five different neurological disorders with details

1. Neurological Disorders
Presented by
Mamun Fazal Karim f2019141001
Haris Sajid f2019141033
Muhammad Mahad F2019141039
Syeda Hadeesa zahra f2019141021
Arooj Iftikhar f2019141045
Presented to Ma’am Ammara Gilani

2. Alzheimer's disease
Presented by Mamun Fazal Karim
Let’s start with the first set of slides
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3. Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia (basically loss of
cognitive functioning is dementia) that affects memory,
thinking and behavior. Symptoms eventually grow severe
enough to interfere with daily tasks. It is a general term
for memory loss and other cognitive abilities serious
enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease
accounts for 60-80% of dementia cases.
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4. Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging.
Alzheimer's worsens over time.
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s.
 Memory loss
 Poor judgment leading to bad decisions
 Loss of spontaneity and sense of initiative
 Taking longer to complete normal daily tasks
 Repeating questions
 Trouble handling money and paying bills
 Wandering and getting lost
 Losing things or misplacing them in odd places
 Mood and personality changes
 Increased anxiety and/or aggression
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5. Causes
Plaques
Beta-amyloid is a
fragment of a larger
protein. When these
fragments cluster
together, they appear to
have a toxic effect on
neurons and to disrupt
cell-to-cell
communication. These
clusters form larger
deposits called amyloid
plaques, which also
include other cellular
debris.
Tangles
Tau proteins play a part
in a neuron's internal
support and transport
system to carry
nutrients and other
essential materials. In
Alzheimer's disease, tau
proteins change shape
and organize
themselves into
structures called
neurofibrillary tangles.
The tangles disrupt the
transport system and
are toxic to cells.
Risk factors
 Age
 Family history
and genetics.
 Mild cognitive
impairment
 Head trauma
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6. Diagnosis
Physical and neurological
exam
 Reflexes
 Muscle tone and strength
 Ability to get up from a
chair and walk across the
room
 Sense of sight and hearing
 Coordination
 Balance
Lab tests
Treatment
Psychosocial interventions improve
cognitive abilities (cognitive stimulation,
cognitive training), enhance emotional
well-being (activity planning,
reminiscence), reduce behavioral
symptoms (aromatherapy, music
therapy) and promote everyday
functioning (occupational therapy). In
addition, psychosocial interventions
complement the treatment of patients
by supporting family caregivers
(educational groups, support programs).
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7. Migraine
Presented by Haris Sajid
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A migraine headache often begins as a dull ache and grows
Into throbbing pain. It usually gets worse during physical
activity. The pain can move from one side of your head to
the other, can be in the front of your head, or can feel like it’s
affecting your entire head.

8. The most common are migraine with aura
(also known as a classic migraine) and
migraine without aura (or common
migraine).
Migraine Symptoms
Prodromal
 Being sensitive to light, sound, or smell
 Fatigue
 Food cravings or lack of appetite
 Mood changes
 Severe thirst
 Bloating
 Constipation or diarrhea
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Aura
 See black dots, wavy lines, flashes of light, or
things that aren’t there (hallucinations)
 Have tunnel vision
 Not be able to see at all
 Have tingling or numbness on one side of
your body
 Not be able to speak clearly
 Have a heavy feeling in your arms and legs
 Have ringing in your ears
 Notice changes in smell, taste, or touch

9. “ Migraine Causes
Migraine headaches are a symptom of a condition known as
migraine. Doctors don’t know the exact cause of migraine
headaches, although they seem to be related to changes in
your brain and to your genes. Your parents can even pass
down migraine triggers like fatigue, bright lights, or weather
changes. Migraine likely starts when overactive nerve cells
send out signals that trigger your trigeminal nerve, which
gives sensation to your head and face neurotransmitters
cause inflammation and pain.
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10. Migraine Risk
Factors
1. Age
2. Family history
3. Other medical
conditions
Migraine Triggers
 Hormone changes
 Stress
 Foods.
 Skipping meals
 Caffeine
 Changes in
weather
 Senses
 Medications.
 Physical activity.
 Tobacco
 Changes to your
sleep.
Migraine Diagnosis
 Blood tests
 Imaging tests like
MRI or CT scans
 Electroencephalogra
m (EEG)
Treatments
 Biofeedback.
 Cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT).
 Supplements
 Body work
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11. Ataxia
Presented by Muhammad Mahad
Ataxia is the term for a group of neurological diseases (diseases related to
the nervous system) that affect movement and coordination. People with
ataxia often have trouble with balance, coordination, swallowing, and
speech. Ataxia usually develops as a result of damage to a part of the brain
that coordinates movement (cerebellum).
Ataxia can develop at any age. It is typically progressive, meaning it can get
worse with time.
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12. Different types of ataxia
 Ataxia telangiectasia (AT)
 Episodic ataxia
 Friedreich’s ataxia
Causes of ataxia
 Acquired ataxia: Caused by external factors including trauma, vitamin deficiencies,
exposure to alcohol or drugs, infections, or cancers.
 Genetic ataxia: Occurs when a person has a damaged gene that is passed down
among family members.
 Idiopathic ataxia: Doctors cannot determine the cause of the condition.
.
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13. Symptoms
 Decreasing
coordination
 Trouble walking
 Impaired
balance with
frequent falls
 Heart problems
 Loss of fine
motor skills
 Muscle tremors
 Slurred speech
 Vision problems
Diagnose of ataxia
 MRI
 Blood tests
 Genetic testing
Treatment
Physical, speech, and occupational
therapies can also help manage
symptoms. Physical therapy and
specialized exercises are vital to help
maintain balance and mobility, and to
learn new ways to do everyday activities.
People with ataxia may need a cane,
walker, wheelchair, or motorized scooter
to move around more safely and easily. 13

14. ADHD
Presented by Arooj Iftikhar
4
ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental
disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood
and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have
trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may
act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly
active.

15. Causes of ADHD
1. Brain injury
2. Exposure to environmental
3. Risks (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or
at a young age
4. Alcohol and tobacco use during
5. Pregnancy
6. Premature delivery
7. Low birth weight
• Signs and Symptoms
 daydream a lot
 forget or lose things a lot
 squirm or fidget
 talk too much
 make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks
 have a hard time resisting temptation
 have trouble taking turns
 have difficulty getting along with other
• Types
 Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
 Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
 Combined Presentation
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16. Diagnosis
First of all follow the DSM 5 criteria, otherwise main crocks are as, deciding if a child has
ADHD is a process with several steps. There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, and many
other problems, like anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and certain types of learning
disabilities, can have similar symptoms.
Treatments
In most cases, ADHD is best treated with a combination of behavior therapy and medication.
For preschool-aged children (4-5 years of age) with ADHD, behavior therapy, particularly
training for parents, is recommended as the first line of treatment before medication is tried.
What works best can depend on the child and family. Good treatment plans will include close
monitoring, follow-ups, and making changes, if needed, along the way.
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17. Intellectual Disability
Presented by Syeda Hadeesa Zahra
5
Intellectual disability causes significant limitations
to a person’s intellectual functioning and adaptive
behavior.
Intellectual disability is also sometimes known as
cognitive disability

18. Intellectual disability occurs when a person has difficulty with general mental
abilities. This may impact there,
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social
functioning
Intellectual functioning
Practical
functioning

19. Causes
Serious Head Injury
Stroke
Extreme Malnutrition
Insufficient Medical Care
Symptoms
Reaching Developmental Milestones — Such As Sitting Up,
Crawling, Walking, Or Talking — Later Than Other Children
Difficulty Speaking Or Reading
Difficulty Remembering Things
Difficulty With Social Skills
Limited Functioning In One Or More Daily Activities
Reduced Judgment And Decision-making Skills
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20. Diagnosis
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 An IQ Test
 General Medical Tests
 Neurological Tests
 Psychological Tests
 Special Education Tests
 Hearing, Speech, And
Vision Tests
 Physical Therapy
Evaluations.

21. Treatment
1.Early interventions that work to identify intellectual disability in infants and
toddlers.
2.Vocational programs, such as job coaching or skill learning.
3.Case managers to help coordinate services and ensure that the individual
receives proper care.
4.Psychological or psychiatric services.
5.Speech and language pathology or audiology services.
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22. THANKS!
Any questions?
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