2009년 봄학기 연세대학교 인류학과 수요콜로키움 경제인류학: "사회경제를 위하여"(organized by 조한혜정+우석훈) 서울시대안교육센터연세대 간 동시 원격강의. 8강 권헌익 교수(에딘버러대) 강의자료

1. The Culture of Money &
the Morality of Exchange
Heonik Kwon
(University of Edinburgh)

2. Money in Anthropology
• Premodern versus modern society
• Stateless vs state society
• Community vs Society (F. Tonnies)
• Stone-age economics (M. Sahlins)
• Gift economy vs commodity economy
• Moneyless society vs monetary
economy

3. Kula ring

4. Argonauts in the Pacific

5. Solomon Islands

6. Gift?

7. Two views of Kula
• Malinowski: Kula ring as network of gift
exchange
• Mauss: PNG shells as another form of
money
• Gift economy versus money economy,
or money in the gift

8. Money?

9. Malinowski

10. Mauss

11. The Gift of the Magi

12. Gift & Money
• Money in the gift & the gift in money
(O’Henry)
• The spirit of exchange (Mauss)
• Inalienability
• Embeddedness
• Total social fact
• Parts and whole

13. Parts and Whole
• How different is anthropology from
economics in approaching economy?
• How different is economy in
anthropology from that in economics?
• Economics and kinship
• Economics and religion
• Economics and politics
• Embeddedness of economics in
society (and culture)

14. Max Weber (1864-1920)
Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of
Capitalism

15. Georg Simmel (1858-1918)
Philosophy of Money

16. Weber
• Ghost in the spirit of capitalism:
“The tradition of medieval monastic
asceticism prowls the culture of modern
capitalist economic order.”

17. Simmel
Money in society:
“[Modern] money is a pure instrument
of human relations and freedom.”
Money beyond society:
“[Modern money], by virtue of its
perfect mobility, forms the bond that
combines that combines the largest
extension of the economic sphere with
the growing independence of persons.”

18. Monetary exchange promotes the
parallel process of previously
independent communities becoming
mutually dependent and dependent
persons becoming independent from
traditional communal bondage.
J. Parry and M. Bloch, Money and the Morality
of Exchange (1989)

19. Two sides of the coin: State

21. Seal of Authority

22. Two sides of the coin: Market

23. Trust of the Value

24. Money’s two sides & the
polarization of modern ideas
• State & Markets
• Political authority & Exchange value
• Politics & Economy
• Sovereignty & Universality
• Keynesians & Monetarists (Keith Hart)
• Statist side & Pro-market side
• German & Anglo-saxon
• Socialism & the free market ideology

25. The end of the Cold War and
Money’s pursuit of “absolute
freedom”

26. Ethnography of the money
world
• Once again the question of
embeddedness (of money in society)
• Mauss’ “total social fact”
• Money in kinship, money in religion,
and money in political life

27. Chicago Mercantile Exchange
after the Cold War

28. Vietnam after the Cold War

29. • “War is the most prodigal of all human
activities.” Adam Smith, The Wealth of
Nations
• “There is no enmity in cemeteries.” A
Vietnamese proverb.

30. Civil War and the politics of
death

31. Ancestor worship
after the Cold War

32. Domestic ancestral shrine –
Kinship and Solidarity

33. External shrine for ghosts –
Anonymity & Hospitality

34. Money for anonymous ghosts

35. The gift of money

36. Dollar votive money

37. History of war, politics of memory and
the morality of commemoration

38. The spirit of money and the
ethics of memory

39. Money, culture and history
• Weber and the cultural history of
capitalism
• Simmel and the instrumentality of
modern money
• Mauss and the morality of exchange
• Money for the living and money for the
dead
• Two sides of the coin

40. The Art of Money

41. The Comedy of Value

42. J. Boggs
• Because money and art have no
intrinsic value, they rely on our personal
and collective trust to sustain the value
we assign them. Our relationship to art
is subject to the same societal
conditioning as our relationship to
money.

43. Money?

44. Art?

45. Art?

46. Gift?

47. Money? or Gift?

48. Gift? or Money?

49. Gift?

50. Afghan currency

51. Useless money?

52. International aid:
Gift?

53. Or Money?