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03 umts radio path and transmissionnew
1.
1 © NOKIA UMTS
Radio Path and TransmissionUMTS Radio Path and Transmission
2.
2 © NOKIA Topics •
Quick review of air interface technologies (optional topic) • The WCDMA (Air/Uu) interface and its properties • Radio resource management introduction • Appendix: Overview of UMTS-TDD solution (optional topic) • Appendix: Low Chip rate TDD mode (TD-SCDMA, optional topic) • Appendix: Briefly about issues related to network planning (optional topic)
3.
3 © NOKIA Module
objectives After completing this module, the participant should be able to: • Explain the terms carrier, spreading, power, FDD, cell characteristics, channelisation code, and scrambling code. • List and identify the structure of the UMTS air interface. The student should be capable of following a model and explaining what is happening to data at every phase in the Uu interface for the UMTS-FDD implementation. • List and clearly explain the key functions and tasks in radio resource management. These are admission, code, power, handover, and diversity control. without using any references if not otherwise stated).
4.
4 © NOKIA Power
(P) Frequency (f) Time Now, image if all the users shared the same frequency, at the same time. Radio path basics (review) Frequency 2 - Channel 2 Frequency 1 - Channel 1 Frequency 3 - Channel 3 Frequency 4 - Channel 4 FDMA - Frequencies are allocated one per user. f1 - Ch 1 f1 - Ch 2 f1 - Ch 3 f1 - Ch 4 f2 - Ch 1 f2 - Ch 2 f2 - Ch 3 f2 - Ch 4 f3 - Ch 1 f3 - Ch 2 f3 - Ch 3 f3 - Ch 4 f4 - Ch 1 f4 - Ch 2 f4 - Ch 3 f4 - Ch 4 TDMA - Several users share the same frequency, only divided by time. f t How do you determine the different users? (spreading ) codes By allocating each channel a unique code, known as the spreading code. What is the W in WCDMA? There is no limit - Its origin is from that the European & Japanese interfaces have a higher bandwidth than their US CDMA counterpart!
5.
5 © NOKIA Basic
WCDMA theory (review) Frequency Band duration (Spreading Factor) Power WCDMAOriginating Bit Received Bit
6.
6 © NOKIA Variable
slices are allocated (review) Frequency 5MHz Power Time Users Separated by Codes High bit rate user Low bit rate user
7.
7 © NOKIA IMT-2000
frequency allocations 2200 MHz20001900 1950 2050 2100 21501850 JapanIMT-2000 PHS IMT-2000 ITU Mobile Satellite IMT-2000 IMT-2000 Europe UMTS (FDD) DECT UMTS(TDD) GSM 1800 UMTS(TDD) UMTS (FDD) USA PCS unlicensed PCSPCS UMTS(TDD)IMT-2000(TDD) Mobile Satellite Mobile Satellite Mobile Satellite Mobile Satellite Mobile Satellite Mobile Satellite Mobile Satellite
8.
8 © NOKIA UMTS-FDD
and -TDD modes Guard Period f t Uplink Downlink Bandwidth 5MHz Uplink Downlink Bandwidth 5MHz Separation 190MHz f t Bandwidth 5MHz
9.
9 © NOKIA Air
interface structure Channel Coding TxRAKE Signalling Data Channels Radio Framing Spreading & Channelisation Scrambling Modulation Air interface SMSSMS define the UE actions The user data is coded, depending on the applicationThe specifications 1 Different channels carry different information 2 Data is coded, framed, spread and channelised The signal is now scrambled 3 The signal is modulated on a frequency to represent binary values4 The UE uses a special receiver to RAKE through the air interface 5
10.
11 © NOKIA Modulation Bit
combinations in Radio Path: '10' 135° '00' 45° '11' 225° '01' 315° Rx Tx QPSK OQPSK Node B UE DataData
11.
12 © NOKIA Basic
WCDMA terminology 5 M H z 3 .8 4 M H z f WCDMA Carrier (in one direction) Frequency Time DS = Direct Sequence CDMA Sequencing Principles
12.
13 © NOKIA WCDMA
frame structure f t Middlepoint of WCDMA Carrier WCDMA Frame 10 ms 15 slots, each of them 2/3 ms
13.
14 © NOKIA Channelisation
and scrambling codesDOCUMENTTYPE 1 (1) eUnitOrDepartmentHere eYourNameHere TypeDateHere Channelisation code Scrambling code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data and control channels from the same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink dedicated user channels Uplink: Separation of terminals Downlink: Separation of sectors (cell) Length Variable (depends on the user allocation) Fixed Number of codes Depends on the spreading factor (SF) Uplink: Several millions Downlink: 512
14.
15 © NOKIA Where
are codes used? In the Uplink (UE → Node B), the user's data and signalling information is separated by Channelisation Codes data signalling In the Downlink (Node B→UE), cells are seperated by Scrambling Codes In the Uplink (UE → Node B), terminals are separated by Scrambling Codes In the Downlink (Node B → UE), user connections are separated by Channelisation Codes Dedicated User Channel Channel Coding TxRAKE Air interface Signalling Data Call set-up, SMS etc. messages Voice, video and other user data Channels Radio Framing Spreading & Channelisation Scrambling Modulation
15.
16 © NOKIA Code -1 Data
x Code Code Data +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 ChipChip DespreadingDespreading Uu WCDMA terminology - Chips & Symbols Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips) Rate matched baseband Data Scrambling
16.
17 © NOKIA Spreading SF
= 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 ch,1,0= (1) ch,2,0 = (1,1) ch,2,1 = (1,-1) ch,4,0=(1,1, 1, 1) ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Data (Baseband, Channel Coded & Rate-Matched) Spread and Combined with Channelisation Code Data is Spread... …by a certain factor. The channelisation code is selected based upon how much the data is spread
17.
18 © NOKIA Channelisation
and scrambling SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 ch,1,0= (1) ch,2,0 = (1,1) ch,2,1 = (1,-1) ch,4,0=(1,1, 1, 1) ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Data (Baseband, Channel Coded & Rate-Matched) Spread and Combined with Channelisation Code Data is Spread... …by a certain factor. The channelisation code is selected based upon how much the data is spread Data Channelisation Code Scrambling Code Downlink Example Bit rate Chip rate Chip rate
18.
19 © NOKIA Spreading
Factor = Processing Gain B B G Bearer Uu p = FactorSpreading RateSymbolBearer RateChipSystem ==
19.
20 © NOKIA Code
sets P r im a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e S e c o n d a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e # 1 S e c o n d a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e # 2 S e c o n d a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e # 1 5 C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) P r im a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e S e c o n d a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e # 1 S e c o n d a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e # 2 S e c o n d a r y S c r a m b lin g C o d e # 1 5 C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) C h a n n e lis a tio n C o d e S e t ( 2 5 6 C o d e s ) - 5 1 2 C o d e S e t s x 1 6 S c r a m b lin g C o d e s = 8 1 9 2 C o d e s n u m b e r e d f r o m 0 .. . 8 1 9 1 a v a ila b le
20.
21 © NOKIA Channelisation
code tree SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 ch,1,0 = (1) ch,2,0 = (1,1) ch,2,1 = (1,-1) ch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
21.
22 © NOKIA Receiving
signals at the UE UE listening to several Node Bs Attached Node B Path of user
22.
23 © NOKIA Simplified
diagram of the RAKE Receiver Delay Code used for the connection Rx Output Finger t Cell-x Cell-x Cell-x Cell-y Rx Rx Rx Finger Finger Finger Delay Delay
23.
24 © NOKIA Channel
coding, rate matching • 1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional channel coding and turbo coding will be implemented. • Rate matching is used to "fit" the data bit rate so that it corresponds to the pre-defined fixed bit rates of the air interface. Also puncturing can be used. Rate Matching - Convolutional coding - Interleaving Baseband data (n kb/s) - 30 kb/s - 60 kb/s - 120 kb/s - 240 kb/s - 480 kb/s - 960 kb/s
24.
25 © NOKIA Channel
Organisation in UMTS UE Node B RNC Logical channels content is organised in separate channels, e.g. user data, paging information, radio link control information Transport channels logical channel information has to be organised (e.g. in time) before it is physically transmitted Physical channels (frequency band & spreading code) Frames transmission organised based via the Iub interface
25.
26 © NOKIA The
dedicated user traffic for one user service in the downlink direction is sent through the Dedicated Traffic Channel. DS-WCDMA-FDD = Direct Sequencing, WCDMA Frequency Division Duplex. Suitable for outdoor use, and will be the first implementation in 3G. In the Case of DS, data is spread over the band as a function of time. In the DS-WCDMA-FDD model, there are 3 layers. The first and top-most layer are the logical channels, which carry specific information per channel. DS-WCDMA-FDD Channels The network must inform the UE about the radio environment, the information consists of codes, power levels, neighboring information and etc.. The information for the UE is carried in the Broadcast Control Channel. When there is need to reach the mobile station, the network pages the UE on the Paging Control Channel. All common actions that the network must perform for all UE's in a cell are managed in the Common Control Channel. Common Traffic Channel is for traffic for all (or a specified group of) UEs in the cell When there is a dedicated, active connection, the network sends control information through the Dedicated Control Channel. In the Uplink direction, there are the Common Control Channel, Dedicated Traffic Channel and the Dedicated Control Channel. The second level is known as the Transport Channels. In some cases, a transport channel may contain one or more logical channels. The BCCH and PCH Transport Channels carry their respective logical channels (Broadcast and Paging Channels). The FACH (Forward Access Channel) carries information (when specified by RNC) from the common and dedicated control channels. The DCH (Dedicated Channel) is the only dedicated transport channel, the rest are common. One DCH channel, may carry one or more DTCH. In the Uplink, and as in GSM, the RACH (Random Access Channel) carries initial access information when required. The Common Packet Channel is used to carry packet(s), providing the common resources of the system are used for this purpose. The final layer use in the channels, is known as the physical channels. These are the channels that are present on the air-interface of a cell. The Network Synchronisation information is carried in the Synchronisation Physical Channel. This channel is created in Node B, so it does not need any logical or transport channels. There are 2 Common Control Physical CHannels, primary and secondary. The primary carries the cell information, whereas the secondary carries other common control information. The DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel) is a multiplexed combination of the DPDCH (dedicated user traffic) and the DPCCH (dedicated signaling channel).. The Physical Random Access CHannel carries the RACH data. The user's traffic and signaling information is divided in the uplink direction between the DPDCH and DPCCH physical channels. Downlink Uplink Logical Channels BCCH PCCH DCCH DTCH CCCH DTCH DCCH Transport Channels BCH PCH DCH DCH RAC H CPCH Physical Channels SCH1/2 (created in Node B) CCPCH-1 CCPCH-2 PRACHDPDCHDPCCH CCCH CTCH FACH DSCH PDSCH PCPCH DPCH (DPDCH+DPC CH) When sending short packets, and a dedicated channel is not needed, then they are sent on the PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel). DTCH is a point to point channel dedicated to one UE for transfer of the user information PDSCH is a downlink shared channel for user data. t carries the DSCH transport channel which is controlled On a frame by frame basis thus allowing for variation in bitrates
26.
27 © NOKIA FDD-mode:
Logical and Transport Channel DL BCCH Broadcast Control Channel, (system information) PCCH Paging Control Channel (paging & notification) CCCH Common Control Channel (control information without RRC connection) DCCH Dedicated Control Channel (power control, TFI, etc.) DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel (user data) Logical Channels (content) BCH Broadcast Channel, PCH Paging Channel FACH Forward Access Channel DSCH Downlink Shared Channel DCH Dedicated Channel Transport Channels dedicated transport channels common transport channels
27.
28 © NOKIA FDD-mode:
Logical and Transport Channel UL CCCH Common Control Channel (control information without RRC connection) DCCH Dedicated Control Channel (power control, TFI, etc.) DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel (user data) Logical Channels (content) RACH Random AccessChannel CPCH Common Packet Channel DCH Dedicated Channel Transport Channels dedicated transport channels common transport channels
28.
29 © NOKIA Downlink
transport to the physical channel mapping SCH-1/SCH-2 (created in NodeB) BCCH BCH PCCH PCH CCPCH-1 CCCH FACH CCPCH-2 DCCH (DPDCH+DPCCH) DTCH Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical ChannelsDPCH CTCH DCH DSCH PDSCHSCH-1/SCH-2 (created in NodeB) BCCH BCH PCCH PCH CCPCH-1 CCCH FACH CCPCH-2 DCCH (DPDCH+DPCCH) DTCH Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical ChannelsDPCHDPCH CTCH DCH DSCH PDSCH
29.
34 © NOKIA FDD-mode:
Physical Channel UE Node B Downlink DPDCH & DPCCH Uplink DPDCH Uplink DPCCH Slot Slot Slot DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
30.
35 © NOKIA Physical
uplink mapping C C C H P R A C H R A C H D T C H D P D C H D C H D C C H D P C C H P C P C H C P C H L o g ic a l C h a n n e ls T r a n s p o r t C h a n n e ls P h y s ic a l C h a n n e ls
31.
38 © NOKIA Radio
Resource Management Iub Iu Iur I n t e r f a c e U n i t s I n t e r f a c e U n i t s (Wideband) Switching Control Units Radio Resource Management O&M Interface to/from Network Management to/from other RNCs to/from Core Network to/from the BSs • Radio Resource Control (RRC) • Admission Control • Code Allocation • Power Control • Handover Control and Macro Diversity
32.
39 © NOKIA Radio
Resource Management functions PC HC connection based functions LC AC network based functions PS RM • Packet Scheduler - PS • Resource Manager - RM • Admission Control - AC • Load Control - LC • Code Allocation • Power Control - PC • Handover Control, Macro Diversity - HC
33.
40 © NOKIA RRC
states Idle mode Connected Mode Cell DCH URA PCH Cell PCH Cell FACH
34.
41 © NOKIA Management
of channels in RRC RLC RLC RLC RRC signalling CS RAB (speech) PS RAB (data) MAC L1 Iub/IurMAC for Common Channels • Segmentation • Retransmission across the air • Ciphering of NRT data • Buffering Iu 2. Transport channels 3. Physical Channel(s) (Radio) 1. Logical Channels RLC: Radio Link Control MAC: Medium Access Control • Selection of the data to be inserted in the Radio Frame • Selection of common or dedicated channels • Multiplexing of logical channels into same transport channels • Ciphering for RT
35.
42 © NOKIA Admission
Control R a d io A c c e s s B e a r e r s in U u I n t e r f a c e U u In te rfa c e B a n d w id th S I R - A llo w e d R a n g e A d m is s io n C o n tr o l Interference Margin (dB) and Load Factor 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Load Factor InterferenceMargin(dB) − ⋅= FactorLoad LogI _1 1 10
36.
43 © NOKIA TRHO_threshold Prx_target Prx_target_BS UL
interference power Load Planned load area Marginal load area planned uplink interference power Defines the limit (the first UL overload threshold) for the UL interference power, after which the BTSBTS starts its load control actions to prevent overload. Prx_offset Uplink Admission Control Prx_target defines the optimal operating point of the cell interfernce power, up to which the Admission Control of the RNC can operate.
37.
44 © NOKIA Code
allocation CELL 1 CELL 3CELL 2 1. Scrambling codes 2. Channelisation codes full code set / cell SUBS2SUBS1
38.
45 © NOKIA Scrambling
code planning • 512 DL scrambling codes are used, 8 in each of the 64 code groups. • All cells that MS is able to measure should have different scrambling codes. 1. Use different scrambling code groups in the neighbouring base stations. 2. Probably code group allocation will be done in network planning. Functionality needed in the network planning tool, which reminds of frequency planning in GSM planning tools. 3. The re-use factor could be 64 as there are 64 code groups. The scrambling code group planning for different carriers can be done independently. It is for further studies, whether or not more optimisation would be needed.
39.
46 © NOKIA Tree
of orthogonal short codes in downlink• Hierarchical selection of short codes from a "code tree" to maintain orthogonality. • Several long scrambling codes can be used within one sector to avoid shortage of short codes. C1(0) = [ 1 ] C2(0) = [ 1 1 ] C2(1) = [ 1 0 ] C4(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 ] C4(1) = [ 1 1 0 0 ] C4(2) = [ 1 0 1 0 ] C4(3) = [ 1 0 0 1 ] C8(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] C8(1) = [ 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ] . . . . . . Spreading factor: SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8 C8(2) = [ 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ] C8(3) = [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] . . . . . . C8(4) = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ] C8(5) = [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ] . . . . . . C8(6) = [ 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ] C8(7) = [ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ] . . . . . . Example of code allocation
40.
47 © NOKIA Power
control Node B P1 P2 Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access) Closed Loop Power Control Outer Loop Power Control Node B RNC
41.
48 © NOKIA Packet
Scheduler • A non-real time call constitutes of a bursty sequence of packets. • In the downlink, the Packet Scheduler decides which channel to use, DCH or FACH. • The load target can be reached by scheduling the transmission of NRT packets . time packet service session packet call reading time packet size packet arrival interval
42.
49 © NOKIA Handover
types CN RNC MSC BSC GSM900/1800GSM900/1800 WCDMA FDDWCDMA FDD Inter-SystemInter-System Intra-SystemIntra-System WCDMA TDDWCDMA TDD Inter-SystemInter-System
43.
50 © NOKIA Active
cells and soft handovers CN RNC fram e reliability info frame reliability info frame selection / duplication BS1 BS2 Soft handover window P 2) Add BS2 1) Connection to BS1 3) Drop BS1 4) Connection to BS2
44.
51 © NOKIA Handover
types Soft Handover 4 Hard/Inter-Frequency Handover Softer Handover Inter-System Handover Node B Frequency f1 Frequency f1 Frequency f1 Frequency f2 UMTS GSM900/1800 Sector 1 f1 Sector 2 f1 Sector 3 f1 Multipath Signal through Sector 1 Multipath Signal through Sector 3 Frequency f1 Frequency f1 RNC RNC Iur Iub Iub Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B BTS
45.
52 © NOKIA GSM
BCCH or SACHH System information GSM SACHH Measurement Report Resource Reservation Resource Reservation acknowledge and Handover command GSM DCCH Inter-system Handover command DCCH/DCH Handover to UTRAN complete Node B UMTS GSM900/1800UMTS GSM900/1800 Intersystem handover from GSM UE GSM BSS MSC UTRAN Release resources
46.
53 © NOKIA Node
B BCCH system information or DCCH measurement control DCCH/DCH measurement report Resource Reservation Resource Reservation acknowledge and Handover command DCCH Inter-system Handover command GSM DCCH Handover Access UMTS GSM900/1800UMTS GSM900/1800 Intersystem handover from UTRAN UE GSM BSSMSCUTRAN Release resources RNC
47.
54 © NOKIA Micro
Diversity control Node B Receiver (RAKE) Same signal propagating different ways in the Radio Path Summed signal Uplink Direction (Micro) Diversity Point
48.
55 © NOKIA Macro
Diversity in the RNC Node B Node B Node B RNC RNC Macro Diversity Point Core Network Active Set
49.
56 © NOKIA Handover
control Measurement Reports Handover Algorithm: Criteria fulfilled? - Activate new BTS - Update Active Set Measurement Phase Decision Phase Execution Phase - Signal Strength - Quality - Interference YES NO Created & collected by the UE and the BTS Investigated by the RNC Commanded by the RNC, performed by the UE Procedure: Functional Split:
50.
57 © NOKIA Logical
description of Load Control • The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell and prevent overload situation. • Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC), which updates the load status of the cell based on resource measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS. LC AC PS NRT load Load change info Load status
51.
58 © NOKIA Load
Control • Load Control's (LC) task is to make sure that the system is not overloaded and remains stable. • LC can be divided into two functions: • 1. Preventive control = Guards the system from overload. • 2. Overload control = Returns the system from a overload state to normal state in a fast and controlled way. • Since interference is the main resource criteria for CDMA, the load control measures: • UL total received wideband interference power • DL total transmission power • Periodically under one RNC on cell basis. • Radio Resource Manager (RRM) acts according to these measurements and parameters set by Radio Network Planning.
52.
59 © NOKIA The
restriction of CDMA system is interference The more transmission power is required to achieve certain quality The further away users are connected The more users that are connected Finally the capacity is filled
53.
60 © NOKIA •
The traffic can be divided into two groups: Real Time (RT) and Non-Real Time (NRT). • Thus some slide of capacity must be reserved for the RT traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time. Capacity Time Overload Load Target Overload Margin Power Estimated capacity for NRT traffic. Measured load caused by non-controllable load
54.
61 © NOKIA A
d m is s io n C o n t r o l L o a d C o n t r o l P a c k e t S c h e d u le r P r x T a r g e t o r P t x T a r g e t P r x T a r g e t + P r x O f f s e t o r P t x T a r g e t + P t x O f f s e t P r x T h r e s h o ld o r P t x T h r e s h o ld P _ C e llM a x N o a c t io n s P S in c r e a s e s t h e a m o u n t o f N R T b e a r e r s A C a d m it s R T b e a r e r s n o r m a lly N o a c t io n s L o a d p r e v e n t iv e L C a c t io n s O v e r lo a d a c t io n s A C d o e s n o t a d m it n e w b e a r e r s A C d o e s n o t a d m it n e w b e a r e r s P S d e c r e a s e s t h e b it r a t e s a n d d r o p s N R T b e a r e r s P S d e c r e a s e s t h e b it r a t e s o f N R T b e a r e r s P S d o e s n o t in c r e a s e N R T lo a d , b u t c a n c h a n g e N R T b it r a t e s P o w e r L o a d Summary
55.
62 © NOKIA 3G-UMTS
Radio Path & Transmission Key Points 1 • UMTS FDD & TDD • WCDMA Carrier 5 MHz (3,84 MHz) • Direct Sequencing • Codes: Channelisation Code: — Spreading — Separation of user connections Scrambling Code: — Separation of users (UL) — Separation of cells (DL) • SF= Spreading Factor • If SF=low => Bit Rate=high + Power=high • If SF=high => Bit Rate=low + Power=low • 3 layers of channels: Logical, Transport & Physical
56.
63 © NOKIA 3G-UMTS
Radio Path & Transmission Key Points 2 • Receiver in UE and BS: Antimultipath RAKE receiver • Radio Resource Management in RNC: • Radio Resource Control => States: Idle & Connected • Admission Control => SIR • Code Allocation • Power Control => Open Loop, Closed Loop & Outer Loop • Handover Control and Macro Diversity => Soft, Softer, Hard & Inter System • Cell Breathing: • Cell capacity and coverage are related.
57.
64 © NOKIA 3G/UMTS
Radio Path & Transmission Review Questions
58.
65 © NOKIA 1.
In UMTS, there are two methods used for transport through the air interface. The first is UMTS-FDD. What is the second one? a. TDD, Time Doubled Division b. CDD, Code Division Duplex c. TDD, Time Division Duplex d. CDD, Code Divided Data 2. Which of the following sentences best describes the phenomenon called cell breathing? a. When more capacity is used, the cell spreads in size. b. When more capacity is used, the cell shrinks in size. c. The cell will adjust its size in line with the furthest users. For example, if the user is 5 km away, the cell is 5 km. If the user is 2 km away, the cell is 2 km. d. Cell breathing is the height of the cell: from 2 - 3 km towards the atmosphere. Review (1/8)
59.
66 © NOKIA 3.
There are two types of codes used in WCDMA. These are the channelisation and scrambling codes. Why are the scrambling codes used? a. To separate downlink physical channels in a cell. b. To separate user data and signalling in the network. c. As security to check if the User Equipment (UE) is not stolen. d. To separate different cells in the downlink direction. 4. In UMTS, there are three layers of channels (logical, transport and physical). Which of the following is not a physical channel? a. BCCH b. CCPCH c. DPCH d. DPDCH Review (2/8)
60.
67 © NOKIA 5.
Which of the following statements about channelisation is true? a. The lower the bit rate, the more data can be spread. b. Before spreading, an error-protection code needs to be added to the baseband data to ensure a safe path through the air interface. c. The channelisation code is added as part of the spreading function. d. The channelisation code depends on the spreading factor used. e. All of the above. 6. What type of modulation is used in UMTS? a. GMSK b. QPSK c. 8PSK d. BPSK Review (3/8)
61.
69 © NOKIA 7.
For which of following tasks is the RAKE receiver not responsible? a. Multipath Propagation Delay b. Listening to surrounding BTSs c. Channel coding d. Speech coding 8. Which of the following is a true statement about Admission Control? a. The UEs handle resource allocation. b. The RNC makes the decision of resource allocation, based upon interference. c. The RNC will not limit the number of the users on a cell. d. As more users are allocated a code, the load on a cell remains the same. Review (4/8)
62.
70 © NOKIA 9.
The RNC is responsible for the allocation of codes. Which of the following sentences (only one) is true? a. Each cell has a scrambling code that acts like a cell ID. b. Channelisation codes are dependent upon the subscribers' identity. c. Scrambling codes are generated randomly. d. Scrambling codes are used in channelisation. 10. When a mobile is in idle mode, which of the following power controls is used? a. Closed loop power control b. Outer loop power control c. Internal loop power control d. Open loop power control Review (5/8)
63.
72 © NOKIA 11.
Select the right handover type. 1. Soft 2. Softer 3. Hard 4. Inter-system 5. Not possible a. Sector 1 to Sector 2 (same BTS) b. BTS x to BTS y c. RNC to RNC with Iur interface d. RNC to RNC with no Iur interface e. UMTS-FDD to UMTS-TDD f. WCDMA to GSM g. WCDMA to IS-95 Review (6/8)
64.
73 © NOKIA 12.
What is the difference between micro and macro diversity? a. There is no difference. b. Micro diversity is the combination of signals between the BTS and the UE, whereas macro diversity is the combination of signals from many BTSs in the RNC. c. Macro diversity is the combination of signals between the BTS and the UE, whereas micro diversity is the combination of signals from many BTSs in the RNC. d. Macro and micro diversity are UE-specific functions. 13. In WCDMA, what is meant by the active set? a. A group of UEs. b. A group of Active RNCs. c. A group of cells communicating with a UE. d. It is the same as a location area. Review (7/8)
65.
75 © NOKIA 14.
Which of the following sentences is true about WCDMA radio network planning? a. Capacity is linked to the number of time slots. b. Power should be as high as possible to ensure good quality. c. Coverage and capacity are linked. d. The size of a cell remains constant. 15. When planning the Iub Interface in UMTS, which of the following sentences true? a. Cellular transmission is based upon ATM. b. GSM and UMTS sites cannot be co-located. c. Radio links cannot be used to connect BTS together. d. It is easy to plan the capacity requirements. Review (8/8)
66.
80 © NOKIA UMTS
& GSM network planning G S M 9 0 0 /1 8 0 0 : 3 G ( W C D M A ) :
67.
81 © NOKIA Characteristic
of a cell Dedicated Channels Common Channels Coverage and capacity are related. The more capacity used, the cell shrinks. This is known as cell breathing.
68.
82 © NOKIA Differences
between WCDMA and GSM High bit rates Spectral efficiency Different quality requirements Efficient packet data Downlink capacity
69.
83 © NOKIA Different
UMTS cells and BTS F1 F2 F2 F3 F3 F3 Micro BTS Macro BTS Pico BTSs 1 - 10 km 50 - 100 m 200 - 500 m
70.
85 © NOKIA Power
control in network planning (Near-Far example) S BS MS1 MS2 If the power of MS1 is not properly controlled it will jam the weaker signal of MS2.
71.
86 © NOKIA Coverage
& Capacity f1 128 kbps 64 kbps 8 kbps f1 144 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 'Cell breathing' The size of cell varies according the traffic load High load 800 kbps → smaller coverage Low load 200 kbps -> large coverage 144 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps • Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell. • More traffic means more interference → cell breathing NOTE! WCDMA capacity is a function of radio environment, user mobility/location and propagation conditions. Examples above are just examples of WCDMA cell capacities of a 3 sector macro cell BS configuration.
72.
87 © NOKIA Cell
load 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 Load factor Loss(dB) • Max. recommended load: 70%, typically 30-50% • 50% load means 3 dB loss in link budget
73.
88 © NOKIA Physical
layer bit rates (Downlink) • The number of orthogonal channelisation codes = Spreading factor • The maximum throughput with 1 scrambling code ~2.5 Mbps or ~100 full rate speech users Half rate speech Full rate speech 128 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps
74.
89 © NOKIA Uplink
coverage of different bit rates 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 32 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 1024 kbps 2048 kbps Range[km] Suburban area with 95 % outdoor location probability Continuous high bit rate coverage in uplink is challenging →Coverage solutions are important
75.
90 © NOKIA Node
BNode B UE UE Cell edge 2Mbps downlink coverage 2Mbps Uplink coverage Possible Macro cell coverage example Approximately 2.2 Km Approximately 1.1 Km 144Kbps Uplink coverage Downlink 2Mbps can be 50-100% of cell area
76.
91 © NOKIA Node
BNode B UE UE 2Mbps downlink coverage 2Mbps Uplink coverage Approximate ly 2.2 Km Approximate ly 1.1 Km 144Kbps Uplink coverage NOTE:Several assumptions combining the benefits of WCDMA have been made to create this simplified cell example •Cell coverage is purposely limited •Six sectors under one Node B •All users are evenly distrubuted over the cell area • 3dB interference margin assumed;but other values could be tolerated •Max Up Link output power 21dBm(125mW) •Several types of gains assumed: • Variable processing gains for various bitrates • Multipath gains • User speed less than 3Km/h Cell performance example; approximate capacities. Note that these numbers are alternative uses; not simultaneous • 98 Full Rate speech users/sector supported • 588 Full Rate speech user on the cell area • 96 144 Kbps users supported on the full cell area • DL 6 2Mbps users supported on 50-100 % of cell area • UL 6 2Mbps supported on 50 % of cell area. • UL main limitation is UE UL power Possible Macro cell coverage example
77.
92 © NOKIA Processing
gain Frequency (Hz) Voice user (12,2 kbit/s) Packet data user (384 kbit/s) Powerdensity(W/Hz) W R Frequency (Hz) Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal Processing Gain G=W/R=25 dB Powerdensity(W/Hz) W R Unspread "narrowband" signal Spread wideband signal Processing Gain G=W/R=10 dB • Spreading sequences of different length • Processing gain is dependent on the user data rate (User data rate) x (spreading ratio)= const.=W=3,84 Mcps
78.
93 © NOKIA Distribution
of load Voice traffic Data Traffic Soft Capacity Capacitypercellpercarrier More DataMore Voice 800kbps Air Interface (L1) rate50 Erlang Not Real Time (NRT) Packet switched • greater efficiency • greater total capacity Real Time (RT) circuit switched • low predictable delay • lower total capacity
79.
94 © NOKIA Cellular
transmission planning RNC BS BS BS
80.
95 © NOKIA RNC
capacity planning B S S p e e c h T r a ff i c : K b it /s / C e ll & C o d e C h a n n e l A m o u n t B S D a t a T r a f f ic : K b it /s /C e ll & C o d e C h a n n e l A m o u n t P a c k e t S w it c h e d T r a f f ic : K b it /s C ir c u it S w it c h e d T r a f f ic : E r la n g s [ K b it /s ] C o n c e n t r a t io n R N C
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