The stem of Pteridophytes is usually a rhizome. But in Lycopodials and
horse tails the stem is aerial.
9. The leaves are small (microphyllous) in several groups of plants and in
higher forms they are large (macrophyllous) and simple with welldeveloped petiole.
10.Asexual reproduction is by spores. Sporophyte produces meiospores
inside a little capsule called sporangia. The sporangia are borne on the
lower surface or in the axils of fertile leaves called sporophylls. It may
be homosporous (spores produced are of only one type) or heterosporous
(spores produced are of two types).
11.The spores germinate to produce a haploid gametophyte called
prothallus. Homosporous species usually produces bisexual (monoecious)
gametophytes whereas heterosporous species pThe stem of Pteridophytes is usually a rhizome. But in Lycopodials and
horse tails the stem is aerial.
9. The leaves are small (microphyllous) in several groups of plants and in
higher forms they are large (macrophyllous) and simple with welldeveloped petiole.
10.Asexual reproduction is by spores. Sporophyte produces meiospores
inside a little capsule called sporangia. The sporangia are borne on the
lower surface or in the axils of fertile leaves called sporophylls. It may
be homosporous (spores produced are of only one type) or heterosporous
(spores produced are of two types).
11.The spores germinate to produce a haploid gametophyte called
prothallus. Homosporous species usually produces bisexual (monoecious)
gametophytes whereas heterosporous species pThe stem of Pteridophytes is usually a rhizome. But in Lycopodials and
horse tails the stem is aerial.
9. The leaves are small (microphyllous) in several groups of plants and in
higher forms they are large (macrophyllous) and simple with welldeveloped petiole.
10.Asexual reproduction is by spores. Sporophyte produces meiospores
inside a little capsule called sporangia. The sporangia are borne on the
lower surface or in the axils of fertile leaves called sporophylls. It may
be homosporous (spores produced are of only one type) or heterosporous
(spores produced are of two types).
11.The spores germinate to produce a haploid gametophyte called
prothallus. Homosporous species usually produces bisexual (monoecious)
gametophytes whereas heterosporous species pThe stem of Pteridophytes is usually a rhizome. But in Lycopodials and
horse tails the stem is aerial.
9. The leaves are small (microphyllous) in several groups of plants and in
higher forms they are large (macrophyllous) and simple with welldeveloped petiole.
10.Asexual reproduction is by spores. Sporophyte produces meiospores
inside a little capsule called sporangia. The sporangia are borne on the
lower surface or in the axils of fertile leaves called sporophylls. It may
be homosporous (spores produced are of only one type) or heterosporous
(spores produced are of two types).
11.The spores germinate to produce a haploid gametophyte called
prothallus. Homosporous species usually produces bisexual (
4. CONTENTS
Sr. TITLE
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
5. RESULTS
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCES
5. ABSTRACT
Inocybe is a large genus of gilled fungi that includes many fairly
small and brown gilled species.
During this research, 15 Inocybe species that is the large genus of
Inocybaceae were identified.
10 species seems new to science that were morpho-anatomically
and phylogenetically characterized.
4 Inocybe species that were first record from Pakistan and
remaining 1 is already reported from Pakistan have been described
on the basis of morpho-anatomy.
6. INTRODUCTION
Khanspur (KPK) consist of green valuable
forests. In these forests, mushrooms are an
essential component (Myers et al., 2000).
Mushroom is an enlarged complex
aboveground fungi producing a fleshy
fruting body, consisting of pileus, gills and
stipe (Brundrett, 2002).
Mushroom
7. Conti.
Inocybaceae, a family of genera Inocybe that is a large genus of
mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species.
Inocybe species have umbonate pileus, fibrous often dark brownish
pileus, gills are dense, thick and crowded (Iotti et al., 2005).
Molecular identification of the mushroom is important as it leads to
the discovery of new species (Kaldorf et al., 2004; Godbold, 2005).
8. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To identify and characterized Inocybe species on morpho-
anatomic and molecular basis by using ITS rDNA marker.
To document the diversity and phylogeny of Inocybe from
Khanspur.
11. Collection of samples
The mushrooms were tagged and
photographed.
Habitat of samples, locality, the number of
specimens and date of collection on tags
should be recorded.
12. Drying and preservation
of samples
The samples were dried with the various heat
sources through sunlight, fan heater.
The fungal specimens were dried and packed
in the zip lock bags.
13. Morpho-anatomical and
molecular analysis
Morphological features of the specimen (pileus, size,
shape, color, gills alignment and stipe context) was
observed.
Anatomical features (basidia, cystidia, hyphae and
spores) were investigated through microscopy.
Morphological analysis
Anatomical analysis
Molecular characterization was done by DNA
extraction method.
14. RESULTS
New to science
• Inocybe cirrhatus nom.
prov.
• Inocybe elongata nom.
prov.
• Inocybe fibrolous nom.
prov.
• Inocybe galyati nom. prov.
• Inocybe khanspurensis
nom. prov.
• Inocybe macrosporus
nom. prov.
• Inocybe nitidisculoides
nom. prov.
• Inocybe nigrum nom.
prov.
• Inocybe pak 1
• Inocybe pak 2
First record
from Pakistan
• Inocybe aestiva
• Inocybe gregaria
• Inocybe purpureoflavida
• Inocybe pusio
Already reported
from Pakistan
• Inocybe pakistansis
34. Already reported from Pakistan
Inocybe pakistanensis
•Pileus not expanding, conical when young, become
wider towards maturity, central prominent umbo
pileus shape, incurved to inrolled margins, dry
surface.
•Stipe cylindrical, surface dry, central, equal stipe
shape.
•Lamellae close or crowded, woody texture, cracked
margins.
35. CONCLUSION
The Inocybe is characterized by a fibrillose umbonate pileus,
equal or bulbous stipe.
The purpose of the present research is to explore the diversity
rich areas of gilled mushrooms in Khanspur, KPK because the
literacy rate and documentation is poor in this region.
So this research work is a huge combination of variety of
Inocybe mushrooms, and a base line for further research in
the same genus.
36. REFERENCES
Brundrett, M. C. 2002. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of
land plants. New phytologist, 154(2): 275-304.
Godbold, D. L. 2005. Ectomycorrhizal Community Structure:
Linking Biodiversity to Function. Progress in Botany, 22(3): 374-
391.
Iotti, M., Barbieri, E., Stocchi, V. and Zambonelli, A. 2005.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of mycelia of
ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture. Fungal Diversity, 19: 51-68.
37. Kaldorf, M., Renker, C., Fladung, M. and Buscot, F. 2004.
Characterization and spatial distribution of ectomycorrhizas
colonizing aspen clones released in an experimental field.
Mycorrhiza, 14: 295-306.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G.
A. B. and Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation
priorities. Nature, 403: 853-858.
