2D Image to 3D Image Using Segmentation

Conversion Of 2d Image Into 3d Image Using Segmentation
Conversion of 2D Image into 3D Image Using Segmentation
Prashant Dahiya1
"Computer Scientist at Adobe Systems, Noida"
1pdahiya@adobe.com
Abstract–Image captured by two–dimensional camera contains no depth information. However
depth information is needed in many applications, for example in robotic vision, satellite imaging
and target tracking. To extract depth information from images Stereo matching is used. The main
aim of our project is to use stereo matching algorithms to plot the disparity map of segmented
images which gives the depth information details. Particle Swarm Optimization and K–means
algorithms are used for image segmentation. Our main objective is to implement stereo matching
algorithms on the segmented images, compare the results of K–means and PSO on the basis of
objective parameters such as PSNR, execution time, density of disparity map and compression ratio
and perform subjective analysis of reconstructed 3–D images. The compared results show that the
Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm gives better 3–D reconstructed image.
Keywords– K–means, PSNR, Particle Swarm Optimization, DSP, FPGA, ACO
I. INTRODUCTION People can see the depth of the objects because they see the 3D world from
two moderately dissimilar angles (one from right eye and other from left eye). Our brains then
figure out how close things are by determining how far apart they are in the two images from our
eyes. Our objective here is to do the similar thing using a computer. Initially a
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Automation and Intelligence Have Changed Agriculture
Agricultural production has increased manifold due to the advent of automation and intelligence in
various stages of a crop's life cycle. Introduction of such processes has led to a significant increase
in the output and reduction in the costs incurred in manual labour and other farm equipment. A
scheme where machine vision is implemented can be used to perceive the position of a fruit for
harvesting. This technology has been used to develop both land and aerial based systems for fruit
detection and harvesting. Machine vision in harvesting is broadly based on visual cues and
properties of fruit. Machine vision based systems have an advantage as apart from recognition of
colour, texture and shape of any object, numerical points for the object are also defined.
The aim of fruit detection is characterized by the following desirable outcomes:
1. Detection of each distinct fruit.
2. Discrimination of the detected fruit from the other parts of the foliage.
3. Localisation of the fruit.
Since its implementation to crop harvesting and other agricultural practices, a lot of attention has
been given to development in machine vision systems to achieve the abovementioned outcomes.
But, all of it has been limited to the field of research with very little commercial outlook. Though,
research outcomes may look bleak, it is a well–accepted fact that to achieve very good incidences of
fruit detection a robust machine vision system is essential. This in turn will develop into a robot

Essay about Virtual Reality
This research paper has problems with formatting
Imagine being able to point into the sky and fly. Or perhaps walk through space and connect
molecules together. These are some of the dreams that have come with the invention of virtual
reality.
With the introduction of computers, numerous applications have been enhanced or created. The
newest technology that is being tapped is that of artificial reality, or "virtual reality" (VR). When
Morton Heilig first got a patent for his "Sensorama
Simulator" in 1962, he had no idea that 30 years later people would still be trying to simulate reality
and that they would be doing it so effectively.
Jaron Lanier first coined the phrase "virtual reality" around 1989, and it has stuck ever ... Show
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The shutters selectively block and admit views of the screen in sync with the interleaving, allowing
the proper views to go into each eye. The problem with this method though is that you have to wear
special glasses. Most VR researchers use complicated headsets, but it is possible to create
stereoscopic three–dimensional images without them. One such way is through the use of lenticular
lenses. These lenses, known since Herman Ives experimented with them in 1930, allow one to take
two images, cut them into thin vertical slices and interleave them in precise order (also called
multiplexing) and put cylinder shaped lenses in front of them so that when you look into them
directly, the images correspond with each eye.
This illusion of depth is based on what is called binocular parallax.
Another problem that is solved is that which occurs when one turns their head. Nearby objects
appear to move more than distant objects. This is called motion parallax. Lenticular screens can
show users the proper stereo images when moving their heads well when a head– motion sensor is
used to adjust the effect. Sound is another important part of daily life, and thus must be simulated
well in order to create artificial reality.
Many scientists including Dr. Elizabeth Wenzel, a researcher at NASA, are convinced the 3D audio
will be useful for scientific visualization and space

Bordwell's Intensified Continuity: Film Analysis
In the words of Albert Einstein, "reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one." Since its
earliest forms, cinema has been a medium that tries to imitate, and even sometimes, expand our
sense of reality (Manovich). In his article "Intensified Continuity: Visual Style in Contemporary
American Film", David Bordwell suggest that newer methods have built upon previous methods in
Hollywood cinematography to modernize that sense of realism. In Bordwell's words, intensified
continuity is "traditional continuity amped up, raised to a higher pitch of emphasis" (p. 16). A
modern movie that demonstrates the idea of intensified continuity is the 2009 Sci–Fi film, Avatar.
The film is set in the future on a planet called Pandora where humans ... Show more content on
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The development of stereoscopic 3D made this technology obsolete. For Avatar, James Cameron
helped develop a new filming set up that "consists of a number of stereoscopic cameras... built to
mimic human eyes... that [allow] the cinematographer to capture two images simultaneously, which
align perfectly with and provide the illusion of depth." (Johnson). As a result, the red–and–green
glasses of the past were replaced with the clear–lensed glasses that are the norm in movie theaters
today. Even though the fad of 3D cinema is not as prevalent now as it once was, Avatar deserves
credit for its contribution to legitimizing the concept of "made–for–3D movies" in the theater

Effectiveness and Embodiment of Electro-Tactile Feedback...
This tele–operation system has vision feedback consist of stereo camera from OVR and Oculus rift
head–mounted device which is worn by the operator. OVR camera is compatible with this head–
mounted device. This device can create a 3D stereoscopic vision with 1000 field of view as shown
in figure 9.
With these compositions, operator will have a better vision with stereovision than others vision
systems. Moreover, this vision feedback makes operator enable see the object as vivid as using the
operator eyes and makes the operator immersive with the robot. Figure 10 shows us a camera
display on the computer screen.
This section addresses to demonstrate the effectiveness and embodiment of electro–tactile feedback
system in tele–operation a robot. The tele–operation experiment is conducted with a mobile robot
equipped with the sensors as described in the previous section. The aim of the experiment is to drive
the mobile robot to displace can and avoiding obstacles in a cluttered workspace.
In these experiments, operator is equipped with a data glove to control the mobile robot while
monitoring the movement of the robot from the head mounted display, also the operator get robot
environment information from the intensity TENS electrodes stimulus in his skin. The measurement
sensor reading affected to the intensity of TENS electrodes. To indicate that an object has been
detected close to the corresponding sensors, operator will feel a high stimulus from a specific
electrode, linked

Psy 244 Essay
Psychology 244
Instructor: L.J. Harris
PSYCHOLOGY 244
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring, 2014
Study Guide
Organization of Examination and Questions From Which Test Questions Will be Drawn
All questions on the examination will come from the lectures (Topics I – X) and the assigned
chapters and parts of chapters in the textbook. To help frame the questions for you, they will be
organized under the same main headings and subheadings used in the Lecture Notes. The only
exceptions will be a few subheadings that pertain to material covered only in the text. Under each
heading will be a mix of true–false and multiple–choice questions, and possibly a few analogies,
with all answers to be recorded on a scantron sheet. Along with ... Show more content on
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Sample Question
In his treatise, Gynecology, the Greek physician Soranus gave careful instructions for how infants
should be swaddled: in soft cloths and strips of fabric from the head "to the very tip of the toes."
Soranus's main reason was to guide the infant's growth, to protect it from growing crooked or lame.
a. true
b. false
B. Middle Ages
2. People in the Middle Ages were interested in and concerned for the health and well–being of
infants and children. Were they interested to the same degree in the psychology of infants and
children? For example, did they understand that children are psychologically different from adults?
If yes, how did they show this? If no, how did they show this? Explain your answer.
They showed kids in pictures dressed like adults; faces and bodies were like adults. E.g. Phillip
Aries "small children at play"

3. One of the most famous speeches in Shakespeare's play, As You Like It, is called The Seven Ages
of Man. What do you think Shakespeare was trying to say about psychological development? (Links
to videos of the speech can be found in the video version of the syllabus.)
these included three stages of childhood and four of adulthood.
C. Renaissance
4. Debates about the relative roles of "nature" and "nurture" in human development date from
ancient times, but they were especially prominent during the Renaissance. What do the

M4 Update 090415 Essay
05/04/2015 update:
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––––––––––––––––––––_––––––––––––––––––––––––
Minor case FootView 3D
Module 4: Product and market development
1, What are the strategic options for product and/or market development for the organisation? –
Ansoff's product–matrix
Ansoff's product–matrix
PRODUCTS / SERVICES
Existing products
New Products
M
A
R
K
E
T
S
Existing
Market
Market Penetration:
Price drop for current measurement unit (UK)–– not mentioned in case
Product Development:

New generation(cheaper) measurement unit & innovative and cost effective prototypes in UK
market
New
Markets
Market Development:
Targeting new customer segments in the same ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sending marketing employees to China for six months in order to establish relationship.
Began to make contact with senior people in the China business network, especially with the local
trade association.
ConQ need spend heavily on advertising if they decided entry new market. May consider advertise
the new products with the footwear retailers and manufacturers who using the products.
Efficiency of development
3D technology which ConQ developed was designed to detect unexploded bombs, and shows it
provided highly accurate 3D imaging of feet.
Coli committed a team of ConQ scientists to develop innovative and cost–effective prototypes, and
also provided them with considerable scope and independence to explore new product feature and
designs.
Recruit young science and engineering graduates as idea generators.
Flatter organisation structure allows employees make judgment calls when need be.
Effective use of outside technology and external communication
Using the technology developed in defence to develop new products in the civilian (non– military)
marketplace.
May using social media or set up forum to provide platform which the buyers and ending users
could discuss their feedback.
Seniority and authority of responsible managers
Coli–CEO set up a senior management working group in 2012 which

Advantages Of Google Glasses
Introduction: Within this assignment I did research on the effect technology has on people's lives.
The main purpose of the investigation was to help our editor of the school newspaper with
information on the various chosen topics so that the articles can be published. The two main topics
covered in the investigation was Oculus Rift and Google Glasses. My main goal for this
investigation and report was to be able to inform people in our school and those who read our
newspaper about the impact of technology, specifically the impact of newly and highly developed
items. I would need to investigate the situation fully to be able to give due feedback pertaining to
the impact technology has and will have on the daily lives of people. The target audience of my
investigation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Send a message: Whether you ski, snowboard, snowshoe or anything in between, it's never easy to
keep track of your friends. With Glass, you can keep your mittens on and send messages hands free
through SMS or Hangouts. Advantages of Google glasses Why Google glasses are better : Users
want to make use of Google glasses for many reasons. In specific I found that users buy google
glasses as there are quite a few advantages as to owning a pair Some include: Advantages: 
Google Glasses offers its users convenience. Users can easily send messages without using their
hands. This creates easy access and comfort everywhere. If you are driving or on the go you will be
able to send messages with the voice text feature.  Google Glasses enable users to capture those
picture perfect memories in a simple and easy way. As there are video and camera capabilities, with
hi–definition experiences.  The device has a variety of options which are made available to allow
users to use voice commands or hand gestures for operation of the glass

Advantages Of Virtual Reality Glasses
Introduction
In this project I will give you the basics information about virtual reality and virtual reality glasses. I
will tell you how it works, about its advantages and disadvantages, history and also little bit about
history.
How Do Virtual Reality Glasses Work?
Three dimensional and virtual reality glasses have polarized lenses which show two pictures, one
image per each eye and give you an illusion of CAVE environments. Technique used to enable a 3D
effect to a 2D image is called stereoscopy.
Head tracking system is added to more advanced versions of virtual reality glasses. This system is
controlled by a computer and computer sends signals to modify the pictures seen by a wearer as
they move around their environment. For example if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It had head tracking system, stereo sound and two LCD displays.
In 1999 The Matrix was a big hit in theatres. Movie shows characters that are living in totally
simulated world. This had a big cultural impact and it brought the topic or virtual reality to the
people.
For the first fifteen years of 21st century was a rapid development of virtual reality. Computer and
mobile technologies exploded so while there was more and more products, prices were lower and
lower. Breakthrough of smartphones with 3D graphics capabilities has enabled generation of virtual
reality devices.
Health Effects
While using a virtual reality headset you might feel headache, queasiness, blurred vision or
combination of all three. Those and many side effect may be only temporary, but long–term studies
are insufficient so we do not know for sure. This is reason why you should take break for ten or
fifteen minutes for every thirty minutes of use, even if you think that is not necessary.
Conclusion
Virtual reality is getting very popular. Year 2017 might be a key year in this industry. It's up to us if
we stick with "just" reality or go little bit virtual and enjoy its endless

PREVALENCE OF NON STRABISMIC VERGENCE
DYSFUNCTIONS IN AN...
PREVALENCE OF NON STRABISMIC VERGENCE DYSFUNCTIONS IN AN ORTHOPTIC
CLNIC
INTRODUCTION
In the preceding generations, fine distance visual acuity and stereoscopic vision were of paramount
importance, since the survival depended absolutely on the capability to farm, hunt and fish. But
today, the emphasis has shifted virtually from distance visual functions to two dimensional near
visual tasks such as desk work, reading, computer usage etc.The presence of non strabismic
binocular dysfunctions such as accommodative and vergence anomalies make it difficult for the
visual system to perform these kind of activities with accuracy and effortlessness. When persons,
who are in short of suitable accommodative and vergence amplitudes, are involved ... Show more
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In a clinical study to determine the presence and clinical implications of the general binocular
dysfunctions in a population of university students, Esteban Porcar et al 4 found a prevalence of
32.3 % of non strabismic binocular anomalies.
To achieve as estimate of the population prevalence of vergence dysfunctions, we have
systematically reviewed the previous studies related to this. So this study was designed to estimate
the prevalence of vergence dysfunctions in an orthoptic clinic set up and also to set up well defined
diagnostic criteria for all the vergence anomalies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
755 Patients above the age of seven years presented consecutively to the orthoptics clinic of Sankara
Nethralaya, Chennai between March 2010 and February 2011 was considered for this retrospective
cohort study based on the inclusion and the exclusion criteria with the help of Medical Record
Department and Electronic Medical Record (EMR) search engine.
The inclusion criteria used were age more than or equal to seven years, distance best corrected
visual acuity of > 6/9 in both the eyes, near best corrected visual acuity of N6 @ 30–40 cm,
adequate sensory fusion with worth four dot test for distance as well as for near, Random Dot stereo
acuity of 500 arc seconds or more. All the patients who had a history of monocular or binocular
amblyopia, manifest

Animal Monkey Naughton
As I walked into the first room at the Museum of Photographic Arts, Jim Naughten's "Animal
Kingdom" photographs drew my immediate attention because I am currently taking a lab course in
Physical Anthropology where we look at fossils every week. While there were several photos within
his exhibit, I will focus on the image "Red Faced Spider Monkey" (2014) since we are studying
spider monkeys in my course this week this image parallels with my current studies. Naughten uses
the technique of Stereoscopy, the study of binocular vision. At the museum they provide a
stereoscopic viewer for visitor use. While using the viewer, the flat images, then become three–
dimensional bringing them to seem lifelike. Naughten's images are a wonderful example of how
photography image can have transformative effects. As I walked through the second photograph that
caught my attention was an image by Paul Schiek titled "Victory." This image was one of ... Show
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The photograpning her, Ana Casas Broda, exhibit shows nine inkjet images printed on cotton paper
of motherhood in different settings. The text accompanying the exhibit describes the term
Kinderwunsch was used in Broda's maternal family's native German, which combines the words for
"child" and "desire" meaning "the desire to have children". After doing more research on the artist
Broda, I learned the reasoning in why she wanted to capture these interactions between herself and
her children. Before having children Broda spent five years in fertility treatments before she was
able to conceive her son. Most would probably critic the nudity in the images but as a mother with
two young boys myself the images felt even more real. There is a sense of balance in the
arrangement of the nine photos with them in rows of three and the middle image is bright white
while all the other images have a darker

Palmer Luckey
Palmer Luckey was born and raised in Long Beach, California and grew up with three younger
sisters, a mother, and a father who worked as a car salesman. As a child he was homeschooled by
his mother, took sailing lessons, and had an interest in electronics. He took community college
courses at Golden West College and Long Beach Community College beginning at the age of 14 or
15, and started at California State University in 2010 as journalism major. He also wrote and served
as the online editor for one of the university's student–run newspapers The Daily49er. From ages 11
to 16, Palmer Luckey experimented with a variety of high–voltage electronics projects including
coil guns, tesla coils, and lasers. He built a PC costing tens of thousands ... Show more content on
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By age 18 he created his first VR prototype in his parent's garage, in 2011, called CR1 and it
featured a 90–degree field of view. Over the next 10 months he developed a series of prototypes
exploring features like 3D stereoscopy, wireless, and extreme 270–degree field–of–view, while also
decreasing size and weight. His sixth generation unit was name the "Rift" which was intended to be
sold as a do it yourself kit for fellow VR enthusiasts instead of a pre–assembled consumer device.
John Carmack from id Software, a notable game developer and regular at MTBS3D, requested one
of the prototype headsets, made improvements to it, and demoed a modified version of id Software's
Doom 3 BFG Edition at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012. Soon after, Luckey dropped out of
college to focus entirely on the Oculus VR due to the resulting attention from the Expo. Luckey first
showed a prototype of his device to former executive of Gaikai and Scaleform, Brendan Iribe who
invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in the Rift's Kickstarter campaign. Iribe joined as Oculus
Rifts CEO and Michael Antonov (the former CTO of Scaleform) join as chief software architect.
Luckey also received endorsements from Valve's managing director Gabe Newell and the software
veteran Michael Abrash who became the Chief Scientist

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