated
with buying the apartment outweigh the benefits from a
numbers perspective. After analyzing the numbers, it seems
that the only scenario that would support buying the apartment
is scenario D where it is annually appreciating at a rate of 5
percent. Which is greater than the opportunity cost of investing
at 4%. The other thing to consider (although it does not show in
the spreadsheet) is that the longer the property is held on to the
more sense it makes to buy it rather than renting it.
All of my calculations and formulas are on the attached
spreadsheet.
Thank you,
Jeff

Read the HBR case study and calculate the best route for the
graduate’s housing situation, developing your understanding of
time value of money (TVM) concepts and calculations. Describe
your assumptions, methodology, and results in your discussion
narrative, and attach a simple spreadsheet supporting your
analysis.
Critique your peers’ posts in relation to your own
recommendation considering the assumptions your peers have
made. Support your critique with sound reasoning and evidence.
TIME VALUE OF MONEY: THE BUY VERSUS RENT
DECISION
Sean Cleary and Stephen Foerster wrote this case solely to
provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend
to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a
managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain
names and other identifying information to protect
confidentiality.
This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized
or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without

the permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this
material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction
rights organization. To order copies or request permission to
reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business
School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6G
0N1; (t) 519.661.3208; (e)
[email protected];www.iveycases.com.
Copyright © 2014, Richard Ivey School of Business
Foundation Version: 2015-06-05
In May 2013, Rebecca Young completed her MBA and moved to
Toronto for a new job in investment banking. There, she rented
a spacious, two-bedroom condominium for $3,000 per month,
which included parking but not utilities or cable television. In
July 2014, the virtually identical unit next door became
available for sale with an asking price of $620,000, and Young
believed she could purchase it for
$600,000. She realized she was facing the classic buy-versus-
rent decision. It was time for her to apply some of the analytical
tools she had acquired in business school — including “time
value of money” concepts — to her personal life.
While Young really liked the condominium unit she was
renting, as well as the condominium building itself, she felt that
it would be inadequate for her long-term needs, as she planned
to move to a house or even to a larger penthouse condominium
within five to 10 years — even sooner if her job continued to
work out well.
Friends and family had given Young a variety of mixed opinions
concerning the buy-versus-rent debate, ranging from “you’re
throwing your money away on rent” to “it’s better to keep
things as cheap and flexible as possible until you are ready to

settle in for good.” She realized that both sides presented good
arguments, but she wanted to analyze the buy-versus-rent
decision from a quantitative point of view in order to provide
some context for the qualitative considerations that would
ultimately be a major part of her decision.
FINANCIAL DETAILS
If Young purchased the new condominium, she would pay
monthly condo fees of $1,055 per month, plus property taxes of
$300 per month on the unit. Unlike when renting, she would
also be responsible for repairs and general maintenance, which
she estimated would average $600 per year.
If she decided to purchase the new unit, Young intended to
provide a cash down payment of 20 per cent of the purchase
price. There was also a local deed-transfer tax of approximately
1.5 per cent of the purchase price, and a provincial deed-
transfer tax of 1.5 per cent, both due on the purchase date. (For
Page 2
simplicity, Young planned to initially ignore any other tax
considerations throughout her analysis.) Other closing fees were
estimated to be around $2,000.
In order to finance the remaining 80 per cent of the purchase
price, Young contacted several lenders and found that she would
be able to obtain a mortgage at a 4 per cent “quoted” annual
rate1 that would be locked in for a 10-year term and that she
would amortize the mortgage over 25 years, with monthly

payments. The money that Young was planning to use for her
down payment and closing costs was presently invested and was
earning the same effective monthly rate of return as she would
be paying on her mortgage. Young assumed that if she were to
sell the condominium — say, in the next two to 10 years
— she would pay 5 per cent of the selling price to realtor fees
plus $2,000 in other closing fees.
SCENARIO ANALYSIS
In order to complete a financial analysis of the buy-versus-rent
decision, Young realized that her first task would be to
determine the required monthly mortgage payments. Next, she
wanted to determine the opportunity cost (on a monthly basis)
of using the lump-sum required funds for the condominium
purchase rather than leaving those funds invested and earning
the effective monthly rate, assumed to be equivalent to the
mortgage rate. She would then be able to determine additional
monthly payments required to buy the condominium compared
to renting, including the opportunity cost.
Young wanted to consider what might happen if she chose to
sell the condominium at a future date. She was confident that
any re-sell would not happen for at least two years, but it could
certainly happen in five or 10 years’ time. She needed to model
the amount of the outstanding principal at various points in the
future — two, five or 10 years from now. She then wanted to
determine the net future gain or loss after two, five and 10 years
under the following scenarios, which she had determined were
possible after some due diligence regarding future real-estate
prices in the Toronto condo market: (a) The condo price
remains unchanged; (b) The condo price drops 10 per cent over
the next two years, then increases back to its purchase price by
the end of five years, then increases by a total of 10 per cent
from the original purchase price by the end of 10 years; (c) The

condo price increases annually by the annual rate of inflation of
2 per cent per year over the next 10 years; and (d) The condo
price increases annually by an annual rate of 5 per cent per year
over the next 10 years.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Young realized she had a tough decision ahead of her, but she
was well trained to make these types of decisions. She also
recognized that her decision would not be based on quantitative
factors alone; it would need to be based on any qualitative
considerations as well. She knew she needed to act soon
because condominiums were selling fairly quickly, and she
would need to arrange financing and contact a lawyer to assist
in any paperwork if she decided to buy.
1 In Canada, quoted mortgage rates are based on semi-annual
compounding, compared with personal loans and most U.S.
mortgages based on monthly compounding.

1 Center for American Progress Fact Sheet Health Disparitie.docx

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