this will help u thesis

1. Abbrevations Used In
Thesis
Harapriya –i-17-tn-03-002-m-f-048

2.  First, a quick definition of terms.
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a
name or term (e.g., nm for nautical mile,
kg for kilogram).
• An acronym is an abbreviation formed
from the initial letters of a term
(e.g., FBI for Federal Bureau of
Investigation).
• All acronyms are abbreviations, but not all
abbreviations are acronyms.

3. List ofTerminology:
ABBREVIATIONS page
Margins- 2.5 cm all sides
Font-Times New Roman
12 pt
Alignment - text flush
left, page numbers flush
right

4. PageTitle
 Type “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS” in ALL
CAPITAL LETTERS
 This should be typed 2 line spaces from the
top margin, and centered within the left and
right margins.
Text start next 2 line spaces after the page
title; double-spaced
Alignment
Abbreviated forms are flush left
The first letter of every extended form (the
full wording) must be in line with one another.
The best way to do this is setting a “left tab”.
 AVOID using the space bar because
unevenness usually results.

5. Spacing
Each entry should be single-spaced, double space
between entries.
 For example, the explanation of “UNESCO”
extends beyond one line and has two lines single-
spaced.
 However, the space between UNESCO and PV,
and the space between UNESCO andWHC are
double-spaced.
Such spacing facilitates reading.
Case
use title case or standard capitalization style for
proper nouns, whichever is more appropriate.
Page Number
roman number, lowercase: “x” or the number that
follows the last page of the immediately preceding
List of Figures.

6.  Include the heading “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS” in all capital letters, and center it 1″
below the top of the page.
 Include one double-spaced line between the heading and the first entry.
 Arrange your abbreviations alphabetically.
 Abbreviations must align with the document's left margin or be indented to the right of
the left page margin using consistent tabs.
 If an entry takes up more than one line, single-space between the two lines.
 Include one double-spaced line between each entry.
 The List of Abbreviations page(s) must be numbered with consecutive lower case Roman
numerals centered with a 1/2″ margin from the bottom edge.

7. Abbreviations
Make sure our abbreviation list is in
alphabetical order and that
abbreviations starting with a number
are included at the top of the list
before those abbreviations starting
with the letter “A”.
A list of abbreviations is usually
optional, but of great help to the
reader.
It contains all the significant
abbreviations used in our thesis.

8. List of abbreviations in the thesis
.
When do we use a list of abbreviations
If we use a lot of technical abbreviations in our thesis, then it is
advisable to provide a list of abbreviations.
Not every reader of our thesis will be familiar with those
abbreviations, and many will find them difficult.
The readability of our document is improved with a list of
abbreviations.

9. Where do you put the list of
abbreviations in your thesis?
Place the list of abbreviations at the
beginning of the document, just after
the table of contents.
The readers of our thesis can then
find any abbreviations unknown to
them in this specific place.
You add the list of abbreviations
header to your table of contents, so
that is it clear to the reader that an
explanation of abbreviations has been
added to your thesis.

10. Example: list of abbreviations
It may be that we only have a
few abbreviations that require
explanation.
You can provide these
explanations in a footnote.
Then the reader doesn’t have
to pause to backtrack for those
few abbreviations.

11. Example: Write the abbreviation in full at first mention
In this study, the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) atVroom &
Dreesman (V&D) is examined. AtV&D, CRM has been used for many years to
ensure that the focus is on customer contact and that this contact is
increasingly improved.
Using abbreviations (acronyms) in your text
There are many rules with regard to using abbreviations in a thesis.
 In short, when we use an abbreviation, or more specifically an acronym, in our thesis
for a particular word or phrase, we write the first occurrence of the word or phrase in
full.
Immediately thereafter, you place in parentheses the abbreviation that we will use
in the rest of the document.

12. Additional lists in your thesis
In addition to the list of abbreviations, you can also use a
list of tables and figures and a glossary.
When doing so, make use of the following order

13. The following table describes the
significance of various
abbreviations and acronyms
used throughout the thesis.
The page on which each one is
defined or first used is also
given.
Nonstandard acronyms that are
used in some places to abbreviate
the names of certain white matter
structures are not in this list.

14. When to Abbreviate;-
 Always use abbreviations for units of measurement that are accompanied by numeric
values (except day, week, month, year).
 Saving space is not a sufficient reason to abbreviate; the abbreviation must also help the
reader to comprehend our point.
 Here are some questions that can help us decide whether a particular term should be
abbreviated in our writing.

15. Does using the abbreviation provide
an advantage over not using it?
Abbreviating lengthy or complex, frequently
repeated terms can speed reading comprehension.
For example, a review of a test instrument (e.g.,
the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) might involve
numerous references to the name; using its
abbreviation (WAIS) would be likely to help the
reader.
However, a multitude of unfamiliar abbreviations can
reduce rather than enhance the clarity of our writing.
In general, it’s best to limit the use of abbreviations to cases
where the abbreviation is familiar to the reader and saves
space and time

16. •How many times does the term appear?
•a term should not be abbreviated unless it appears three or more
times after its first mention in a paper (APA Publication Manual, 4.22,
p. 107);
• once a term is abbreviated, the abbreviation must be used
consistently thereafter.
• Note also that there is no rule requiring you to abbreviate a term that
appears three or more times.

17. How do I introduce an abbreviation in the text?
The first time you use an abbreviation in the text, present both the spelled-out
version and the short form.
When the spelled-out version first appears in the narrative of the sentence, put
the abbreviation in parentheses after it:
•Example: We studied attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in
children.
When the spelled-out version first appears in parentheses, put the abbreviation in
brackets after it.

18. Correct reference entry:
American Psychological Association.
(2011). Dollars and sense: Talking to
your children about the
economy. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/topics/learning/e
nhance-memory.aspx
Incorrect reference entry:
American Psychological Association
(APA). (2011). Dollars and sense:
Talking to your children about the
economy. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/topics/learning/enha
nce-memory.aspx
In the reference list entry, do not include the
abbreviation for the group author.
 Instead, spell out the full name of the group.

19. Can I use abbreviations in the
abstract?
In general, it is not necessary to use
abbreviations in the abstract because the
abstract is so short.
However, if the abbreviation would help the
reader recognize a term or find your article via
search, then it is permissible to include an
abbreviation in the abstract, even if it is not
used three times.
 When you use an abbreviation in both the
abstract and the text, define it in both places
upon first use.

20. Can I use abbreviations in headings?
 We should avoid them—for example, the reader
may skim the paper before reading it in full, and
abbreviations in headings may be difficult to
understand out of context.
So, if a term you intend to abbreviate appears in a
heading (e.g., the name of a test or measure), spell
out the term in the heading and then when it first
appears in the text, spell it out again and define it
there.

21. Can I use abbreviations in tables and figures?
Yes, you can use abbreviations in tables and figures.
All abbreviations used in tables and figures should be defined in the table note or figure
caption, respectively, even though the abbreviations will be also be defined in the text if
they are used there.
The purpose of defining abbreviations in the table note or figure caption is that if other
authors reuse your graphical display in a future paper, the definitions of the terms will be
attached.
Additionally, many readers will skim an article before reading it closely, and defining
abbreviations in tables and figures will allow the readers to understand the abbreviations
immediately.

22. Do all abbreviations needs to
be defined?
Not all abbreviations need to be defined.
 Consult Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary to determine
what to do:
If the abbreviation has the designation abbr. after it
in the dictionary, that means it needs to be defined;

23.  if it does not have this designation, the abbreviation is considered a word on its own and can
be used straight off , without definition.
 You also do not need to define abbreviations for units of measurement (e.g., cm for
centimeters, hr for hour).
 Examples of abbreviations that are considered words: IQ, REM, HIV, AIDS

24. How do I use the words a and an before abbreviations?
 Use the article that matches the way the abbreviation is pronounced—an before a vowel sound
and a before a consonant sound.
 Some abbreviations are pronounced as words (e.g., RAM), and some abbreviations are
pronounced letter-by-letter, which is also called an initialism (e.g. IQ).
 Examples: an FBI agent, a DSM-5 disorder, a U.S. citizen, an IQ score

25. How do I make an abbreviation
plural?
To make an abbreviation plural, add an –s (or –
es, for abbreviations ending in s already).
Do not add an apostrophe.
•Examples: IQs, RTs, CSes.

26. Five ways to fail when using
abbreviations and how to avoid them
1. Define the Abbreviation the First Time You Use It.
2. Define the Abbreviation Once.
3. Refer to the Abbreviation Consistently.
4. Just Use One Definition for Each Abbreviation.
5. Remember to Use the Abbreviation After Defining It.