Phylogeny 1 ` http://biology-forums.com/gallery/33_14_08_11_11_21_00_15201243.jpeg Outline: Introduction to Phylogeny Lab Explanation Lab Time!! 2 You’re going to look at the changes in organisms through time, in the image here the Top of the tree is today http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/Stories/Evolution/ancestry.gif Phylogeny: The evolutionary development and diversification of a species, or group of organisms, or of a particular feature (characteristic) of an organism All organisms can be classified 3 Phylogeny is the evolutionary development and diversification of a species This allows us to classify and identify all organisms All organisms are connected by the passage of genes along the branches of the phylogenetic Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/learn/concepts/ConceptsImg/LeavesAndAncestors.jpg Classification: Classification of organisms = Taxonomy There are three main Domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Which two are the most similar? 4 The classification of organisms is called taxonomy It is based on distinguishing characteristics There are 3 Domains, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes, which we belong to. Which two seem to be the most similar? Carl Linnaeus: Developed modern taxonomical system Hierarchical system of classification General Specific Do KEEP POND CLEAN OR FROGGY GETS SICK 5 So who came up with all of this? Carl Linnaeus, developed the hierarchical system of classification It goes: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species It starts with the most commonly shared characteristics to species specific characteristics And can be remembered by the following rhymes, my favorite is Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick http://www.icr.org/i/articles/af/linnaeus_found_wide.jpg http://savannahthecell.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/4/0/13403173/443151711.jpg 6 Now coming back to the three Dominans, which two are most closely related based on their genetics? Here you can see looking at the tree of life, based on their genetics, the Archaea are more closely related to the Eukaryotes. Taxonomy of Art: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species But you’re not going to look at genetics in class today, instead you will be looking at physical characteristics to classify different organisms and then specifically with fish. I’m going to start off with something that will hopefully be more relatable to you, looking at the a classification of music. So we start in the Domain of Art, within art there are three kingdoms… 7 Phylogenetic Tree: Taxonomic classifications reflect phylogeny Phylogeny  Evolutionary History of Organism Species with similar characteristics have a common ancestor Greater resemblance, more recent divergence 8 This classification system reflects the evolutionary history of an organism, which is phylogeny. Taxonomy and Phylogeny are very closely related. Each species can be traced bac ...

1. Phylogeny
1
`
http://biology-
forums.com/gallery/33_14_08_11_11_21_00_15201243.jpeg
Outline:
Introduction to Phylogeny
Lab Explanation
Lab Time!!
2
You’re going to look at the changes in organisms through time,
in the image here the Top of the tree is today
http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/Stories/Evolution/

2. ancestry.gif
Phylogeny:
The evolutionary development and diversification of a species,
or group of organisms, or of a particular feature (characteristic)
of an organism
All organisms can be classified
3
Phylogeny is the evolutionary development and diversification
of a species
This allows us to classify and identify all organisms
All organisms are connected by the passage of genes along the
branches of the phylogenetic Tree of Life
http://tolweb.org/tree/learn/concepts/ConceptsImg/LeavesAndA
ncestors.jpg
Classification:
Classification of organisms = Taxonomy
There are three main Domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes

3. Which two are the
most similar?
4
The classification of organisms is called taxonomy
It is based on distinguishing characteristics
There are 3 Domains, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes, which
we belong to.
Which two seem to be the most similar?
Carl Linnaeus:
Developed modern taxonomical system
Hierarchical system of classification
General
Specific
Do
KEEP
POND
CLEAN
OR
FROGGY
GETS
SICK
5
So who came up with all of this?
Carl Linnaeus, developed the hierarchical system of

4. classification
It goes: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
It starts with the most commonly shared characteristics to
species specific characteristics
And can be remembered by the following rhymes, my favorite is
Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick
http://www.icr.org/i/articles/af/linnaeus_found_wide.jpg
http://savannahthecell.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/4/0/13403173/44
3151711.jpg
6
Now coming back to the three Dominans, which two are most
closely related based on their genetics?
Here you can see looking at the tree of life, based on their
genetics, the Archaea are more closely related to the
Eukaryotes.
Taxonomy of Art:
Kingdom

5. Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
But you’re not going to look at genetics in class today, instead
you will be looking at physical characteristics to classify
different organisms and then specifically with fish.
I’m going to start off with something that will hopefully be
more relatable to you, looking at the a classification of music.
So we start in the Domain of Art, within art there are three
kingdoms…
7
Phylogenetic Tree:
Taxonomic classifications reflect phylogeny

6. Species with similar characteristics have a common ancestor
Greater resemblance, more recent divergence
8
This classification system reflects the evolutionary history of an
organism, which is phylogeny.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny are very closely related.
Each species can be traced back to a common ancestor based on
shared characteristics
This is commonly expressed as a phylogenetic tree
The phylogenetic trees you will be working with today will be
based on phenotypic characteristics, in other words how an
organism looks
Phylogeny of Music:
Male
Female
Solo
American
R&B
Pop
One Direction
Beyonce
Adele
Aretha Franklin
Usher
Stevie Wonder

7. TLC
So looking at the taxonomy of music as a phylogenetic tree, we
start at the bottom, with the most broad characteristic, pop
music.
9
Phylogenetic Tree – Example
10
So now taking that same tree and looking at the phylogeny of
vertebrates.
The most broad characteristic is that they are all vertebrates and
getting more specific
Reading the tree: A vertebrate that has a bony skeleton with
four limbs, and lacks an amniotic egg, would be amphibians
The tree is made to show the relationships between organisms.
Key point is the visual identification of “how closely related”
the “new” characteristic is shown through the tree. These traits
are the new adaptions.
Evolutionary Relationships:
Convergent evolution
Does NOT share a common ancestor
Shared traits based on environmental factors
Divergent evolution
Shares a common ancestor
Trait variation over time

8. 11
Now we’ll look at different ways in which physical
characteristics are derived.
There are two types of evolutionary relationships:
And there is convergent evolution, where species may appear
similar, but these traits evolved due to similar environments not
because of a common ancestor
So here we have a falcon and a bat, which look similar, but the
falcon is the descendent of an ancestral bird and the bat is the
decedent of an ancestral mammal.
This is why genetics are now used to determine the placement
of an organism on the tree.
Divergent evolution which is represented by the horizontal lines
of the phylogenetic tree and this type shares a common
ancestor.
Divergent Evolution – Speciation:
Allopatric Speciation- a population splits into two
geographically isolated populations
Sympatric Speciation- the formation of two or more descendant
species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same
geographic location
There are two main factors in divergent evolution
Allopatric speciation; where a population splits into two
isolated populations as a result these populations can no longer
interbreed
And Sympatric speciation; where two or more descendent
species share the same geographic location and are more closely

9. related
And thus these populations can interbreed
12
Darwin’s Finches:
Charles Darwin traveled to the Galapagos
Islands and studied the speciation of local finches
The ancestral finch was a ground-dwelling,
seed-eating finch
After the burst of speciation in the Galapagos, a total of 14
species would exist:
3 species of ground-dwelling seed-eaters;
3 others living on cacti and eating seeds;
1 living in trees and eating seeds;
7 species of tree-dwelling insect-eaters.
The most well known study of speciation and evolution was
done by Darwin who studied the speciation of finches in the
Galapagos Islands
Through this study Darwin found the two major types of
speciation present on the islands
He found there was an ancestral finch that was a ground
dwelling, seed-eating finch.
As speciation occurred over time, a total of 14 species would
exist and they would have varying characteristics
13
Darwin’s Finches:
Common Ancestor

10. Here is a breakdown of the 14 species that Darwin found on the
islands and how they relate to each other
So there was a common ancestor, then speciation occurred and
some evolved to eat seed, fruit, and insects; this changed the
shape of the birds beak through time based on the food
consumed. This is something to think about during the lab
today, how does the environment pressure trait selection?
14
Green beetles have been selected against, and brown beetles
have flourished.
Changes in a population of beetles over time:
Another way trait selection occurs is through adaptation and
fitness, here you can see that these birds are picking out the
green beetles, and over time the green beetles may become
extinct because the pressure of not becoming food, selects for
the brown color adaptation. So over time the beetle population
changes from green and brown variations, to only brown
beetles.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/admin/media/3/52571_evo_resourc
es_resource_image_380_original.gif
15
Fitness – the ability to survive and reproduce

11. Adaptation – any characteristic that increases fitness
For the beetles in the picture, what characteristic was an
adaptation that increased fitness?
Color – brown beetles were more fit and were able to survive
longer
So to reiterate An adaptation is any characteristic that increases
fitness, which is defined as the ability to survive and reproduce.
Keep fitness in mind today too as you complete the lab.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/admin/media/3/52571_evo_resourc
es_resource_image_380_original.gif
16
Today’s Lab:
Part I:
Work as a group to divide the animals in the bag at your table
into 4-5 groups
Identify what characteristics you used to make these divisions
and complete the worksheet
Part II - Fish Phylogeny:
Work as a group to create a phylogenetic tree using: pictures of
fish, guides at your table, white board, and markers
Be sure to label the “speciation” (what characteristic you chose
to separate them by) for each branch!

12. There’s two parts to today’s lab, the first part should take
around 30 minutes, and the second part will take the remainder
of the time.
17
Next Week- our last class!
Due:
Phylogeny lab
Final lab report
SEE GUIDELINES ON BLACKBOARD
“Lab Report Instructions” under “Lab Report” tab
In class:
Quiz IV
Video & discussion
18
EEES 1140: Environmental
Solution
s Lab
PHYLOGENY Lab:
I. Introduction

13. ________________________ is the evolutionary development
and diversification of a species; this allows all organisms to be
classified. ________________________ is simply the
classification of organisms in a hierarchical system of
classification.
Go through DKPCOFGS, describe general to specific, and give
brief description of each level.
___________________________ is a common way to display
the characteristics shared by related organisms.
Explain branches and nodes
So what drives different characteristics?
Evolutionary relationships:
Convergent evolution & Divergent evolution
Allopatric Speciation & Sympatric Speciation
What drives evolution?
Adaptation & fitness
An __________________________________ is a characteristic
that increases and organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

14. in their environment. Individuals that successfully reproduce
more often, have higher evolutionary fitness than those that fail
to reproduce.
Worksheet Exercise: Phylogeny
Name___________________________________________
Date________________
Part 1:
Answer the following questions.
1. The term fitness can have two different meanings. Usually,
we think of physical fitness which describes the physical health
of an individual. What does the term fitness mean when
biologists are discussing evolution (1 point)?
2. Many people think of the process of evolution as "survival of
the fittest". How do you interpret "survival of the fittest" (1
point)?
Part I Continued: Characteristics
· Work as a group to divide the animals in the bag at your table
into 4-5 groups
· Identify what characteristics you used to make these divisions

15. and complete the worksheet
1. Identify four groups of animals based on similar adaptations
(or characteristics) and describe similarities in their lifestyles
(1 point each).
a.___________________________________________________
__
b.___________________________________________________
__
c.___________________________________________________
__
d.___________________________________________________
__
2. Name a unique adaptation that you see in 3 of the species (1
point each):
a.___________________________________________________
__
b.___________________________________________________
__

16. c.___________________________________________________
__
5. How would the adaptations you identified in question 1 affect
the animal’s lifestyle and fitness? (Example: animals with
thicker fur can survive in colder climates, so thickness of fur
affects habitat) (1 point each)
a.___________________________________________________
__
b.___________________________________________________
__
c.___________________________________________________
__
6. What type of environmental pressures lead to the
development of these adaptations? (2 points)
7. Pick an animal or group of animals and hypothesize about
the type of habitat they live in and the type of food they

17. consume and explain why. (2 points)
Part 2: Fish
Create a phylogenetic tree using the fish pictures provided,
white boards, and markers.
8. What do you think about constructing your fish phylogenetic
tree? What was the hardest part? What was the easiest? Fill
the space provided. (2 points)
9. What did you like most about this lab? What did you like
least? (2 points)
� 1 Adapted from the University of California, Los Angeles,
Life Sciences 1 Demonstration Manual by Drs. Jennifer Doherty
and Ingrid Waldron, Dept Biology, University of Pennsylvania.
© 2016
PAGE
2