95. Classic stages of sintering Stage 階段 Process 過程 Surface Area Loss 表面積損失 Densification 緻密化 Coarsening 粗化 Adhesion Contact formation Minimal unless compacted at high pressures None None Initial 初期 Neck growth 頸部成長 Significant , up to 50﹪ loss Small at first Minimal Intermediate 中期 Pore rounding and elongation Near total loss of open porosity Significant Increase in grain size and pore size Final 最後 Pore closure, final densification Negligible further loss Slow and relatively minimal Extensive grain and pore growth
117. limited densification rearrangement Extensive densification swelling, transient liquid mixed effect swelling & densification solid solubility in liquid low high low high liquid solubility in solid Conceptual summarization of the interactions and sintering behavior as dictated by solubility interaction during liquid-phase sintering
118. 液相燒結 Schematic diagram of the classic liquid-phase sintering stages involving mixed powders which form a nonreactive liquid on heating, allowing subsequent particle rearrangement and densification by solution-reprecipitation and solid skeleton sintering.
119. Density dependence on the liquid content for liquid-phase sintering, showing the stages and the possible relative contributions to densification
120. Approximate time scale for liquid-phase sintering, where densification occurs by a progression of overlapping stages after the liquid first forms.
217. The Bend Test for Brittle Materials Figure. (a) The bend test often used for measuring the strength of brittle materials, and (b) the deflection δ obtained by bending (c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
218. Figure . (a) Three point and (b) four-point bend test setup (c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.