ADC

1. SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University,
Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade & Accredited by NBA (CSE, ECE, IT, MECH ,EEE, CIVIL& MCT)
COURSE MATERIALMATERIAL
Course : 20EC603 – Fundamentals of Network Security
Module - 2: Public Key Cryptography and authentication
requirements
Topics : Message authentication code and Hash
functions
www.skcet.ac.in

2. 2
Outline
 Cryptographic Hash Functions
 Applications
 Simple hash functions
 Requirements and security
 Hash functions based on Cipher Block Chaining
 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)

3. 3
Hash Function
 A hash function H accepts a
variable-length block of data M
as input and produces a fixed-
size hash value h = H(M).
 A “good” hash function has the
property that the results of
applying a change to any bit or
bits in M results, with high
probability, in a change to the
hash code.

4. 4
Input-Output behaviour of hash functions
Alice was beginning to get very tired of
sitting by her sister on the bank, and have
nothing to do.
I am not a crook
I am not a cook H
H
H DFDC349A
FB93E283
A3F4439B
Message Message
digest

5. 5
Requirements for hash functions
1. Can be applied to any length of message M.
2. Produces fixed-length output h.
3. It is easy to compute h=H(M) for any message M.
4. Given hash value h is infeasible to find y such that (H(y) = h)
• One-way property (In other words, given a fingerprint, we
cannot derive a matching message).
5. For given block x, it is computationally infeasible to find
y ≠ x with H(y) = H(x)
• Weak collision resistance
6. It is computationally infeasible to find messages m1 and m2 with
H(m1) = H(m2)
• Strong collision resistance

6. 6
Simple Hash Function
 The input (message, file, etc.) is viewed as a sequence of n-bit
blocks.
 The input is processed one block at a time in an iterative fashion
to produce an n-bit hash function.
 One of the simplest hash functions is the bit-by-bit exclusive-OR
(XOR) of every block.
𝑪𝒊 = 𝒃𝒊𝟏 ⊕ 𝒃𝒊𝟐 ⊕ … ⊕ 𝒃𝒊𝒎
Where,
𝐶𝑖 = ith bit of the hash code 1 ≤ i ≤ n
m = number of n-bit blocks in the input
𝑏𝑖𝑗 = ith bit in jth block