PSYCHOLOGY LAW PSYCHOLOGY LAW PSYCHOLOGY LAW Henry Mack Grantham University Veteran courts are courts designed to improve their experiences and give a second chance to people who have initially committed a crime. Instead of spending their lives in prison, veteran courts allow them to establish themselves, undergo a rehabilitation program and come out clean (Rodgers, 2018). Once one is assured of their changed behavior they are graduated and allowed to begin their lives on a new page. On the other hand, traditional court, had offenders punished for the mistakes they committed, jailed and serve in prison. Comparing the two types of courts, we appreciate the fact that the veteran court, allows those who have committed crimes to have a second chance in their lives (Ruff, 2018). Even though the traditional court is important in ensuring that there is more discipline and justice offered to the victim, by having the perpetrator, serve his sentence in prison. Considering the offender, the veteran court system presents a better standpoint for them to ensure that they have a chance to recollect themselves, understand their source of problems and help in improving the behaviors that led them to commit a criminal act. The courts are advantageous to the criminals since they have a specialist who helps in assessing and treating mental health, drug abuse, and psychological issues (Rodgers, 2018). This specialist help in improving the conditions of their patients, by monitoring their behavior change and administering drugs to treat identified conditions. One could ask himself the following questions, why are you treating a villain, instead of imprisoning them?. The answer is simple. We are created to show love to other people, but not to extort the love they have outside them. This is unacceptable, veteran courts treat their patients with love and appreciation and upon completion of the stay, they are applauded and graduated, this allows them to come to the world and begin afresh. The traditional court system could be unfair in disseminating their verdicts based on the offender. There have been cases where offenders are superimposed on an act that they did not commit. People have been arrested by the traditional system for being alleged of doing an offense, that in actual sense they did not commit (Ruff, 2018). In this case, there have been people who have been mistaken and jailed to serve a sentence they did not commit. This system is believed to be harsh on the offender, having the kind of treatment they receive while in prison. People who have gone through the traditional system, are likely to suffer from the post-trauma stress disorder. This disorder affects the psychology of the offender. There have been cases of inmates killing themselves due to depression. This happens because an individual is subjected to the harshest conditions. In conclusion, comparing the two courts, the vet ...

1. PSYCHOLOGY LAW
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
Henry Mack
Grantham University
Veteran courts are courts designed to improve their
experiences and give a second chance to people who have
initially committed a crime. Instead of spending their lives in
prison, veteran courts allow them to establish themselves,
undergo a rehabilitation program and come out clean (Rodgers,
2018). Once one is assured of their changed behavior they are

2. graduated and allowed to begin their lives on a new page. On
the other hand, traditional court, had offenders punished for the
mistakes they committed, jailed and serve in prison. Comparing
the two types of courts, we appreciate the fact that the veteran
court, allows those who have committed crimes to have a
second chance in their lives (Ruff, 2018). Even though the
traditional court is important in ensuring that there is more
discipline and justice offered to the victim, by having the
perpetrator, serve his sentence in prison.
Considering the offender, the veteran court system
presents a better standpoint for them to ensure that they have a
chance to recollect themselves, understand their source of
problems and help in improving the behaviors that led them to
commit a criminal act. The courts are advantageous to the
criminals since they have a specialist who helps in assessing
and treating mental health, drug abuse, and psychological issues
(Rodgers, 2018). This specialist help in improving the
conditions of their patients, by monitoring their behavior
change and administering drugs to treat identified conditions.
One could ask himself the following questions, why are you
treating a villain, instead of imprisoning them?. The answer is
simple. We are created to show love to other people, but not to
extort the love they have outside them. This is unacceptable,
veteran courts treat their patients with love and appreciation and
upon completion of the stay, they are applauded and graduated,
this allows them to come to the world and begin afresh.
The traditional court system could be unfair in
disseminating their verdicts based on the offender. There have
been cases where offenders are superimposed on an act that they
did not commit. People have been arrested by the traditional
system for being alleged of doing an offense, that in actual
sense they did not commit (Ruff, 2018). In this case, there have
been people who have been mistaken and jailed to serve a
sentence they did not commit. This system is believed to be
harsh on the offender, having the kind of treatment they receive
while in prison. People who have gone through the traditional

3. system, are likely to suffer from the post-trauma stress disorder.
This disorder affects the psychology of the offender. There have
been cases of inmates killing themselves due to depression. This
happens because an individual is subjected to the harshest
conditions.
In conclusion, comparing the two courts, the veteran's
court is a court that despite not exposing their inmates to harsh
conditions, they are entitled to identifying the causes of the
problems and treating it. It isn’t easy to identify what causes all
these problems. However, allowing the offenders a second
chance in life could promote a society where there is harmony,
peace, and love.
REFERENCE
Rodgers, K. N. (2018). The Importance of Cultural Competence:
The Defining Characteristic Separating Veteran Treatment
Courts from Other Specialized Dockets.
Ruff, H. N. (2018). American’s Problem-solving courts: A
Veteran’s Outlet for Help and an Alternative to Incarceration.
Scoring Element Remarks
Definition of Situation 5 Good,
Interesting______________________
When participants are needed for research or experiments
regarding diseases, physicians are often contacted to provide
their patients. Physicians are sometimes offered to be
compensated for their cooperation via direct monetary means
and often in other roundabout ways. This situation places the
physician in a unique ethical position where he/she can be
motivated to act in ways that can both potentially benefit and

4. harm the patient.
Statement of Ethical Dilemma
The ethical dilemma here is: “is it ethical to allow
compensation to physicians for recommending their patients to
entities for research purposes”?
_____________________________________________________
________________________ Identification of Stakeholders &
5 Good
External Factors (1-5 points)
The major stakeholder is the patient who will bear the
consequences of the decision that is made by their physician in
this case. The entity that is conducting the research is also a
stakeholder, as they may have potential gains from the success
of the research.
Other stakeholders include: the physician, who will potentially
have to answer to the patient and patient’s family if there are
any negative side effects(including death) from the research.
One of the greatest external factors involved is the money or
other compensation involved. There is a possibility that the
physician becomes motivated by the compensation and not the
beneficence for the patient.
Another possible external factor is the motive of the entity that
is conducting the research. There are many questions consider:
“What will the patients benefit from the research? What will the
company benefit from the research? Will the patient’s welfare
be compromised by the company’s motives?”
One of the other external factors could be the motive of the
physician. This is of concern if the physician’s primary motive

5. for recommending a patient is the compensation involved.
Choice of Final Decision & 5 Good
Ethical Values (1-5 points)
Considering the above stakeholders and external factors, it is
my final decision to oppose compensation to physicians for
recommending their patients to entities for research purposes.
There is a potential for the physician to be directly or indirectly
motivated by the compensation instead of what should be their
primary concern: the welfare of their patient. This may lead for
the physician violating the ethical value of beneficence.
This decision will allow the physician to maintain the ethical
value of non-maleficence, as they will not be putting the patient
in a position where they have the potential of being in harm’s
way.
_____________________________________________________
_________________________Explanation/Defense of Decision
& 5 Very Good
Response to Criticism (1-5 points)
In defense of this decision to oppose physician compensation,
non-maleficence and beneficence should be the primary ethical
values involved. At this time, there is a limited number of
apparent positive outcomes compared to the greater potential
risks associated with providing compensation to physicians for
recommending their patients to entities for research purposes.
The relationship between the physician and the compensating

6. entity can be considered a “conflict of interest”. This may lead
to a slippery slope: The physician may begin to recommend
patients without extensive evaluation of the ethical value of
non-maleficence, he/she could arguably be: “blinded by the
money”.
It is also important to note that there is also a potential that the
dignity of the patient may be undermined, especially if external
factors lead to outcomes that were undesired by the researchers.
Will the patient be treated as “just another number/failure on
the road to successes”, or will the research be conducted with
the patient’s human dignity as the priority? Another important
situation that has a strong correlation to this issue is:
compensation by pharmaceutical companies to physicians for
written/filled prescriptions by patients, which is another
conflict of interest that is strongly opposed by many.
One may criticize this decision, from the utilitarianism
standpoint, stating that this decision may impede scientific
research, eradication of diseases, and the potential for
discovery. It may also be argued that medicine and research are
co-dependent, and that one cannot thrive without the other.
The primary response to this criticism is that there are many
ways to promote research that do not involve this conflict of
interest, such as informative sessions with physicians(without
compensation), online/printed literature, and various forms of
media advertisements(TV, billboards, etc. Since compensation
can be considered an extrinsic motivator, it has a large potential
for abuse by both the physician and the research entity, which
could be to the detriment of the patient.
Furthermore, in this case, errors in research may result in
permanent alterations in the patient’s quality of life, and
potentially even death. This result may unintentionally lead to

7. more harm than good, the opposite of non-Maleficence. It
should also be noted that if an adverse situation were to arise,
the patient may place the blame on the physician, alleging that
the physician was not motivated by the beneficence of the
patient.
Although compensation to physicians for recommending their
patients to entities for research purposes may have a small
potential for good, the other negative consequences that may
arise indicate that the ethical decision to oppose this conflict of
interest relationship is the better option.
Writing Mechanics (1-5 points)
TOTAL SCORE: 20
Final Comments:
Scoring Element
Remarks
Definition of Situation & Statement of

8. Ethical dilemma
_____________________________________________________
________________________ Identification of Stakeholders &
External Factors (1-5 points)
_____________________________________________________
_________________________Choice of Final Decision &
Ethical Values (1-5 points)
_____________________________________________________
_________________________Explanation/Defense of Decision
&
Response to Criticism (1-5 points)

9. Writing Mechanics (-1-5 points)
TOTAL SCORE:
Final Comments:
PAGE
1
Procedural Justice: Fairness as a Crime Prevention Tool
The case for procedural justice is an important aspect when it
comes to the delivery of justice and the prevention of crime.
The administration of procedural justice requires the use of
fairness in the determination of justice to appease the
conflicting parties (Gold, 2013). This is critical as it ensures
that no party feels aggrieved.
Certain strategies can be used by law enforcement officers in
implementing procedural justice in the community. These
strategies enable the citizens to interact well with the law
enforcement officers which in turn enables the process of
justice to be carried out efficiently.
Important strategies to be used
Creating an opportunity for citizens to be heard-It is important
that the law enforcement officers give the citizens the chance to
be heard as this increases the kind of interactions present
between the law enforcement officers and the members of the
community and also increases the perceptions of fairness in the
administration of justice (Skogan, Van Craen & Hennessy,
2015). Most people tend to believe that the views that they give
out are considered in the determination of justice and thus it is
important that this opportunity is given to the members of the
community.

10. Explaining your actions-It is very important for the members of
the community to be aware of the actions that the law
enforcement officers are undertaking in relation to justice. Most
of the law enforcement officers are used to applying difficult
terms related to law that the members of the community fail to
understand. This creates a problem as they are not able to know
and understand the actions that have been taken and the reason
why. Therefore, it is critical that law enforcement officers use
simple language in explaining the reasons for doing certain
actions which will grant the members of the community fair
chance for justice.
Humanize administration of justice-The manner in which the
law enforcement officers approach the members of the
community needs to be one that shows respect and adheres to
the rules of humanity (Nagin & Telep, 2017). The process of
interviewing suspects should be one that shows respect and does
not in any way involve threats and torture. This is essential in
enabling the suspects to be cooperative and also hand out key
information that will be helpful in the process of carrying out
justice. The law enforcement officers should also be thankful to
the members of the community for the information that they
may have shared with them. This strategy enables the members
of the community to view the officers as friendly and thus they
will believe that the process of justice will be fair.
Research-The use of research is also another strategy that is
important in the issue of fairness in justice (Skogan, Van Craen
& Hennessy, 2015). The law enforcement officers can be
educated on the research that have been carried out in relation
to procedural justice and the impact that they have had. They
will be able to understand more on the need for procedural
justice and thus they can engage with the community in fair
terms. The use of research also creates a foundation for further
training and research on the issue of procedural justice.
Consider environmental factors-It is important to be aware of
the environmental factors in the process of offering justice. This
is because these factors offer the members of the community the

11. chance to minimize the instances of going against the law. The
rules in places such as buildings should be ones that can be read
easily so that members of the community are aware of them.
This increases the aspect of fairness to the members of the
community and enhances the case for procedural justice.
References
Nagin, D. S., & Telep, C. W. (2017). Procedural justice and
legal compliance. Annual review of law and social science, 13,
5-28.
Skogan, W. G., Van Craen, M., & Hennessy, C. (2015).
Training police for procedural justice. Journal of experimental
criminology, 11(3), 319-334.
Gold. E. (2013). The Case for Procedural Justice: Fairness as a
Crime Prevention Tool. Retrieved from
https://cops.usdoj.gov/html/dispatch/09-
2013/fairness_as_a_crime_prevention_tool.asp
Child Sex Offender Registries: Psychological Law Assignment
Henry Mack
Grantham University
December 2, 2019
The question of whether children should be registered in sex
offenders’ registries lies in the impacts and effectiveness of
such registries. To begin with, many individuals are not aware
of Sex Offender Registration and Notification (SORN) and the
purpose it serves. Essentially, the SORN captures personal
information of people who are convicted of various sex
offenders. This information is then availed to the public. With
this in mind, children should not be captured in sex offender
registries (Letourneau, 2017; Stillman, 2016).
The contemporary sex offender registry emanates from the

12. Federal Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act which was
drafted so as to provide conditions under which juveniles who
committed sexual offenses could be captured in the registry. All
states were advised to comply with the provisions of this Act,
failure to which there were to face federal budget cuts.
However, not all states have been in compliance for various
reasons which premise why such registries should not exist for
juvenile sex offenders (Letourneau, 2017; Stillman, 2016).
First, the implementation and maintenance of these registries
can be costly at both federal and state levels. This especially
applies to large states the financial costs of implementation are
significantly higher than the amount of funds they would lose
from the budget cuts. Thus, it would be financially prudent for
such states to have other regulations geared towards curbing
juvenile sex offenders other than keeping the juvenile sex
offender registry (Letourneau, 2017; Stillman, 2016).
Secondly, the Adam Walsh act only makes a blanket provision
for characterization of sex offenders. If these requirements were
strictly followed by the state agencies responsible for their
implementation, then minor offense such as streaking or
“sexting” could see many juveniles registered as sex offenders.
Such minor offenses would then clog these registries and
consequently the major offenses such as rapes could get lost in
this pool. This implies that the major sex offenders who duly
deserve prosecution under the law could get lost in the crowd of
offenders (Letourneau, 2017; Stillman, 2016).
According to statistics, there has been no significant reduction
in the number of juvenile sex offenses in states that maintained
the SORN. This is based on an analysis of six states that have
SORN laws including Utah, Oregon and South Carolina. This
analysis shows that no justification could be drawn that
observing SORN laws reduced the number of child sex offenses.
Besides, this analysis revealed that no considerable trends in
control offenses could be established hence implying that the
SORN laws have had insignificant impact on the patterns of
juvenile sex offenses. This analysis builds the body of evidence

13. that registering juvenile sex offenders and may be inhibitive to
their growth and psychological well-being as they progress into
their adulthood (Letourneau, 2017; Stillman, 2016).
The reasons above point out that while it is in the public
interest to keep at minimum the instances of juvenile sex
offenses, forcing children to register as sex offenders, alongside
adults, is not effective. Thus, focus should be on committing
resources towards preventing juveniles from engaging in sex
offenses without victimizing them nor jeopardizing their future.
This means that states should be encouraged to observe a risk
assessment-based registration of sex offenders. This way, only
the major offenders should be registered and minor offenders,
with least probability of re-offending, given a chance to reform
and amend their ways (Letourneau, 2017; Stillman, 2016).
References
Letourneau, E. (2017). Should Children Register as Sex
Offenders. Psychology Today. Retrieved from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/prevention-
now/201704/should-children-register-sex-offenders.
Stillman, S. (2016). When Kids are accused of sex crimes. The
New Yorker. Retrieved from
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/when-kids-
are-accused-of-sex-crimes.
JUVENILES 1
JUVENILE 4

14. Kids and Competency
Henry Mack
Grantham University
Kids and Competency
All States have an arrangement of criminal law, in spite of the
fact that the structure that these laws take may differ. In
Maryland, especially those in the civil law area, for the most
part, have a code of criminal law as well as a code of criminal
methodology, while others, for the most part, customary law
States, will, in general, have various separate rules (acts or
laws). , these regulations and codes will be joined by a lot of
subsequent enactment containing detailed rules on numerous
parts of juvenile justice.
Intake officers review most cases for juveniles at Maryland's
Department of Juvenile Services (DJJ). The case is reviewed by
the officer in the knowledge of family and the minor, the
officer decides whether the case will proceed to juvenile court
through the state Attorney's Office and legally be charged or
send the adolescent to guidance or rehabilitation
program(Guarino-Ghezzi, 2017) . In some cases that are
complex in nature due to the nature of the crime involving a kid
of age above or below 14 year the matter is referred to the
circuit court where the adolescent will be tried or charged as

15. an adult (Means et. al ,2012) .
Most states perceive that adolescents reserve a privilege to be
discovered competent before procedures start, yet states
contrast on the best way to procedurally decide whether an
adolescent is capable. The Maryland Supreme Court, in a way
like other state courts, legitimized an adolescent's competency
privileges under Maryland law on the ground that the privilege
not to be attempted while inept is a fair treatment essential
decency right... [that should] be material to adolescent
procedures, except if its application will obstruct some basic
finish of the adolescent equity framework(Means et al ,2012) .
This reason alone doesn't sufficiently perceive that there are
fundamental developmental contrasts between grown-up
criminal respondents and adolescent delinquents that ought to
be considered in each adolescent competency assurance. These
developmental contrasts should be statutorily recognized to
ensure reprobate youth in juvenile procedures sufficiently.
The Maryland States perceive that the adolescent competency
right needs juvenile competency statutes s to sufficiently ensure
the fair treatment privileges of adolescents in their state. States
that recognize the privilege; however, don't have nitty-gritty
adolescent competency rules are undermining the perceived
competency directly by not giving satisfactory assurance to
adolescents in their framework. Huge number of the ordered
adolescent competency rules could utilize amendments (Gurian-
Sherman, 2000). The rules are frequently unclear and leave a lot
of space for the understanding of key issues.
All adolescent competency resolutions ought to at any rate
address the meaning of competency, the system for raising the
competency issue, the prerequisites for master assessment,
explicit master report criteria, and the consequence of an
inadequacy finding. Every one of these arrangements ought to
likewise address the particulars of those
prerequisites/requirements.

16. References
Eckholm, E. (2016). Court costs entrap nonwhite, poor juvenile
offenders. The New York Times, 31.
Gurian-Sherman, S. (2000). Back to the Future: Returning
Treatment to Juvenile Justice. Crim. Just., 15, 30.
Guarino-Ghezzi, S. (2017). Balancing juvenile justice.
Routledge
Hsieh, M. L., Woo, Y., Hafoka, M., van Wormer, J., Stohr, M.
K., & Hemmens, C. (2016). Assessing the current state of
juvenile probation practice: A statutory analysis. Journal of
Offender Rehabilitation, 55(5), 329-354.
Means, R. F., Heller, L. D., & Janofsky, J. S. (2012).
Transferring juvenile defendants from adult to juvenile court:
how Maryland forensic evaluators and judges reach their
decisions. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and
the Law Online, 40(3), 333-340.
Poe-Yamagata, E. (2009). And justice for some: Differential
treatment of minority youth in the justice system. DIANE
Publishing.
Rapisarda, M., & Kaplan, W. J. (2016). Juvenile competency
and pretrial due process: A call for greater protections in
Massachusetts for Juveniles Residing in Procedural
Purgatory. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 67(4), 5-26.
.
STRESS TRAINING FOR POLICE 1
STRESS TRAINING FOR POLICE
4

17. Stress Training for Police
Henry Mack
Grantham University
Stress Training for Police
In the article, "Stress Training for Cop's Brains Could Reduce
Suspect Shooting" the author, Rachel Nuwer, outlines certain
factors that deem it necessary to offer stress training to the
police. In essence, the article also articulates the underlying
issues that lead to shooting mistakes. An example has been
given of a police officer Norm Stamper who unwillingly shot
dead a suspect in San Diego. As he narrates, the influence to
shoot emanated from circumstantial stress. He was in a dark
tunnel and did not understand what was going on. His case has
been presented in the article as an example of numerous untold
stories of the police officer who ended up making shooting
mistakes because of engaging under stress. Due to the
adversities linked with the influence of tension in the roles and
engagements of police officers, the article suggests the essence
of stress training to reduce unintended shootings.
Articulately, the article elaborates how the brain functions when
a person is placed in stressful situations and how they are likely
to respond. According to research denoted in the piece, the
brains triggers the development of another judgement system
when one is panicking. This act forces one to rely on the
sculpted neural areas and make quick unthought decisions. In
most instances, the immediate responses birth the
implementation of unpleasing actions. This ideology has been
closely related to why police officers shoot unintentionally

18. when engaging in stressful situations (Nuwer, 2016). As
Stamper testifies in the article, it is possible to experience
deadly mistakes from police's action because of panic. The
findings in the masterpiece highlight that stress training can
help to improve performance since a police officer can act
justly even when scared tired or stressed.
Coherently, competence in police actions tends to reduce when
stress or anxiety levels are high. As the article puts it, officers
experience challenges in maintaining shooting accuracy,
communicating and defending themselves when exposed to
tension. It is easy for a police officer to think of themselves as
dangerous threats as seen in places like New York, La, Dallas
and Baton Rouge (Nuwer, 2016). However, a study conducted in
the Netherlands indicated that cops performed better when
training in less stressful environments. Therefore, finding
measures of stress training can help enhance the conduct of
police officers.
Stress training among police officers can facilitate the
development of assertive minds, thus leading to undistorted
reasoning and action. Police officers should be exposed to
training mindfulness activities. The actual effectiveness of this
training should emerge a stress-based approach. In connection
to that, extensive research should be conducted as a strategy of
making sure that the training serves its defined purpose. In
other words, it is essential to highlight the actual evidence of
whether the training works or not (Nuwer, 2016). When police
are coached on how to act when feeling stressed, it will aid in
the development of a better basis of making decisions. Being in
a stressful situation and working accordingly can be possible in
the training standards facilitate police officers in dealing with
stress-related cases or environments.
In a nutshell, the shooting mistakes exhibited by police officers
deem it inevitable to conduct stress schemes. Police officers are
bound to act carelessly when under the pressure of tension or
high levels of anxiety. Panic distorts their mode of reasoning
and forms a quick judgment causing the execution of dangerous

19. acts like suspect shooting. It is, therefore, essential to
incorporate stress training as a way of alienating these adverse
outcomes.
Reference
Nuwer, R. (2016). Stress Training for Cop’s Brains Could
Reduce Suspect Shootings. Retrieved 15 November 2019, from
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stress-training-for-
cops-brains-could-reduce-suspect-shootings/
JURY 1
JURY 4
Jury
Henry Mack
Grantham University

20. Jury
A jury is a sworn group of people that are brought together to
give an impartial verdict on a case. This power is given to them
by a court of law. The constitution guides a jury selection in a
process known as “voir dire,” which is conducted by lawyers
and judges. Attorneys ask potential questions to determine
whether they are suitable to serve. The reason behind using a
jury is the assumption that they are collectively wise and they
aim to do food. But this is not always the case.
Jury consultants are not effective. The accused during a trial is
supposed to be assessed by his/her peers who live in the real
world. The problem with this is that law is supposed to be
proportionate and reasonable and a jury is not impartial.
According to psychologists, they are pervasively biased (Hu,
2014). A jury may sometimes use an individual’s appearance or
background to make a decision. In short, they use an
individual’s history to determine whether he is guilty or not.
This is often because a group of individuals from different
backgrounds will hardly come to a consensus without coercion
as they have different life experiences. Another reason why a
jury is not competent is that juror data is not also shared after a
verdict has been issued. There is, therefore, no way of finding
pit how they reached an agreement.
Both parties, the defendant and the plaintiff, should have access
to jury consultants. The importance of having jury consultants
is that they help parties mold juries by guiding them on what
type of people to choose (Hu, 2014). They do so by researching
on juror’s background and create favorable profiles. By doing

21. so, both parties will select a group of jurors that will be in their
favor. Jury consultants also help in witness preparation. Witness
preparation is crucial in any case. Courts should ensure that
both parties have access to juror consults, whether they are
financially capable or not.
The use of Jurors is a common practice in the court system. As
much as they help in providing verdicts in a system that is
considered to be free and fair, the jury system has become
corrupted over time. Jurors now make decisions according to an
individual’s background instead of using the evidence provided.
It is my opinion that jury trials have become ineffective over
time.
References
Jane C. Hu. (2014, November 18). The Unscientific Science of
Jury Selection. Retrieved from https://psmag.com/news/jody-

22. arias-quackery-behind-scientific-jury-selection-94423
SCHOOL SHOOTERS 1
SCHOOL SHOOTERS 4
School Shooters
Henry Mack
Grantham University
School Shooters
Over the recent past, school shootings have become one of the
most serious predicaments facing educational facilities. It is
therefore essential to establish defined criminal profiling which
can aid in the investigation of unprecedented shootings. In
essence, geographical profiling integrated with can help to get a
better trace of time and location thus finding the offender. It is
also essential to incorporate other correlational facets that can
help to get better results in criminal profiling.
I. Antecedent: The first thing that I could consider is the
assessment of an underlying plan that the offender might have
before the shooting was done. In other words, what preceded the
murder or why did the shooting take place.
II. Anomaly: Next, I would seek to identify the murder victims
and why they were chosen. Here, the vital thing is to denote the
type of victim, their school history, or find anything that might
explain why he or she was murdered.
III. Method: To assertively have connecting links, it is essential
to understand how the shooting was done. Was the act

23. conducted hastily? Had the murderer been seen in the course of
the day or week? What was the ideal place of the shooting?
Does it look like it was the designated location?
IV. Emotional Consideration: What was the emotional state of
the offender? I would seek to identify if he or was angry,
aggressive or tensed and worried.
In the first article, information has been cited about a 16-year-
old teenager who opened fire on his peers, killing two of them
and injuring 3. It has also been identified that the teenager
inflicted a wound on his head even though he tried to flee right
after the incident. The happenings of this shootings occurred at
Saugus High School in Santa Clarita, California, on 14
November 2019 (Cowan, Harmon & Bogel-Burroughs, 2019).
The criminal profiling steps can be used to decode this case. As
outlined, the student opened fire in the quad where the students
were. The fact he shot his friends suggests there was an
underlying issue. I would then proceed to fathom the
relationship of the offender and those who survived the
shooting. Since it is clear how the shooting was done, I would
continue to evaluate if the shooter was under any emotional
influence.
The second article talks about a student who shot his classmate
at Ridgway High School, California on 23 October 2019. As the
article deduces, the offender, shot the classmate and went back
to class to avoid being detected. In addition to that, witnesses
say that the shooter had not been acting out (Stack, 2019). From
the information gathered, it is clear that this attack was planned.
From that, in criminal profiling, it is therefore evident that the
student had an underlying issue that led to the shooting. His
behavior suggests that he was not under any emotional
influence. In this case, it can be difficult to trace the shooter,
especially if there were no witnesses. Therefore, in my
profiling, I would add witness statistics to actualize it.
Articulately, the information from the articles gives pertinent
information that school shooting presumes the same mode of
criminal profiling. Notably, from the results, school shooters

24. have a defined motive even though it can be openly denoted.
However, from how the shootings happen, it is clear that there
is a trigger that causes them to engage in the vices. Most of
these school shooters are from the vicinity of the school; thus it
would help better to trace them using adequate profiling steps.
References
Cowan, J., Harmon, A., & Bogel-Burroughs, N. (2019). Santa
Clarita Shooting Is Another Nightmare Made Real. Retrieved 16
November 2019, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/us/school-shooting-santa-
clarita.html
Stack, L. (2019). Teenager shoots fellow student before going
to class to avoid detection, police say. Retrieved 16 November
2019, from
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-
shooting-school-santa-rosa-ridgway-high-suspect-victim-
a9167271.html
PSYCHOLOGICAL LAW
1
PSYCHOLOGICAL LAW 4
Psychological Law Assignment
Henry Mack
Grantham University
Psychological Law Assignment

25. The aim of the judicial system is to provide justice for the
victims and restore their initial status before being effected.
One key method used to make a judgment is eyewitness which
are based on the information that the third party present when
an injustice happened. However, mistaken identification based
on eye witness can cause wrongful convictions and courts
should use other methods such as expert witness. The stages
that the police use when in investigating the case using
eyewitness also determines whether a just judgment will be
made or not. This essay evaluates how an eyewitness can lead to
a wrong conviction and the possible means which can be used to
improve its efficiency.
Eye witness aids in giving data and realities about a case.
Generally, this data is non-technical like those from a specialist
which are comprehensive with more subtleties around
assessments and increasingly detailed. Thus, it causes the judge
to settle on a choice on given cases. Without master data, the
judge may settle on the wrong choice putting together just with
respect to the legal advisor's contention which can be one-sided
(Brodsky and Gutheil, 2012). Hence, in the events that the
judges are to settle on a choice basing on contentions,
subsequently a specialized master is required to expound on the
realities about the case. Additionally, master declaration brings
to the administration the quiet proof. This quiet proof may be
viewed as negligible and subsequently confined, however
meaningless that translated and clarified, at that point, it gets
important and might be reasonable.
An eye witness makes at least one focus that seem to be
extraordinary. For instance, if a bullet is discharged, and there
is a need to state which firearm discharged the shot plainly, at
that point an eye will be required to decipher and break down
the to figure out which weapon was utilized (Stevens, 2013). In
this way expert testimony is important to show the untrained
listeners that one point is off base and the other is right. Eye
witness requires an observer to give proof so the shortcoming or
its quality can be resolved to maintain a strategic distance from

26. ignorant observers giving bogus verifications (Stevens, 2013).
This activity is finished with the use of the judicious and
sensible ideas and to decide if the declaration given is right or
bogus. This makes the oblivious with respect to the subject
proficient and in this way maintains a strategic distance from
unsuccessful labor of equity.
One of the necessities of an expert judgment is thinking which
justifies the conclusion of a given testimony. Likewise, master
declaration decides the counter-intuitive premise of bogus proof
may be uncovered (Stevens, 2013). Eye Witness declaration
encourages the judge to make a positive decision by citing old
principles and basing its contentions with the old assessments.
However, there are things that the judge or an offended party or
even the observer can't see which requires the aid of means like
an expert witness to make a sound and just conclusion about the
case.
From the case, some methods can be used to improve the
efficiency in deciding the case involving Mr. Cotton. For
instance, the police ought to have used the “double-blind”
method to prevent the administrator from offering intentional
cues which can adversely impact the judgment. Confidence
statements can also be used to articulate the level of confidence
that an eyewitness has concerning a given case. However,
despite these strategies which can be used to lower inaccuracies
associated with eyewitness, other methods such as expert
witness should be integrated with it.
References
Brodsky, S. L., & Gutheil, T. G. (2012). Boundaries between
expert witness roles and trial consultation. The expert expert
witness: More maxims and guidelines for testifying in court
(2nd ed.), pp. 18-21.
Stevens, G. P. (2013). The role of expert evidence in support of
the defense of criminal incapacity.