Quantum mechanics

1. Adaptation of quantum mechanics in classical
communications
By: Hatif Hisham
Sajjad Husain
Ahmed Mousa
Supervisor: Dr. Raad

2. 1-Introduction
2- Motivation and Objectives.
3- Traditional networks handover process.
4- Quantum based entanglement paradigm.
5- Methodology and requirements.
6- Results.
7- Conclusion.
Outlines

3. The increased number of network users requires more efficient
network paradigms.
Therefore, the coming communications networks are looking for
solutions to fulfil the next generations 5G requirement, these are:
1- Higher bandwidth, capacity or data rates.
2- Less delay.
3- less power consumption.
4- Low cost.
Introduction
The traditional network architecture has complicated, delay and
power costly handover process.

4. EPC/Core network
SGW
MME
PGW
eNodeB
eNodeB
eNodeB
PCRF
UE
Internet and
different IP
operators
HSS
Traditional Network Architecture

5. Traditional X2-AP interface (handover)

6. Handover via S1 protocol

7. 2- Motivation
The new generation of communication systems are looking for new
solutions to handle the traditional problems.
- One of the limitations is the increased backhauling signalling cost
due to handover process of the increased number of 5G users.
- The signalling cost represents more than 30% of the transmitted
power, and reducing such percentage should not be overlooked.
- Hence, quantum mechanic can be a solution.

8. Objectives
Since there are many ping-pong communications amongst the
handover participating cells, this type of communication cost can be
reduced by:
- Utilising the duplicate information of entangled photons to share the
information at zero delay and reduced transmitted power.
- The more entangled photons are utilised, the more power is saved.
- Reducing the time delay as each entangled photon represents ‘ready
to use’ information.
Before discussing the quantum method, It is worth mentioning the
classical way of communication amongst the traditional cells, as
follows:

9. Quantum-based cloud network
MME, PGW, SGW, etc MME, PGW, SGW, etc
Traditional Cloud

10. In cloud based networks, the handover process is even more
difficult that traditional counterparts.
As the user’s handover request is not only confined at the
source and target cells, but such request will be passed from
the source cell to the data centre (base band unit) where X2
interface resides.
Then the same X2 procedure is done to finally acknowledge
the handover.
After, the data centre informs the target user about such user
content release.

11. RRH3
RRH R
RRH2
RRH1
BBU 1 BBU 2
BBU pool
BBU..B
Fronthaul
Entanglement
source
Laser
Driver
Optics
Detector
Electronics
Quantum-based cloud network

12. RRH1 served by BBU1.
RRH2 served by BBU2.
Even if the UE is travelled to another cell, it still can be served by its same BBU1
as its information are copied instantly to the second RRH2.
In this case, there is no need for handover process.
This situation also represents perfect solution for cells with no X2 interface
installed between them, that they are only using S1 interface for handover
process.
BBU1 BBU3
BBU2
Entanglement
source
RRH1
RRH1

13. -Power consumption model for both traditional cloud and
entanglement based cloud radio access networks.
-Delay analysis comparison for both cloud and quantum based
cloud.
-Average data rate calculations for both cases.
-Energy efficiency analysis and comparisons for both cases.
Methodology:

14. Bits Vs Quantum bits

15. Entangled Bits

16. Comparison

17. Some results
Fig.1: Gain of delay with respect to the number of entangled photons

18. Fig. 2: Power consumption with respect to the number of BBUs
and their power consumption utilisation.

19. The more entangled photons are used within the simulation, the
more saving in the delay can be achieved.
Entanglement is an efficient solution for classical communications,
where not many solutions are available.
Adapting quantum to classical communication opens a chance to
provide more efficient networks in terms of reducing the delay of
communications without additional cost.
In the future:
Utilising the hidden channel amongst the entangled photons can
also provide communications amongst the RRHs with mitigated
delay to report and update the users.
Conclusion

20. End